1 20 233 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/1513f0d5961dd650d611f3d29e5abb7f.pdf 5058697461391180150a8118fcd4e330 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx Schools Newspaper Collection, 1933–1969 Subject The topic of the resource Newspapers (The Bronx, New York) The New Deal (Walton High School) Science Survey (Bronx High School of Science) The Walton Log (Walton High School) Description An account of the resource The collection comprises various student newspapers from Bronx schools, including Bronx High School of Science and Walton High School. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The provenance of this collection is varied. Lewis Stone donated the publications from Walton High School in 2020. Dr. Steven Payne found the publications from Bronx High School of Science on a shelf in the library in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933–1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspaper collection Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS Type The nature or genre of the resource Archival collection Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document T H EN E WD E A L December 21,1933 Vol. I . N o . I Walton High School, New York City The Government Taking the Dollar Why the Farmer The Roosevelt The Farmer's f o r a Ride Needs Saving Makes Ends Meet Balancing the Budget Revolution N e w Deal The Gold Standard Act of 1900 When the present agricultural sec- For several yoars our country had We are hearing more a n d more the farmer's plight is an outgrowth of of money value ni the United States. the East, they were content with their failed to balance its budget. This was day about the socalled "New One of the outstanding causes of makes the gold dollar the standard tions were open ot the farmers of every eWorld War. During the World lot, but asmoreand larger farms due to several causes: First, the de- Deal." But what does it mean? th the farm problembe- However, sudden upheavals ni our War t h econflictingnations had to e greatest problems pression wore created The broad purposes of the program cease cultivation of their land. As a economic s tructur su e, ch as depres- one of th which resulted ni smaler pro- are to allay fear, res tore con fidence, result the American farmer had on h of farms sions folowing booms, caused the that the UnitedStates has had to fits for business concerns, and which give relief and employment, revive immense foreign market as well as o govern men t to tem porarily suspend cope with. With the growt agriculture and industry, resto re pur- received high came the n e 0 0 for adequate and ni turn meant reduced income taxes, domestic chasing power, institute reforms, ef- p aym ent in gold. c h e a p transportation f decreased revenue from the tariff, acilities and fect economies and establish prices for his products, therefore it paid him to cultivate marginal land, Much of our currency si made up the necessity for adequate credit and al other taxes; second, the de- fional and cooperative planning ni -land which i t just pays to use. After of Federal Reserve Notes. These are facilities. The problem of the frontier the political and economic life the World War Europe again produc- backed by forty per cent of gold farmer was most difficult. He had ot fault of interest payments on foreign the nation. Fifteen major acts of the ed her own commodities, thus caus- and sixty per cent of commercial have money ot clear his lands, and to debts; third, the upward trend of the special session of the Seventy-third i n g a decline in the American far- by the Fod. buy farm implements a nd seeds. Congress, of March 9 to June 16. paper and are issued m e r ' s m a r k e t . T h e f a r m e r n o w h a s By r e c e n t C o n - C a p i t a l w a s a l s o n e e d e d ot c a r r y h i m war veterans' pension fund which T h u s 1 9 3 3 , c r e a t e d t e n b r a n d - n e w a g e n - two problems to face. How can he era l R oserve Banks. over to harvest time. totaled almost a billio n dollars. cies, al o f which were put into op- mortgage on the margi- gression al measures the Federal Ro. The farmer's problem has be en a the rove nue of the government was eration during this past summer. The n a land that he has brou ght under serve System has been made t he chief chronic one. cure seems to ten new and different experimen tal have a olw. eHsi foced w short of the fixed expenses by over cultivation, and what can he do with factor in the control of inflation. half a billion dollars for 1931, anda l l operating at once are: hti greto agencies of the Federal Government the excessive produce which he gets Folowing the depression of 1920- difficulties, such as: the weather. from this unnecessary land? 21, each person owed $1,290 on an transportation, overproduction, t h e wt o and one-half bilion dollars for I. The National Industry Recovery The farmer has lost his purchasing t a r i f f a n d e v e n c h a n g e s in e a t i n g 1932. The shortage for 1933 was Administration. (The N.R.A.) as a result of not being able average, and the total debt of the habits. estimated at one billion dollars. 2. The Agricultural Adjustment Ad- to power his wares. The overproduction country amounted to about 155 bil. se l The 1920's saw the farm problem ministration. T h e A.A.A.) has caused the price of farm products lion dollars. People engaged ni wild aggravated. The World War created Therefore the President and Con- 3. The Emergency Public Works to go down, and has tended Administration. (The P.W.A., speculat ion and con increased demand for farm pro- tinued investing gress had to devise some means of destroy the largest market for the The Office of the Federal Co. and re-invest ing until the stock ducts. This sent prices soaring up- increasing revenue os that our income products of our factories. market crash of October, 1929. Pricesward. This ni turn encouraged t h e would at least be as great, fi not ordinator of Transportation. The Agricultural Adjustment Act farmer to borrow money ni order to greater than our expenses. nI the The Federal Farm Credit Ad- signed by the President on May 13, fel and debt was overwhelming thepurchase more land, more machinery President's ministration. (The F.C.A.) country. The purchasing power of first message to Congress The Home Owners' Loan Cor- 1933, provided for: the people shrank faster than the sup- and equipment. After the war, there on March 10th, he laid particular em- p o r a t i o n under F e d e r a l A. The Domestic Allotment Plan of goods, and consequently thewas a surplus ni America which caus- ply ed a decline ni prices. Thousands of phasis on the necessity of balancing Home Loan Board. The H.O. which attempts to restore pre-war resulting reduction of prices increasedfarmers went bankrupt. The greater the budget. He appointed as Director L . C . ) prices by getting the producers of the purchasing power of the dollar:the mortgage, the greater the need of the Budget Lewis W. Douglas, a 7. T h eCivilian Conservation Corps. certain basic commodities to reduce there was detlation. Fear, bred by of the farmer to increase his produc- (The C.C.C.) their acreage. The Secretary of Agri- depression caused a run on the banks tion to pay his interest and principal. young Congressman from Arizona. The Tennessee Valley Authority culturedecidesthequantitiesofeach andawithdrawalandhoardingofThis defeateditsown purpose Director Douglas drew up an Corps. (TheT.V.A.] of the products needed ot satisfy the gold. Thusthe banking systemcol- domestic market. The farmer si given lapsed ni March, 1933. cause production increased the economy program, the main features 9. The Reorganized Reconstruction p r i c e of Finance Corporation. The R. farm products naturally de- of which were as follows: Reduction F.C.) governm ent g e t s bonus Besides declaring a bank holiday clined. of salaries of Senators and Represent- money b y taxing the processor (the the President said currency would no longer be redeemed gold, The problem of the farmer is con- atives from $10,000 ot $8,500 per agencies established by the Federal As we can see by al these new one who purchases the farmer's crop and gets it ready for the final con- hoarders were compe l le d to return n e c t e d with the tarift problem. After year; salaries of Federal employees the Civil War, the tariff remained Government, this New De al si trying . The tax cannot be more than the gold they had hidden. A com- help every part of the country on the ex- unchanged. That meant that the far- were reduced up ot a maximum of the difference between the present 15%: Civil War pensions were cut plete emb argo was placed and preserve the economic system of seling price of wheat and the pre- off the gold standard. The President commodities, Ibut in return he receiv- 10%: World War and Spanish-Amer- forward with the New Deal which port of gold. The country had gone mer had to pay a high price for his America. President Roosevelt came war price. was given the authority to inflate or ed very little for his produce. Some ican War pension lists were revised Congress enacted into law. Perhaps B. Land Leasing Privilege si given deflate the currency as he saw fit. of the tariffs enacted recently were and this resulted in the reduction of the most remarkable and significant to the Secretary, of Agriculture who designed to raise farm prices. Will a over a half billion dollars. of all the acts si the National Recov- has the right tolease any land taken To bring back prosperity, the pur-tarift on an exported article protect Administration. Why out of cultivation because of the chasing power of the people must bo the producer? Next, department heads were er- ery Indu was the Domestic Allotmen increased. With inflation people National strial R The Coton Malino have more money and higher wages, Cheap money - inflation seemsquested to submit a statement of made a law by Cong re o s c s o ? Tho last The government has a large amount but can get l e s sfor their dollar. to be the middle name of the farmer. their estimated expenses for the com- C o n g r e s s declared that a national of cotton ni its warehouses. The Sec- Many of them are always ni debt. nI- ing year at the lowest possible fig- economic emergency existed. The retary of Agriculture grant a President Roosevelt called for fl a t i o n of t h e c u r r e n c y is usually ac- ure. Now the President had a figure plight of the farmers, the millions of special cotton bonus to farmers who "sound but adequate currency" ni his companied by higher prices. If the of four and a hafl bilion dollars of unemployed in the cities, the thou- reduce their acreage on cotton. Far- inaugural address. April he was farmer gets more for his produce, he sands of bank, business, and indus- mers who agree to the cut on farm delegated of inflation by can pay his debts and lift the mort- expenses, which of course must ni trial failures, and the rising tide of acreage are given special options on Congress. gage on his house. clude interest on, and provision for revolt against the depression, resulted government owned cotton equal to Several laws have been passed t oamortization of, the public debt. A ni the gradual growth of the idea the amount of reduction of their cot. several methods help the farmer, one of which was the similar amount of revenue was re- t h a t something was f u n d a m e n t a l l y toncrop. task si to raise the prices to the level AgriculturalMarketing Act of 1929, quired ot meet these expenses, which wrong with the method of production Thegovernmentcottonsioptioned at which the adjustmentof debts, whichsoughttoorganize Cooper- didnotinclude specialappropriations and distribution. Everybody de- at the present olw prices O r charges si best effec- ative Associations. These cooper- manded that a way out of the crisis cotton acreage si reduced the price five. nI ctober hte government be- was of cotton. taxes, and othe atives would advise hte farmer, mar- for relief of the poor, for the Recon- be found, and Congress g a n t o e x p e r i m e n t in a n e n t o r t to ket his products and control his sur- struction Finance Corporation, Public forced to pass the N.I.R.A. This law stimulate an increase in prices by o t plus. The act also provided for a Works Fund and Agricultural Fund. was official recognition that the old increased For example: fering to purchase newly mined gold Federal Farm Board which was com- Part of these appropriations were to system did not adequately take care A farmer reduces his cotton acreage at a price greater than the world posed of nine members. This Board ebobtained by bond issaundesspe- of the workers who are dependent with a loss of 25 bales of cotton. He price. It is this phase of the Presi was voted a five hundred million dol- o n ions tor their maintenance. This is given the right to buy 25 bales of dent's policy that has been so strong lar revolving fund. With the aid of cial processing taxes on cotton, flour act gives eht government extraordi- government cotton, and despite the yl criticized ni recent weeks. this money, ti encouraged cooper- and other commodities. nary control over business. I g ives act that he receives this cotton at a ative associations and also used the New sources of revenue were con- unprecedented authority to the Presi- low price he can sell it when the price The balance wil depend upon the money for the purpose of storing and dent to regulate trade, industry, the rises at any time hewishes. following: marketing the farmer's produce.One sidered. Consequently, Congress re- hours of labor. the conditions of work. T h e r e is also another part to the I. Keeping ni step with the gen- of the devices used to control prices vised the income tax alws by increas- and industry, and eht power ot regu- A c t which gives the P r o ci d a n t t h a eral price level was hte creation of stabilization cor- ing the rates, imposing new taxes and late profits and ot fix prices. right to use any or al of the folow. .2 Spreading benefits evenly porations. The task of such a corpora- increasing olodnos. The Excise Tax The whole program of the New ing inflation methods. He need not among the people tion was ot buy up the surplus of the no ghitl wnies anbder was aslo en- Deal hopes ot eliminate the cause of use any of these methods if he thinks sufficient farmers' products with the acted ot cover the change made in panics. It hopes to reopen factories, they wil not help the situation. .3 Maintaining abolish child labor, provide for mini- A. Expanding Federal Reserve cre- dence to create mum wage. It hopes to remedy the s u c i r c u l a t i o n o p r o a r d o r mf h t n d o v s o t r e h t s i f i e h t V o l s t e a d A c t p e r m i t t i n g t h e s a l e dit by three billion. money and credit warehouses until the consumer de- of these beverages. The repeal of the evils of the present economic system B. Issuing three billian dollars 4. Self-control on the part ofni- manded it. It was thought that the Eighteenth Amendment opens up ad- by putting in the place of unlimited worth of currency backed by the cre-flation management price would go up if the supply de- ditional sourcesof revenue. competition. conroteld economy. dit of the United States and to be Avoiding practices that violent- creased. But the Cooperative Asso- Although the revenue on these which wil bring happiness and pros- used to buy United States securities. yl disturb international monetary re- ciations were unsuccessful partly be- pyetir ot hte many ti htsi fi ot hte- C . D e v a l u e gold content of the a t i o n s . cause they padi their executives huge various items has falen short of hte It believes that this wli be ac- dolar by 50% sums of money and the stabilization estimate, there sah ben a noticeable complished the worker D. President can fix a ratio be- Economic stability may be main- corporation continued ot store up the increase ni almost al of the imports. c or terhours andhigherWages,and tween gold and silver and put the tained by such methods with surplus every year and the revolving However, a great deal depends on the right to organize according to country on a bimetallic basis. planned and controlled program of fund was slowly exhausted. the revival of business, for as busi- their own desire. It believes that the inflation. the great danger is t h a t On May 12, 1933 the President manufacturer wil have to eliminate fowar dots ni siver dpayena may be impossible ot control the ex- signed the Agricultural Adjustment noss revives there will be a corres- waste ni production, excessive pro- ounce. tent of inflation. Act. ponding increase ni the tax yield. fits, and the evils of overproduction. Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. Vol. 1, No. 1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The New Deal, Vol. 1, No. 1 Subject The topic of the resource The New Deal Walton High School (Walton, N.Y.) Agriculture Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) Gold Standard Act (1900) Agricultural Marketing Act (1929) New Deal Glass-Steagall Act (1933) Federal Water Power Act (1920) Home Loan Act National Industrial Recovery Act Description An account of the resource The New Deal, Vol. 1, No. 1. Containing the following articles: The Farmer's New Deal, Taking the Dollar for a Ride, Why the Farmer Needs Saving, The Government Makes Ends Meet, The Roosevelt Revolution, Banking Under the "New Deal", Uncle Sam Goes Into The Power Business, Saving the Home Owner, The Federal Relief Program, Building for Prosperity, The New Deal and the Railroads. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Walton High School Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 21, 1933 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The New Deal Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS.001.001.001 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/f912ff4396b6eacb5fc2b81e5739ac4b.pdf 8481502504ae06b4574ec0334cd6530e PDF Text Text The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL Volume LXI Spring/Fall 2024 �G 75 Y N I T A R EA B E RS L E C Cover image: Daniel Hauben, Burnside Park, 2016, courtesy of artist. �������������������������������������������������������������������������THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 3309 Bainbridge Avenue The Bronx, New York 10467 718-881-8900 www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org The Bronx County Historical Society is supported through funds and services provided by: New York City Department of Cultural Affairs New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Historic House Trust of New York City New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation New York State Council on the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities The Bronx Delegation of the New York City Council The Office of the President of the Borough of The Bronx The Bronx Delegation of the New York State Assembly The Bronx Delegation of the New York State Senate The H. W. Wilson Foundation The Astor Fund The Isabelle Fund The Elbaum Fund The Ultan Fund The Lucius N. Littauer Foundation The S. Hermalyn Institute The New Yankee Stadium Community Benefits Fund, Inc. The Susan Tane Foundation The New York Public Library The New York Community Trust The National Realty Club Foundation �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx County Historical Society Journal Description An account of the resource The repository for digital editions of the full run of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 1962–present, the premier publication on Bronx history and culture. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bronx County Historical Society Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx County Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966–present Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource © The Bronx County Historical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodical Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BCHSJOUR Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document The Bro;lx.r Cdunt§ Historical Society JOURNAL Volume LXT Spring/Fall 2024 do\g,?: & Py QATING 75 ¥, LANGSAM PROPERTY SERVICES CORP., AMO® Langsam Property Services Corp. is a Bronx-based real estate management company. The company is responsible for managing the day-to-day operation of approximately 250 buildings containing over 8000 dwelling units and 300 commercial units. These buildings are located in The Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, Brooklyn, and lower Westchester County. Langsam is designated as an Accredited Management Organization (AMO), a standard of excellence in management conferred by the Chicago-based In- stitute of Real Estate Management (IREM). Langsam is one of only two AMOs in al of New York State and has four Certified Property Managers directing its property management teams. Both the CEO and President, Mark and Matt Engel, hold the prestigious des- ignation of Certified Property Manager and Licensed Real Estate Broker and Insurance Broker. Mike Engel is also a Certified Public Accountant. All of Langsam’s managing agents are either License Associate Real Estate Brokers or Sales Associates. Several are experienced in construction and design. Other professional staff have over 50 years combined property management and support experience. Its Director of Operations holds a CPM designation and other staff hold advanced degrees in public finance and urban dwelling. Staff also have held high-level positions In New York City government. Mark Engel, CEO Matt Engel, President Certified Property Manager Certified Property Manager I[BRONX-MANHATT]AN| 1601eBronxdale Avenue I -518- =SS Fax(718)518-8585 Cover image: Daniel Hauben, Buvnside Park, 2016, courtesy of artist. The Bronx County Historical Society Volume LXT G. Hermalyn Elizabeth Beirne Jacqueline Kutner Patrick Logan Steven Payne Gil Walton Roger Wines JOURNAL Spring/Fall 2024 EDITORIAL BOARD © 2024 by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. The Bronx County Historical SocietyJournal ispublished by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. Al correspondence should be addressed to 30 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, New York, 10467. Articles appearing in this Journal are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Periodical Source Index, and Recent Scholarship Online. Articles in The Bronx County Historical Journal can also be found on EBSCO host rescarch databases and on our website. ISSN 0007-2249 The Journal and its editors disclaim responsibility for statements made by the contributors. www.bronxhistovicalsociety.ong THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES Jacqueline Kutner, President Patrick Logan, Treasurer Steve Baktidy, Trustee Mei Sci Fong, Trustee Joel Podgor, Trustee Jac Zadrima, Trustee Hon. Eric Adams Mayor ofNew York City Hon. Sue Donaghue Commissioner, New York City Dept. of Parks & Recreation Dr. G. Hermalyn, Chief Executive Officer Dr. Steven Payne, Director Teresa Brown, Chicf Administrative Officer Pastor Crespo, Jr., Research Librarian/Archivist Zachary Elliott, Museum Educator Anthony Morante, Vice President Gil Walton, Secretary Robert Esnard, Trustee Dr. G. Hermalyn, Trustee Lloyd Ultan, Trustee Ex-OFrICcIo Hon. Vanessa Gibson The Bronx Borough President Hon. Laurie Cumbo Commissioner, New York City Dept. of Cultural STAFF Affairs Roger McCormack, Director ofEducation Chris Padilla, Bookstore Manager Ethan Pagin, Muscum Educator Eleanor Smith, Museum Educator Maribelle Vazquez, Museum Educator Kathleen A. McAuley, Curator Emerita Dr. Mark Naison, Bronx African American History Project Consultant i Volume LXT Spring/Fall 2024 CONTENTS ARTICLES Healing from Hate: Southeast Asians in The Bronx.. By Catherine Kien The William Spain Seismic Observatory.. By Benjamin Crooker The History of the Oyster: City Island and the East Bronx. By Roger McCormack St. John’s College, HURRAH!. By Robert R. Grimes, S.]. The Houlihans: A Bronx Family. By Joe Houlihan Practicing Urban Photography in The Bronx... By Robert Kornhaber Scientific and Other Wonders.. By G. Hermalyn About the Author: " " " " 57 REVIEWS Creamer, Baseball and Other Matters in 1941 (1991). By G. Hermalyn DuVal, Native Nations (2024)... By Steven Payne iii LEAVE A LEGACY Many generous members and friends choose to give to The Bronx County Historical Socicty through bequests and life income gifts. Their donations represent an important source of support for the future of The Society. Charitable gift annuities and individual charitable trusts are merely two of the ways you can support your Society. Bequests Bequests may be stipulated at the time a new will is executed or may be added as a codicil to an existing wil. Bequests to The Society are exempt from federal estate taxes and may be unrestricted or for a specific purpose. Charitable Gift Annuities Charitable gift annuities are a simple way to provide both a gift to The Society and an annuity for the donor. Some of the benefits include guaranteed lifetime income, a federal income tax deduction for a portion of the gift, partially tax-cxempt income, and most importantly, the satisfaction of making a significant gift to The Society. Individual Charitable Trusts A charitable remainder trust is an excellent way to make a generous gift to The Bronx County Historical Society today and still retain the use of the income from your capital, stock, or other assets. Donors also enjoy current tax benefits. Charitable remainder trusts can be designed to accomplish a variety of goals depending upon your needs. For move information on making a bequest or life income gift, please contact Mr. Joel Podgor, CPA, Treasurer Emeritus, 718-881- 8900, or write to our main office. HEALING FROM HATE SOUTHEAST ASIANS IN THE BRONX, FROM RESETTLEMENT THROUGH COVID BY CATHERINE KIEN 1. Introduction My mother came to the United States as a refugee when she was a teenager, and she and my grandmother settled in the north- west Bronx when they first arrived. Like other Vietnamese re- fugees who fled their homes due to the turmoil and violence of the wars in the region during the 1960s-1990s, my family experi- enced deep poverty and psychological trauma when they arrived in The Bronx. Although every day got casier, and my mother eventually acclimated to her new life, she still looks back on these moments as stressful and terrifying. The fear and trauma that Southeast Asians of The Bronx such as my mother experienced in carlier decades from war, genocide, and displacement resurfaced as they faced anti-Asian dis- crimination and harassment in the age of Covid-19. In addition to facing financial constraints and family losses, our commu- nities experienced incidents of harm tied to the scapegoating of China as the cause of the deadly virus! For Southeast Asians, these were painful reminders of past experiences of discri- mination, as Vietnamese and Cambodian resettlement in The Healing From Hate 1 Bronx during the 1980s and 1990s was distressing and painful* Refugees were resettled primarily in the most disinvested neigh- borhoods of The Bronx and were forced to contend with pover- ty, neighborhood violence, and even threats of deportation? Feeling unwelcome in their homes is thus not a novel experience for Southeast Asian refugees in The Bronx, and the hate crimes that targeted Asians in New York City during the Covid-i9 pandemic triggered traumas they had hoped to forget. In this article, relying on ecleven interviews I conducted with Vietnamese and Cambodian Bronxites in 2023, Iwill shed some light on the historical experiences of these often-invisible communities, from their time of resettlement in The Bronx through the Covid-19 era.* 1I. The Bronx: Southeast Asians New Home In the mid-twenticth century, Southeast Asia was in a state of disarray, as war and genocide tore apart entire states and families’ Beginning in the late 1970s, refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and other countries in the region were resettled in places like Australia, Canada, and France, and many who landed in the United States would call The Bronx their new home® Despite the U.S’s promises of security and prosperity, refugees were often met with disinvestment, violence, and consequently, retraumatization. During the core period of this resettlement in the 1980s, The Bronx experienced widespread displacement, severe poverty, and destructive “workfare” policies” In the years following resettlement, Southeast Asian organizers in our borough fought against such discriminatory welfare and housing policies and other acts that targeted their communities to bring dignity and justice to their families and future generations® Building off this earlier work, in 2012 Mckong NYC formed to serve the Vietnamese and Cambodian commu- 2 CATHERINE KIEN nities in The Bronx through movement-building, promoting arts and culture, and providing direct services.® These efforts have resulted in great strides for our community, as local activists fight for a safety net for Vietnamese and Cambodian families while resisting deportation efforts. Such struggles are ongoing, evolving to fit the needs of our community through changes and crises. Still, due to the lingering psychological and physical effects of war and genocide and ongoing cases of deportations, a great deal of trauma and fear persists among Southeast Asians in The Bronx.” Unfortunately, our commu- nities were retraumatized in 2020, as our borough, city, country, and world were hit by one of the worst health disasters in re- cent decades: the Covid-19 pandemic. II1. The Covid Nigltmare in The Bronx The beginning of 2020 was a period of uncertainty and fear as an unknown, deadly virus was spreading rapidly. Our commu- nities grieved as people suffered from the virus and died, with the CDC reporting 1,127,928 Covid-related deaths in the U.S. as of May 2023 and some of the highest infection and death rates in The Bronx." Southeast Asians in The Bronx often lost their jobs, belonged to welfare-dependent housecholds, or were essential workers forced to take huge daily risks. Many Vietnamese and Cambodian community members were retraumatized during this period as violent anti-Asian hate crimes saw a dramatic uptick throughout New York City* However, the targeting of Southeast Asians in The Bronx was largely ignored by the media, with Asian communities in boroughs like Queens and Manhattan receiving more coverage.® This speaks to the persistent invisibility of Vietnamese and Cambodian communities in The Bronx, going back to the Healing From Hate 3 period of resettlement.+ The next section of this article presents the main themes that emerged in the interviews I conducted with eleven Vietnamese and Cambodian adults—the harm expe- rienced during the pandemic and longer, more persistent struggles with threats of deportation and severe poverty, as well as hope and resilience through it al. IV. Southeast Asian Stovies Before presenting the main themes that emerged in these interviews, Iwill briefly discuss my methodology. With the help of Dr. Mark Naison from Fordham University, I created a series of questions that focused on interviewees’ experiences living in The Bronx, life during the pandemic, experiences of anti-Asian hate, and views on community safety.S Several participants were friends or acquaintances. With translation and recruitment help from Ny Nguyen from Mckong NYC, I interviewed the orga- nization’s staff and youth fellows as well as elder community members® All interviewees are assigned pseudonyms in this article to preserve their privacy. 1. Participants weve glad they could shave their stovies and struggles through this project. Interviewees were happy that they finally had a space to share their experiences and have their voices heard. This sentiment spoke volumes about the invisibility Vietnamese and Cam- bodian people from The Bronx have felt, not only during the pandemic, but also since the beginning of their families® resettlement to the borough. Tiffany Tran (30) expressed the importance of making sure Vietnamese and Cambodian voices were heard: “'m glad that you are carrying out a project that is 4 CATHERINE KIEN really relevant, and even though Covid scems to be getting better, we are still picking up the pieces.TM Similarly, Michelle Nguyen (19) hoped that social justice-oriented research con- cerning the pandemic and Southeast Asians would help neigh- bors understand them better.® Steve Nguyen (86) also thanked me at the end of our interview “for raising the problem regarding Asian hate.” He said he appreciated it because he is “old and concerned about [his] safety.” 2. Even though it’s not perfect, The Bronx is their home. Most participants shared that they viewed The Bronx as ge- nerally safe, and although it has its flaws, it was their home. Senior community members like Steve even preferred living in The Bronx to living in Vietnam: “I feel safe here in The Bronx compared to when I was in Vietnam. It’s so chaotic in Vietnam right now, too, because in that society, those who are poor [have little choice], and a lot of the time they make a living by stealing or things like that.”° Steve, who resettled in The Bronx in 1995 as a refugee, is alluding to income inequality in Vietnam, suggesting that life in the U.S. is more stable—even though his socioeconomic status and income are low. Respondents also shared that they sometimes felt isolated in their communities, being part of a minority group in their predominantly Black and Hispanic neighborhoods. Jackie Le (21) reflected on her time in the northwest Bronx with nuance and nostalgia: There weren’t a lot of Asians that lived in Kings- bridge—it was a heavily Dominican and Mexican co- mmunity. So there was a lot of teasing related to my race because there was not a lot of people that looked like me that much. Even though there were Healing From Hate 5 negatives . . . like bullying, there was a lot of beau- tiful stuff I loved, like learning about different cultures from my Dominican neighbor, who became my best friend.* 3. Every participant belonged to the working class, and the pandemic exacerbated their financial struggles. Despite the stereotype that Asians in the U.S. have prestigious, high-paying jobs, Southeast Asians have high poverty rates and are often reliant on welfare. The “model minority” is a racist myth that characterizes Asians as hardworking, quiet, intelli- gent, and wealthy. This stereotype makes the needs of Southeast Asian communities invisible, since our challenges and disparities become eclipsed by the perceived successes of our East Asian neighbors.>? Every person I interviewed belonged to a working- class family and faced considerable challenges because of their socioeconomic status. Southeast Asians are often food service workers, nail techni- cians, or factory workers. Michelle Nguyen discussed her family’s experiences with financial struggles, describing the challenges of trying to find stable work since her parents sold smoothies as street vendors. She shared that her family had to move to San Diego from The Bronx, because during the pandemic, “no one was out on the streets, and that was [their] income.” Unfortunately, there “was no other income [they] could rely on.”* Christopher Kim (19) also shared his family’s experiences of working to make ends meet: I live with eight other people in my apartment who are my extended family, and we rely on my dad and 6 CATHERINE KIEN uncle’s income. My dad works in a factory, and he makes about $35,000 a year. ... My mom does nails too, but even after Covid hit, nail salons were declining ... it>s not nearly as much money as it was pre-pandemic.2+ Living commonplace for Southeast Asians in The Bronx. Nuon, Bora, and Kenny Ahir all lived with their four other siblings and both parents in a small apartment in The Bronx before they moved upstate. Kenny reflected on how poorly many Vietnamese and Cambodian community members fared in The Bronx: When they got sick, they couldn’t quarantine because there was like no space [in their apartments]. We lost so many community members to Covid. They couldn’t even take care of themselves in those conditions, and a lot of them were so old. We lost a lot of their generation. ... It was really sad for all of us? 4. People often lump all Asian identities together when evaluating ouv community needs and cultural identities. Although we often share a physical resemblance to East Asians, the Southeast Asian experience in the U.S. is very distinct and unique, and participants communicated that our ethnic and national groups often fight for different causes. Nuon Ahir describes this idea effectively: East Asians fight for more media representation, while us Southeast Asians fight for more clemency and less poverty and deportation! ... How important is another Asian Disney princess when our people are getting deported after serving their time [over misdemeanors]?* with several family members in crowded apartments is Healing From Hate 7 Nuon’s frustration is the result of the overshadowing of Southeast Asian struggles, especially since our communities’ fights for justice can mean life or death. Our fight to keep our community members home and safe from deportation is especially important, since some people might require urgent medical attention that would not be available in their home countries, and others might belong to marginalized and persecuted ethnic or national groups. Bora describes a recent incident where aCambodian community member was deported: When [ ] was doing a sudden ICE check-in, that would be the last time his family saw him.>? [ICE] basically told him to lie to his family over the phone and say that he was fine and safe, but next thing you know .. they sent him back to Cambodia. It makes no sense. He came here when he was only 12, what is he gonna do in Cambodia? And now he is missing his [neuropsychology] appointment, which was literally scheduled for the day after they deported him. ICE and the police—they don’t care, they don’t care about our community, what we have to go through.2 Jackie highlights that our community needs more than surface- level representation by reflecting on her family’s financial hardships and experiences as working-class nail technicians: When I think of all the nail salons ’ve been to, a lot of them are owned by Vietnamese people. It’s crazy that they’re spending so much time in these small spaces inhaling these toxic fumes and we don’t even make that much [money]. .. There’s a lot of issues that we need to focus on, and ALL Asians need to be included in conversations of poverty and workers’ rights.>® 8 CATHERINE KIEN 5. Anti-Asian hate heavily impacted everyone, and the pandemic veminded them of past incidents of discrimination and violence. Participants talked about the pandemic as terrifying and shameful, and many experienced the anti-Asian hate stirred up by it firsthand. Some were reminded of past incidents of anti- Asian violence and harm, while others’ friends and families were directly impacted. Almost all participants shared an experience of being avoided in public spaces, which Tiffany describes: People look at me weird and sometimes don’t sit next to me on the train and they just keep away from me. . .People sometimes say racist jokes, like calling me “yellow” or “chinky eyes.” ... I did try to correct them and stand up for myself but at the same time I cannot do that forever® Our elder community members were unfortunately targeted as well, being harassed in their own Bronx neighborhoods. Chris- topher shared an incident that his mother experienced in 2021 Apparently, she was waiting for a bus, and this random dude came up to her and started screaming at her face, “This is your Chinese people’s fault!” and left, but who does that? . . . Shes such a small, defenseless woman who was alone. . . . It’s not just how they treat us that we were scared ofj it is also the fear of the potential of how much they can hurt us? When I asked Steve how he felt about this anti-Asian hate, his voice raised in frustration as he answered: 1 thought, “I should be careful and not go to the areas that were reported to have Asian hate crimes.” Healing From Hate 9 As far as I know, they usually attack the seniors, at least 50 years old. .. I think those people were out of their minds. I think it’s crazy how they attack people who are older or weaker than them. 'm 86, so I was scared, but at the same time I knew I should be cautious? For others, this period brought about traumatizing memories of childhood bullying and more recent incidents of harassment. Kenny shared that this period of hate reminded him of how he got into a lot of fights when he was younger because of his identity: I dropped out of high school because I got jumped in the staircase, and no one ever found out who it was. I got into a lot of fights because I was Asian. . People thought I knew martial arts, and I’d get my ass beat a couple times. In middle school and ele- mentary school, I got jumped in the backyard. Yeah, there was a lot of violence. Oh, and people used to call me “Jeremy Lin” when playing ball. I took that as a compliment, though.» Kenny grew up knowing that because of his marginalized racial identity, he would have to learn how to defend himself—a reality for a great deal of Southeast Asian boys. Women and girls, on the other hand, often contended with gender-based sexual harm, as seen through the experiences of Bora when she was younger: T was sexualized more than anything. It’s nasty, I was seen as “exotic” to them, just because I was Asian. People made disgusting comments about my body. I was uncomfortable going to night school because the night school coordinator would look at me weird. . It was so uncomfortable3+ Bora’s experiences are directly related to the objectification of Southeast Asian women, as their supposed exoticism is heavily 10 CATHERINE KIEN fetishized. To make matters worse, she indicates that these incidents often took place when she was still underage. 6. Southeast Asians stayed strong during the pandemic, defending and protecting ouvselves with the help of community support. Southeast Asians remained courageous and hopeful during the pandemic, an approach we learned from our persistent refugee parents and grandparents. Many shared how they were able to rely on community organizations like Meckong NYC for emo- tional, mental, and even financial support during the pandemic. Kenny described his limited knowledge and dedication to social justice for Southeast Asians prior to his involvement in Mekong, recounting that “things changed” for him after learning more about movement-building and organizing: When you get older, you think about your Asian identity and what that means to you. For me, it came through Mckong, and my parents always said it. . As you get older, you want to be more culturcd and connect to your roots .. .you want to keep tradition alive because you see how our older generation is dying and aging and we need to make sure our culture lives on® Bora added that some community organizations really “stepped it up” to support Southeast Asians during this time, sharing that Meckong supported several families with mutual aid and emergency funds when the pandemic began. She describes how thankful she was that Mekong stepped in and supported her family: It was so hard to find water and toilet paper, remember that? . . . Thankfully, Mckong started Healing From Hate 11 doing Covid emergency funds, so everyone had money to buy stuff for the house. We also bought groceries for community members, and we were able to take some home too, along with youth fellows and staff. I don’t know how we made it, but we did it These experiences were common among Southeast Asians who were burdened with financial hardships prior to the pandemic, but through community support, we were able to survive yet again. Participants stressed that in order for us to uplift our communities and prevent this type of widespread hate from happening again, we must educate one another, share resources, and understand attacks on other targeted groups as attacks on our own. To many, justice meant safety and a greater under- standing of one another’s struggles, especially during times of uncertainty and misunderstanding. V. Conclusion Throughout my research, I saw my community’s activism, courage, and love for one another. Hearing interviewees’ stories reinforced my knowledge about our struggles, but it also taught me how we uplift each other while supporting other groups who might come under attack next. Cambodians and Viet- namese Bronxites are actively working toward community hea- ling and maintaining the unwavering hope that got us through wars in Southeast Asia, Bronx disinvestment, and now, the Co- vid-19 pandemic. By becoming an organizer at Mekong NYC, I have also been able to learn and address more of the needs of our Southeast Asian community members through direct services and cam- paign organizing, advocating for them in local, state, and na- 12 CATHERINE KIEN tional spaces. Witnessing the strength and persistence of our Southeast Asian communities has been inspiring, and our vic- tories motivate me to continue building. Most importantly, I learned that it is essential to remember that we are not just tough and resilient: we are receptive, feeling, and hopeful, and we need time, and each other, to heal. NOTES - On the connection between blaming China for Covid-i9 and anti-Asian hate, see Zhipeng Gao, “Sinophobia during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Iden- tity, Belonging, and International Politics,” Integrative Psychological & Be- havioral Science s6/2 (2022): 472-490; and Brendan Lantz and Marin R. Wenger, “Anti-Asian Xenophobia, Hate Crime Victimization, and Fear of Victimization During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38 (2023): 1088-1116. . On the history of Vietnamese and Cambodian resettlement to the U.S, see Linda W. Gordon, “Southeast Asian Refugee Migration to the United States, Center for Migration Studics Special Isues 5/3 (1987): 153-173, and Southeast Asia Resource Action Center (SEARAC), SEAA Journeys (2024), https//searac.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/SEA A-Journeys_final.pdf. -Sce Eric Tang. “How the Refugees Stopped the Bronx from Burning,” Race and Clas 5/4 (2013): 48-66 and Eric Tang, Unsettled: Cambodian Refugees in NYC Hyperghetto (Philadelphia: Temple University Pres, 2015). ~ This article is adapted and condensed from Catherine Kien, “A Pandemic of Hate: The Asian Bronxite Experience” (unpublished thesis, Fordham University, 2024). .Among the many sources available on this history, se Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies (CHGS), University of Minnesota, “Cambodia,” accessed November 30, 2023, https//claumn.edu/chgs/ holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia; Michael -Clod- felter, Vietnam in Military Statistics: AHistory ofthe Indochina Wars, 1772~ 191 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 105); David Walbert, “The Vietnam War: A Timeline,” Anchor, A North Carolina History Online Resource, https;/ wwwicpedia.org/anchor/vietnam-war-timeline; “US. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Gulf of Tonkin and Escalation, 1964,” U.S. State Department Office of the Historian, https/historystategov/milestones/ Healing From Hate 13 1961-1968/gulf-of-tonkin; “The Southeast Asia War: Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia,” National Museum of the United States Air Force, httpsy/ wwwnationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/ Article/105050/the-southeast-asia-war-vietnam-laos-and-cambodia/; Gary So- lis, “The Victnam War on Trial: The My Lai Massacre and the Court- Martial of Licutenant Calley (review),” Journal of Military History 67/2 (203): 634-35; and Edward Miguel and Gerard Roland, “The Long-Run Impact of Bombing Vietnam,” Journal of Development Economics 96/t (201): 1-15. Gordon, “Southeast Asian Refugee Migration.” Se Tang, “How the Refugees”; Tang, Unsetled; and Stuart White, “What's Wrong with Workfare?” Journal ofApplied Philosophy 21/3 (2004 271-84. Eating Welfare: Asians and Welfare in New York City, produced by CAAAV Youth Leadership Project (201; Youth Leadership Project); Tang, Unsetled. “Our Story,” Mckong NYC, accessed October 30, 2023, https//mekong nyc.org/our-story. 10. P. G. Fox et al, “Southeast Asian Refugee Children: Violence Experience and Depression,” International Journal of Psychiatric Nusing Research 5/2 (19): $89-600; and Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, Veterans and Agent Ovange: Health Efects ofHerbicides Used in Vietnam (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1994), https;//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK236347/. -COVID Data Tracker, Centers for Discase Control and Prevention, https/ covid.cdegov/covid-data-tracker/“datatracker-home; “COVID-19 Data: Neighborhood Data Profiles,” NYC Health, https//wwwaycgovsite/doh/ covid/covid-o-data-neighborhoopadgse. 12. “Hate Crimes,” NYPD, https//wwwnycgov/site/nypd/stats/reports-analysis/ hate-crimes.page. -For example, Ed Shanahan, “Man Hit Woman in the Head 125 Times Because She Was Asian, Officials Say,” New York Times, March 14, 2022, hetps//wwwaytimes.com/2022/0314/nyregion/yonkers-hate-crime-anti- asian-attack heml. Se also the interesting discussions related to this topic in C. W et al, “Anti-Asian Discrimination and the Asian-White Mental Health Gap during COVID-19, Ethnic and Racial Studies 44/s (2021): 819~ 835 and Janelle Wong and Rossina Zamora Liu, “Between Empirical Data and Anti-Blackness: A Critical Perspective on Anti-Asian Hate Crimes and Hate Incidents,” Journal ofAsian American Studies 25/3(202): 387-410. 14- Se the discussion of this phenomenon in Tang, Unsetled. 15. Sce appendix in Kien, “Pandemic of Hate,” for this list of questions. 14 CATHERINE KIEN ©Bo .Beyond this work, Mckong NYC Youth Fellows are currently working on publishing their own Storytelling Project, which wil highlight the stories of their Vietnamese and Cambodian parents, grandparents, and ncighbors who have survived the war in Southcast Asia. Through this project, we aim to keep our family history and culrures alive. .Tiffany Tran, personal interview, 2023. .Michelle Nguyen, personal interview, 2023. .Steve Nguyen, personal interview, 2023, .Steve Nguyen, personal interview. .Jackie Le, personal interview, 2023. .Sce the discussion of this in Tang, Unsetled. .Michelle Nguyen, personal interview: .Christopher Kim, personal interview, 2023. .Kenny Ahir, personal interview, 2023, .Nuon Ahir, personal interview, 2023. .Name redacted to protect his privacy and that of his family. .Bora Ahir, personal interview, 2023 .Le, personal interview. .Tran, personal interview: .Kim, personal interview: .Steve Nguyen, personal interview. .Kenny Ahir, personal interview. .Bora Ahir, personal interview: .Kenny Ahir, personal interview. . Bora Ahir, personal interview. Healing From Hate 15 351 Powers Avenue, Bronx NY IW LemlesWolff COMPANIES Development +Construction «Property Management «Maintenance 5925 Broadway, Bronx. NY 10463 «(718) 884-7676 «www.lemlewolff.com THE WILLIAM SPAIN SEISMIC OBSERVATORY BY BENJAMIN CROOKER The William Spain Seismic Observatory, located on the Rose Hill campus of Fordham University, has a long and distin- guished history monitoring seismic activity both locally and across the world. The first seismograph was installed in the base- ment of the Administration Building (now Cunniffe House) on the Rose Hill campus of Fordham University in 1910 by Father Edward D. Tivnan, SJ., Instructor of Chemistry and later Rector and President of the University. This project to establish seismic observatories at ten Jesuit colleges across the U.S. and Canada was spearheaded by Father Frederick L. Odenbach, S.J., Director of the Astronomical and Metrological Observatory at John Carroll University and a founding member of the Seismological Society of America. In 1920, Father Tivnan directed a young Jesuit, Father Joseph J. Lynch, SJ., to manage the Fordham Seismic Station. For the next so years, Father Lynch would supervise the growth of the Seismic Station into a world-class facility, routinely being the first to report major seismic events happening anywhere in the world to the City and beyond through the New York Times and other media outlets. Father Lynch and other researchers would frequently consult on a variety of topics of interest to New William Spain Seismic Observatory 17 York City, such as subway vibrations and earthquake planning, and of wider interest—using secismology, for instance, to locate possible tombs under the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome. A major upgrade occurred in 1924 with the construction of a dedicated building through the generous donation of William Spain in memory of his son William, a Fordham sophomore at the time of his death in 1922. At the opening ceremony, the new building was blessed by Bishop John Collins, SJ., and a bronze plaque of St. Emidio, the Patron Saint of Seismologists, was pre- sented as a personal gift from Pope Pius XI. Over the years, the William Spain Seismic Observatory would be moved across the Fordham campus twice to make way for new academic buil- dings before reaching its current location next to Freeman Hall in 1931. With the advent of the internet and massive computing power beginning in the 1970s, seismology gradually transitioned from the realm of individual seismic stations to big data. By com- bining data from hundreds of stations, it became possible to develop detailed images of the interior structure of the earth, much as a CAT scan produces detailed images of the human body. Thanks to a generous donation from an alumnus in 2001, the William Spain Seismic Observatory joined this trend, in- stalling its first digital seismometer capable of sending real-time data over the Internet to the USGS data repository in Boulder, Colorado, where it is combined with data from other stations to provide near real-time information on major seismic events from around the world. The archived data is also available to re- searchers from across the U.S., who use it to explore fascinating questions about the interior structure of the earth. The Fordham Observatory is amember of the regional Lamont Cooperative Seismic Network, consisting of 21 broadband 18 BENJAMIN CROCKER seismic stations in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Penn- sylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. Data from the local network has deepened our understanding of the structures and faults underlying the city and the region. The William Spain Seismic Observatory also houses a strong motion detector under a USGS program to assess carthquake risk remediation in large metro- politan centers. This ruggedized detector is designed to con- tinue taking data through a major seismic event in the city. Like the “black box” in an airplane, we hope it will never be used; however, data from such a device could be crucial in understanding and minimizing future risk from earthquakes. Above: Front door of William Spain Seismic Observatory, Fordham University, April 13, 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 40 International License, https//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/ 4ofdecd.en. William Spain Seismic Observatory 19 BASEBALL - isTHE NEW YORK GAME [T e HOW THE NATIONAL PASTIME PARALLELED US HISTORY “Tony Morante illustrates how baseball became the background music of America.” — Ed Randall FOREWORD BY*MICHAEL KAY YANKEE PLAY-8Y.PLAY TV COMMENTATOR 4 A B wADISHOWT & ? Available on Amazon }ket — L THE HISTORY OF THE OYSTER CITY ISLAND AND THE EAST BRONX BY ROGER MCCORMACK The Billion Oyster Project is a nonprofit group focused on repairing marine biodiversity and the ecology of New York Harbor, whose goal is to revive the once flourishing oyster beds of New York Harbor by 2035 In its heyday, New York sold about half of the world’s oysters for consumption, and The Bronx loomed large in the bygone oyster trade as well, with City Island and the East Bronx tracts along the East River and Long Island Sound playing a fundamental role in the oyster- farming boom of the nineteenth century. The oyster is as American as apple pie and a true New York icon. Archaeological work in middens—archaeologically significant rubbish heaps—prove that the oyster was a critical component of the Native American diet, with indigenous peoples making spe- cial trips to City Island, Throggs Neck, and the Long Island Sound to fish. (A large oyster midden was once found near Wall Street, lending Pearl Street in lower Manhattan its name.) European colonization heralded a shift in the attitude toward the oyster. Still prized as a dietary staple, farmers and fisherman began to realize the vast profits the oyster trade offered, with City Island contributing to a major shift in oyster harvesting in the 1830s. History of the Oyster 21 The area adjoining City Island in the northeastern Bronx was renowned in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for its fertile soil and abundant marine life. Situated along the Long Island Sound, the flat marshy soil of the East Bronx was ideal for farming, which explains why the area remained agricultural well into the nineteenth century. (The great Bronx historian John McNamara’s family had a bungalow in Throggs Neck, and he described seeing cows there still in the twentieth century,) The annexation by New York City in 1895 of the area from The Bronx River to the Long Island Sound brought in its wake urbanization and the end of The Bronx’s agricultural economy. City Island was settled by Europeans in the seventeenth century and exemplified the rich agricultural and maritime heritage of the area. Early efforts to turn the island into a port to rival New York Harbor were pioneered by Benjamin Palmer, who had pur- chased the island in 1761. These efforts were thwarted by the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. British troops soon occupied the island, hindering Palmer’s grand plans for the island’s development. Economic activity in eighteenth-century City Island consisted almost solely of farming and fishing. Opystering in the nineteenth century built on this nautical tra- dition while achieving a lucrativeness unknown to eighteenth- century fishermen and farmers. The evolution of the oyster mirrored population changes in the area: for the Lenape, the oyster was utilized as a food source and to make wampum—white shell beads used for a variety of culturally significant purposes—though the Lenape did trade in oysters with Dutch settlers. The Dutch and British used oysters for food as well as for lime in construction, emphasizing the wide range of the oyster’s use. When Henry Hudson sailed into 22 ROGER MCCORMACK New York Harbor and around the area of today’s Bronx in 1609, there were 220,000 acres of oyster beds below New York Harbor.! The enormous potential of the oyster beds was re- latively unexploited though, a fact that would change in the nineteenth century. City Island, The Bronx’s great maritime site, loomed large in this robust oyster trade. According to Barbara Dolensek of the City Island Maritime Museum, a City Island resident named Orrin Fordham pio- neered the practice of artificial oyster harvesting? This practice contrasted with the older one of raking oysters from the na- turally rich oyster beds of New York and entailed lining the water with shells that attracted baby oysters. Artificial oystering created an enormous increase in oyster propagation and turned the fledgling industry into a multi-million-dollar business by the mid-nineteenth century. The City Island Opyster Reef, a nonprofit group, notes: By the middle of the 19th century, thanks to this practice of “planting” oyster shells, massive oyster reefs dominated the waters in western Long Island Sound, where the edges of the marshes, buoys, and wharf pilings were covered with oyster larvae that had attached themselves to existing shells3 The vast profits brought contention, with oystermen raiding other oyster reefs and contributing to a rise in oyster “piracy” in Boos City Island—reminiscent of fishing boundary disputes between lobster fishermen in Maine and Canada today. Property disputes were common, as were midnight raids on a rival’s oyster beds, with many cases involving contesting appeals to ownership of oyster beds. The City Island Nautical Museum notes the prosperity the oyster brought to residents: “Oysters were the most popular seafood in the second half of the nine- teenth century, and nearly 100 City Island families carned a History of the Oyster 23 considerable living harvesting them.”* By the twentieth century, industrialization, pollution of water- ways, and the rise of ports, wharves, and a robust maritime in- dustry in New York City spelled the end of the once-lucrative oyster industry. Efforts at conservation during this time also largely failed—overfishing, pollution, and failures at the muni- cipal and borough level to dispose of waste properly doomed the once-prolific oyster. Raw sewage was dumped into water- ways like New York Harbor and The Bronx River by municipal authorities, often as late as the 1970s. Waterborne diseases like typhus were spread through oyster consumption from these po- lluted waterways. Most of the oyster beds in New York were closed by 1916, while the final beds lasted until 1927. The wealthy oystermen of City Island turned to shipbuilding, ma- king the island a major shipbuilding and yachting center in the twentieth centurys Today, the Billion Oyster Project is committed to repopulating New York’s waters with oysters, not for their commercial and gustatory value but to improve the ecological health and quality of waterways, as oysters are key components in water filtration, naturally making sediment and nitrogen less harmful to marine ecosystems. Oysters can filter up to so gallons of water per day, an extraordinarily effective natural tool for keeping waterways in New York and The Bronx healthy. Another benefit of oyster reefs in the age of rapid climate change is their ability to miti- gate storm surges and combat flooding. Groups like the non- profit City Island Oyster Reef assist the Billion Oyster Project in making oyster repopulation a reality, with work underway not only in New York Harbor but also in The Bronx, with the project centering around the Soundview Reefs at the end of The Bronx River. 24 ROGER MCCORMACK The Bronx River, the only fresh-water river in New York City, begins, ironically enough, at Valhalla—the Kensico Dam—and spans 23 miles to the Soundview section of The Bronx, where it flows into the East River. The history of the river highlights the same challenges that beset the oyster in The Bronx and New York City. Bucolic until the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies, The Bronx River was a vital resource for indigenous peoples of the area. In the nineteenth century, it became a site of pilgrimage for New Yorkers longing to escape the bustling metropolis of Manhattan, including Edgar Allan Poe during his time as a forlorn resident of Fordham village. Industry and manufacturing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries con- tributed to the ecological devastation of the river. Snuff and grist mills, for example, were installed along The Bronx River in the 1800s, the most notable being the Lorillard snuff mill, which still stands in the New York Botanical Garden. By the middle of the twentieth century, large portions of The Bronx River were ecologically devastated, with severely decreased biodiversity and water flow. The resilient oyster, however, managed to survive through it all, albeit in a vastly reduced fashion. In the 1970s, oysters were occasionally found on car tires that had been thrown into The Bronx River, a sad symbol of the once prolific mollusk. Today, the Billion Oyster Project has built five acres of oyster reefs at the end of The Bronx River, working in tandem with community groups like The Bronx River Alliance and Rocking the Boat, which have focused their ecological efforts on re- storing the river, a hopeful sign for the future of the oyster and its positive ecological impact on The Bronx.® History of the Oyster 25 NOTES .Thomas Hynes, “Aw Shucks: The Tragic History of New York City Opysters,” Untapped New York, August 2022, https;//www.untappedcities.com /history-new-york-oysters/. 2. Barbara Dolensck, “City Island, Oysters and Pirates: A Curious History,” The Island Current, July-August 2022, 2. “The Oyster Industry on City Island.” City Island Oyster Reef, accessed 30 October 2024, https//www.cioysterreef.org/history/. 4. “City Island History,” City Island Nautical Museum, accessed 30 October 2024, httpsy/wwwcityislandmuseum.org/copy-of city-island-childhood-2. -Dolensck, “City Island,” 5. .Billion Oyster Project, “Soundview Reefs,” accessed 30 October 2024, hetps//wwwhbillionoysterprojectorg/soundview-reefs. 26 ROGER MCCORMACK o- ST.JOHN’S COLLEGE, HURRAH! By ROBERT R. GRIMES, S.J. It might be entirely coincidental that Fordham University’s first football team was formed in 1881, when the University was known as St. John’s College, and that in the same year, a new song was sung: “St. John’s Fordham, Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah!” With original music composed by long-time professor of music at St. John’s, Felix Simon, and words written by a student, according to a report in the New York Herald, the song was sung “with a great deal of enthusiasm by the boys” during that year’s Commencement ceremonies.’ The event must have been tinged with melancholy for Simon, as he was retiring after 22 years on Rose Hill. He would also be departing from friends and colleagues of many years, Jesuit Brother Macé and Professor Urso—the quite amazing music faculty of St. John’s College at that time. Looking back, he must have had many memories through the years, some reaching back to his homeland in France. How close the Fordham connection was to France! The windows in the chapel were a gift from Louis Phillippe, King of the French. The Jesuits who moved into Fordham in 1846 were members of the Parisian Province of their Order. In the 1870s, they connected to the French-Canadian mission of the St. John’s College 27 Jesuits. Only in 1881 did they join with the entirely U.S-based Maryland Province. Brother Julius Macé was born in Nantes, France in 1822. He demonstrated musical talent from an early age and was sent to study at the Paris Conservatory where he attracted the attention of the great piano pedagogue Henri Bertini and befriended fellow student Louis Moreau Gottschalk. Well on his way to becoming a concert pianist, quite suddenly at age 24 he left the conservatory and entered the Jesuit novitiate as a brother. After a year, his religious superiors sent him to New York and St. John’s College, where he spent the rest of his life. Felix Simon was also born in Nantes, France, a dozen years before Macé. Simon attended the Paris Conservatory as well, starting in 1829, studying under the great violinist, Charles de Bériot. He returned to Nantes as chapel master at the cathedral, where it is likely he knew Macé. Simon was also concertmaster in the orchestra of the Théitre Graslin in Nantes. By 1852, Simon had arrived in the United States and appears to have taught music in Cincinnati, Ohio for most of that decade. By 1859, Simon was a professor of music at St. John’s College Fordham where he worked until 1882. Salvatore Urso was born in Sicily. By 1840, he was organist at PEglise Ste-Croix in Nantes and first flautist in that city’s Théatre Graslin, where he befriended Simon. Urso’s daughter, Camille, was attracted to the violin as a young girl, an instrument not considered “feminine” in the mid-nineteenth century, and Simon became the first violin teacher of a young woman who would soon become a world-famous virtuoso. In 1852, father and daughter traveled to the United States where Camille began a successful tour of the country along with the 28 ROBERT R. GRIMES, S.J. acclaimed soprano Henriette Sontag. Camille married in 1856, and Salvatore settled in New York City. Likely through his old friendship with Felix Simon, Urso began teaching at St. John’s College Fordham in 1867. All three of these tremendously ta- lented musicians focused on making music. Macé taught piano, Simon taught violin, piano, and singing, and Urso taught piano and flute. Macé also played the organ in the college chapel and the parish church. Simon directed the college choir and orchestra. Three stories about Brother Macé point to his prowess as a musician. When Macé attended a concert in the City by the fa- mous pianist and composer Gottschalk, the virtuoso was tipped off that Macé was in the audience. Gottschalk brought him on stage and had him perform for the amazed crowd. The second story concerns his narcolepsy, or “sleeping sickness.” A student was always beside him at the organ to ensure he was imme- diately awoken—and that he did not miss a beat. Third, when he died, found among his music was an autograph copy of a Beethoven piano sonata, inscribed to him by Bertini. The fate of that manuscript is unfortunately unknown. Camille Urso was not Felix Simon’s only pupil to become famous; he was Achille Rivarde’s first violin teacher before the young American went to France and took the Paris Conser- vatory by storm, winning first prize when he graduated at age 14. Rivarde later wrote to Simon: “Whatever success I have had in the past or may have in the future I owe principally to you, and believe me, I can never forget it.”> Another tribute to Simon was from Camille Urso, who included his composition “Un Reve (A Dream)” in her concerts throughout her career. In addition, Simon’s daughter, Henriette Corradi, was a noted soprano in both opera and concert, including appearances with St. John’s College 29 the New York Philharmonic. In an 1871 concert at Rose Hill, the three faculty members came together in the performance of an unnamed trio, presumably for piano, violin, and flute, which must have been a musical cevent. It was Italian opera that was the most popular music of the day, however. During Commencement of that year, Rossini’s “Overture to Semiramis” was performed (probably by piano four-hands with some additional instruments) and “Norma Cometh,” the Druid chorus from Act I of Bellini’s Norma, was sung by the college chorus, both conducted by Felix Simon. This was nothing new. An alumnus recalled that in the early 1850s, “it was not considered anything of a feat to prepare and give, on short notice, a chorus from the Italian opera.TM At Commencement of 1853, students performed the chorus “Belo si celebri” from Rossini’s opera Semiramide, a chorus in praise of the pagan god Baal. In 1859, the first year Macé and Simon worked together at St. John’s, the College Chorus sang the opening chorus from Auber’s Fra Diavolo: “As good soldiers, let’s drink full glasses,” a song that might not make it past Stu- dent Affairs censors today. At the 1861 Commencement cere- mony, as the Civil War unfolded, the chorus sang the finale to Rossini’s opera Mosé in Egitto under the title “Our Land is Free:” Our land is free, all nations see Her starry banners proudly rise; Loudly to God, to freedom’s God Triumphal praises sing; Waken to grateful song your voice, With joyous trumpets ring! As Professor Simon reached his 7oth birthday, a “testimonial concert” in his honor was arranged for the April 27, 1880 in Chickering Hall, one of the foremost concert halls in the country, seating 1500 people, and located on Fifth Avenue and 30 ROBERT R. GRIMES, S.J. Bth Street. Included among the performers was soprano Henriette Corradi, Simon’s daughter, his student violinist Achille Rivarde, and Felix Simon himself as conductor. —4f HRPECTFULLY INSEAIBEDTo *QOCKELNS,.J. (. ENTOFST.UONS CoLEcr,FoRDAM, .Y S Ty oY EGr song anDd O8O PROF. FELIX SIMON. FOR SALEATSTJOKN'S COLEGE FOROHAM NY 3¢ Above: Front cover, Felix Simon, “Saint John’s Fordham” (Fordham, N.Y: St. John’s College, 1881), notated music, https;//www.loc.gov/item/ 2023840038/. St.Johm’sCollege 31 According to the New York Herald, a “large number of the friends and old pupils of the venerated tutor” were expected.* Also, around 1880, modern-rules American football emerged in men’s colleges around the country, including St. John’s Ford- ham. Along with the new game came the need for cheers and songs, and Fordham was no exception. As Simon was preparing to retire, he gave one last gift to St. John’s Fordham: a song that could serve as both a fight song and an alma mater. Commence- ment on June 22, 1881 began with the overture from Verdi’s Nabucco but concluded with the “new college song, St. John’s College, Hurrah! Hurrah!” Cheerily lift we unto the sky, A strain that suits the parting day. Cheerily, tenderly, ere we hie To distant scenes away! Hurrah! Alma Mater, Bless her name, Hurrah! And be evergreen her fame, hurrah! While the cheer of her sons is heard with glee. St. John’s Fordham! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! O’er the hill of Roses floating free! St. John’s Fordham! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah¥ That same year the song was professionally published as sheet music with a cover that reproduced the well-known lithograph of the 1846 college campus drawn by William Rodrigue, a copy of which is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art collection. The song was dedicated to the college president, the Reverend E. William Gockeln, SJ. During Father Gockeln’s tenure as president, in addition to football being introduced and a song composed to cheer the students on, another innovation came to be. The school’s color was changed from magenta, a color now famous from computer printers, to maroon. Since the song was submitted for copyright, the Library of 32 ROBERT R. GRIMES, S.J. Congress has a copy that it has subsequently digitized. The complete sheet music can be found on their website.® St. John’s Fordham! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! NOTES . “St. John’s College,” The New York Herald, June 23, 1881, 5. 2. “Musical and Dramatic Notes,” New York Herald, 25 April 180, 8. .“St. John’s Thirty Years Ago,” The Fordbam Monthly, January 185, s8. 4. “Musical and Dramatic Notes,” New York Herald, April 18,180, 9. Eelix Simon, “Saint John’s Fordham” (Fordham, N.Y: St. John’s College, 181), notated music, httpsy/wwwloc.gov/item/2023840038/. To access the full PDF of “Saint John’s Fordham” from the Library of Congress, visit https//hdllocgov/loc.music/smissi-pdf.ogs79. St. John’s College 33 B THE GOUVERNEUR MORRIS VISITING SCHOLAR PROGRAM The Bronx County Historical Society names a visiting scholar annu- ally in honor of Gouverneur Morris, signer and penman of the U.S. Constitution. 2024 Roger McCormack 2006 “Edgar Allan PoeTM 2022 Pastor Crespo, Jr. 2005 “Bronx Veterans” Jim Wunsch “Bronx Radio History” Brian Purnell “The Bronx isa Bomb, and It Is Ready to Explode” Evelyn Gonzalez “The South BronxTM Mark Naison “From Doo Wop to Hip Hop” Joseph Cunningham “New York Power” Elizabeth Beirne “The Good Life in the 19th Century BronxTM Allan S.Gilbert “Archacology inThe Bronx’ Roger Wines “The Bronx River Parkway” Peter Derrick “Centennial of The BronxTM Edward Schneider “Newspapers of The Bronx” Gary Hermalyn “Morris High School” Lloyd Ultan “Gouverneur Morris and the Constitution” Thomas A. King “soth Anniversary of the Normany Invasion” George Lankevich “Creation of the U.S. Supreme Court” Lloyd Ultan “Gouverneur Moris Through Word and Speech” Dominic Massaro “Gouverneur MorrisTM 2021 Steven Payne “Bronx Latino History Project” 2004 2020 Roger McCormack “Poc Cottage” 2003 209 Lloyd Ultan “Bronx ParksTM 2002 208 Coline Jenkins “Elizabeth Cady Stanton” 2001 2016 Vivian E. Davis “Celebrating 175 Years of St. Ann’s ChurchTM 2000 2015 Edward Schneider “Abraham Lincoln” 1999 2014 Gary Hermalyn “The Erie Canal” 1998 2013 ‘Tony Morante “Baseball” 1997 2012 Daniel Hauben “The Bronx Through the Eyes 1996 of an Artist” 20m Gary Hermalyn 1995 “Bronx Homemakers Club of Danicl, Wyoming” 2010 Angel Hernindez 1994, “Bronx Latinos” 2009 Russell Currie “The Cask of Amontillado, An 1993 Opera” 2008 Gary Hermalyn “Edgar Allan Poe at FordhamTM 1992 2007 Lloyd Rogler “The Story of the Hispanic Rescarch Center” 1991 THE HOULIHANS A BRONX FAMILY By JOoE HOULIHAN Adapted from a speech given by Joe Houliban on September 18, 2024 at the The Bronx County Histovical Society 23vd Annual Golf Tournament and Dinner at Pelbam Split Rock Golf Course. We are here tonight to honor our beloved Bronx. There are a million Bronx stories, and tonight I would like to share one of them with you. Daniel and Margaret Houlihan are our great grandparents. Daniel Houlihan arrived in the U.S. in 1874 from his native Ireland. He was 15 years old. A similarly aged young woman named Margaret Lynch made the same trip right around the same time. They did not know each other even though their families lived within five miles of each other back home. They both lacked any advanced education and money, but they were both equipped with three integral traits: guts, ambition, and faith. Dan and Margaret both entered the US. via New York City. Daniel first went to Scranton, Pennsylvania because he had a relative there that offered to teach him the carpentry trade. Margaret was a domestic worker in the New Haven area but had relatives in Scranton, and that is how they met. They married in Scranton in 1884, and soon after, their first son, Joe, my grand- The Houlibans 35 father, was born. Around this time, Dan got word of a possible job in New York City. Their plan was for Dan to go to the city, get settled, and send for Margaret in 9o days. On the 88th day, Margaret received a telegram from Dan: “No job—stay in Above: Family patriarch Daniel Houlihan, who in 1801 founded Daniel J. Houlihan Corporation, now Houlihan-Parnes Realtors LLC, cour- tesy of the Houlihan family. 36 JOE HOULIHAN Scranton.” Margaret ignored the telegram and got on the train to New York City with her son Joe. Margaret had ambition in spades. Above: Map showing the stretch of East 199th Street between Bainbridge and Briggs Avenues in The Bronx where the Houlihans built their first apartment complex, a series of seven five-floor walk-up apartment buildings, the Mosholu Arms, courtesy of the Houlihan family. The Houlihans 37 The rest is history. The Houlihans got a job and a place to live at a resident hotel in Harlem at 300 East 123rd Street. The residents received meals with their rooms so there was always plenty of work to do. From there, they had additional children, but they started taking what they called “Sunday drives” along the newly planned subway lines in upper Manhattan and The Bronx. They desperately wanted to buy land, something they could not do back in Ireland because of their Catholic faith. They were ultimately able to buy some building lots and to then trade them for a profit. They went on to have twelve chil- dren, nine of whom lived to adulthood. There were six boys and three girls. They moved to the Bedford Park neighborhood in The Bronx and built a family homestead at 2867 Bainbridge Ave- nue. They became active members of St. Philip Neri parish, where there is a stained-glass window in the church in their memory that remains to this day. Most of the Houlihan men went to Manhattan Prep and Manhattan College. The Houlihan women were educated by the Ursuline sisters across the street from the home on Bain- bridge Avenue. In 1907, Joe, the oldest, graduated from Man- hattan College with a degree in civil engineering. The next year, the Houlihans filed plans with the City for an apartment com- plex called the Mosholu Arms. This was a somewhat daring plan because these were to be the first apartment buildings built north of Fordham Road. Much of the neighborhood was stil farmland. The Mosholu Arms are still standing today. They are comprised of seven five-story walk-up apartment buildings on the south side of East 199th Street from Bainbridge to Briggs Avenues. The buildings were known in the neighborhood as the Hou- 38 JOE HOULIHAN lihan flats. They were a big success and a feather in the Houlihan cap. Three sons joined their father in the business: Joe, Jim, and Dan. The Houlihans were responsible for the development of a significant portion of the Wakefield section of The Bronx. The Houlihan office was in a two-story commercial building that they built at the northeast corner of East 233rd Street and White Plains Road. The Houlihans went on to build several five-story apartment buildings on East 233rd and East 234th Streets. They also built several “taxpayers”—one-story retail buildings—as well as a movie theater on White Plains Road. In addition, they constructed several one-family homes in the Woodlawn neighborhood of The Bronx. In the mid-1g50s, our father Dan and our cousin Jim’s father J.G. joined the firm and became the third generation of Houlihans. When Dan and J.G. wanted to expand the business, they brought in a partner, Howard Parnes, who started with the Houlihans on St. Patrick’s Day 1967. Before Jim Jr.’s graduation from Fordham University in 1974, he joined Houlihan-Parnes and today is its Managing Partner. I think most are aware of Houlihan-Parnes and its place in New York as a highly successful, well-respected real estate firm. In the early 1980s, my brother Dan worked for a family friend, Jim O’Malley, who operated a real estate appraisal firm in Bronxville. Dan bought the practice from Mr. O’Malley in 1984 and offered me the opportunity to join him at Houlihan & O’Malley Real Estate. Over the years, our firm has evolved to include Commer- cial and Residential brokerage services, management, and pri- vate financing in addition to appraisal services. The Houlihans 39 Today, Dan and T are the owners of Houlihan & O’Malley Real Estate in Bronxville. Our sister Liz Genovese, her son Nick, and our brother Gerry Houlihan work with us. Jim Houlihan is the owner of Houlihan-Parnes Realtors in White Plains. Houlihan- Parnes is the successor entity of the original Danicl Houlihan Corporation, incorporated in 189r. Jim’s brother-in-law, Jim Coleman, has worked with Jim for over 40 years, and his daughter Kara recently joined the firm. Jerry (Jeremiah) Hou- lihan, our cousin, has also worked at Houlihan-Parnes for se- veral decades. Jim Houlihans son Bryan works at Houlihan- Parnes, and at different times, Jack Houlihan—Jim’s brother—as well as Christie and Kelly Houlihan and Meghan McEvoy, Jim’s children, have worked at Houlihan-Parnes. As you can see, the fifth generation has been well represented. Today, Houlihan-Parnes and Houlihan & O’Malley own some properties together, and we constantly confer with each other on the ever-changing real estate business. Our family has been able to give back to The Bronx by supporting with time and treasure several important Bronx institutions, including Manhattan College, Fordham University, Mount St. Ursula, Mount St. Michael, St. Catherine’s Academy, Calvary Hospital, and The Bronx County Historical Society. 40 JOE HOULIHAN PRACTICING URBAN PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE BRONX BY ROBERT KORNHABER For far too long my interest in photography had been dormant. But in 2015 I received an intriguing offer: serve as the staff photographer for a nonprofit heading to Ghana for a site visit. Although photography had long since moved into the digital age and I had not, I accepted the challenge. After lots of rea- ding, the purchase of a DSLR (digital single-lens reflex), camera and too little practice, off I went. To my great relief, all went well, and the photographs turned out to be a great success. Having accumulated a bit of confidence, I decided to address a longstanding chip on my shoulder: the way the media has traditionally either ignored or maligned my hometown, The Bronx. Consequently, for most outsiders, including many New Yorkers, their image of the borough has remained a black-and- white picture of burned-out buildings somewhere in the South Bronx, circa the 1970s. So why not spend some time photo- graphing The Bronx in all its glory? How long could it take> A lot longer than I expected. Practicing Urban Photography 41 1. Urban Photogvaphy, Then and Now Although urban photography has been with us since the camera’s inception—check out the work of Eugéne Atget in Paris or Berenice Abbott in New York City—by the 1920s, what we now refer to as street photography was coming into its own. Unlike urban photography, where the emphasis is on the various structures—manmade and natural—that make up our cities, street photography is primarily interested in candid shots of unsuspecting pedestrians. Led by French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson and Hungarian-born photographer Brassai this approach quickly grew in popularity. Today, street photography as well as the ever-popular landscape photography dominate the field and are pervasive on the internet. But when it comes to urban photography, there is a dearth of interest. So much so that “urban” is not even among the 80 topics listed by fstoppers.com, a prominent photography website. As a result of these trends, the neighborhoods where the majority of New Yorkers reside are rarely the focus of attention for professional photographers, book publishers, or the media in general. Along with this disinterest in urban photography comes a shortage of useful advice for navigating New York streets in pursuit of great photos. And there is a lot to learn. So, to get you started and not to dampen anyone’s enthusiasm, there won’t be an overload of technical shop talk in this article. Instead, the emphasis on practical advice will get you out the door and documenting urban neighborhoods sooner than later. 42 ROBERT KORNHABER 1I1. Getting the Gear To begin with, you should have a camera, such as a DSLR or one of the newer mirrorless cameras, that accepts various size lenses (or at least has a zoom lens). Otherwise, you will quickly notice that you are either too close or too far from almost everything you’re trying to shoot. And if you do go with a DSLR (they’re a little large), do consider a second smaller and less expensive compact camera—or smart phone if you must—as a backup. Despite the fact that everyone can and does use their phone for picture-taking, a more professional-looking camera can sometimes raise suspicions of security personnel. A more modest camera will often be overlooked, and their smaller lens is useful for shooting through those chain link fences that the City has been putting on bridges and overpasses. In addition, please keep your gear in a no-frills backpack until needed. It will probably be ignored. And don’t walk around with a camera bag. 1t’s a red flag for everyone. II1. Finding Great Destinations Although you can always Google places to shoot, there are some great books that will quickly enlighten you as your quest begins. For an overview of all five boroughs, my favorite book, and the first one I encountered, is Kevin Walsh, Forgotten New York: Views of a Lost Metropolis(New York: HarperCollins, 2006). Along with his ongoing website, Walsh’s book catalogues many of the historic sights, impressive buildings, and little-known monu- ments in the city. Less chatty but more encyclopedic is Norval White, Elliot Willensky, and Fran Leadon, AIA Guide to New York City, sth edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), a block-by-block compendium of architectural structures in the Practicing Urban Photography 43 Top: Loew’s Paradise Theatre, at the time functioning as the World Changers Church-New York, located at 2403 Grand Concourse in The Bronx, courtesy of the author. Bottom: Flagship structure of The Bronx Terminal Market, located at the intersection of River Avenue and Exterior and East 149th Streets, now rented by Hostos Community College, courtesy of the author. 44 ROBERT KORNHABER o, Above: Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, located in Poe Park at 2640 Grand Concourse and operated by The Bronx County Historical Society as a historic house museum, covered with a light dusting of snow, courtesy of the author. Practicing Urban Photography 45 Big Apple. And if you’re heading to The Bronx make sure you pick up Lloyd Ultan and Shelley Olson, The Bronx: The Ultimate Guide to New York City’s Beautiful Borough (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2015), a unique and detailed guide to the borough. If that’s not enough, you can also find out about New York’s 42 islands—Sharon Seitz and Stuart Miller, The Other Islands of New York City(Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 2011)—or discover the little-known waterways around the city in Sergey Kadinsky, Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs (New York: Countryman Press, 2016). And for nature lovers, pick up Edward Barnard, New York City Trees: A Field Guide for the Metropolitan Area (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); or Leslic Day, Field Guide to the Street Trees of New York City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 201). Next, if you have a passion for subway stations and their art, you can satisfy it by getting Oscar Israclowitz, Secrets of the New York City Subways (Brooklyn: Israclowitz Publishing, 2016). (And when you visit elevated stations, remember that many offer a panoramic view of the surrounding neighborhood.) Finally, don’t forget that the city still has daily and weekly newspapers— print and/or online—that give attention to the outer boroughs. For detailed news about The Bronx, I turn to the online edition of the Bronx Times. Not enough? Let me assure you that traveling around the city will help you discover even more. And to maintain your perspective, add a street map to your shopping list. If you’re embarrassed, keep it in your new backpack. 46 ROBERT KORNHABER IV. Welcome to Urban Photography 101 Since creating urban photographs that are both interesting and attractive can be challenging, here are strategies to help you achieve that goal. 1. True Confessions Although taking pictures can be very rewarding, there is another reality that cannot be ignored: rightly or wrongly, urban areas like The Bronx are often associated with an element of danger and crime. (What the media hasn’t drilled into you, your imagination can sometimes supplement.) And while everyone needs to assess their safety concerns and use their best judgement, the word “uneventful” best describes my experience photographing The Bronx over the last ten years. So, despite carrying an expensive camera and going almost everywhere, I generally got ignored, exactly what any photographer would want. 2. Finding Sunshine If you want upbeat pictures, there is nothing like a sunny day. But in crowded urban areas, taking sun-filled photos free of excessive shadows is not always casy. Unless you’re shooting in open spaces like parks and beaches, getting those shots can be a challenge. Fortunately, it’s achievable if you have a street map, not forgetting that the sun moves from east to west and following some simple rules. As history and street maps make clear, in 1811, New York adopted Practicing Urban Photography 47 a street grid design that required Manhattan avenues to run north-south and streets to run east-west, more or less. (And The Bronx mostly followed suit.) As a result, in both boroughs, from late Spring to early Fall, streets on the west side, and facing east, are bathed with sun until early afternoon. And after about 2rm, it’s the east side’s turn to brighten up. Even better, streets on the north side, and facing south, get sunshine most of the day. And although the south side, which faces north, sees little direct sun most of the time, in much of June and July, from midmorning to early afternoon sunshine makes an appearance on these streets. (Unfortunately, the street design in the other outer boroughs varies greatly from the 1811 plan.) Of course, any discussion of sunshine is incomplete if photo- graphy’s most revered time of day, the golden hour, is not mentioned. For the uninitiated, that’s the brief period after sunrise or before sunset when the sun is low on the horizon and photographers can catch a softer and warmer light for their photos. While very useful in landscape photography, tall urban buildings often block the sun at these times and keep many lo- cations in shadow. So, to get shots in these places, you may need to rely on a midday sun. While offering a harsher light, your pictures will be free of excessive shadows. It’s a tradeoff. 3. Coping with Vehicles Let’s face it: a lineup of parked vehicles will do nothing for your photos. Of course, to keep cars and trucks out of your shot, a nearby hydrant, a lengthy bus stop, or a “No Standing” or “No Parking” sign would be helpful. But all of these are a roll of the dice. Fortunately, what car owners hate, you can now appreciate: street cleaning regulations, or alternate side parking. Since most 48 ROBERT KORNHABER residential streets need to be cleared of cars once or twice per week, typically for 9o minutes, that gives you more than enough time and space to get off some shots without parked vehicles to work around. When photographing on metered streets, here’s another stra- tegy: try to get there before the meters start getting fed, usually between 8AM and 9aM. Since parking is often not permitted for 30 or 60 minutes before then, there will be an opportunity for unobstructed photos. And finally, the website nycdotsigns.net can help you sort out all the parking rules ahead of your arrival. (Needless to say, most of the rules go by the wayside on Sunday and holidays.) Regrettably, when shooting from a distance, traffic can also be a challenge and interfere with that great shot. The solution is obvious: patiently waiting for those inevitable breaks in the congestion. When that moment arrives, start taking lots of pic- tures. For this, a camera with a continuous shooting mode will come in handy. And lastly, don’t forget that sometimes the hubbub of the city can actually work to your advantage, especially in the evening when the glow of headlights and brake lights can add pizazz and excitement to a picture. 4. Dealing with Other Urban Realities This category includes features of city streets that are going nowhere, such as stoplights, traffic signs, telephone poles, streetlights, hydrants, overhead wires, and outdoor dining struc- tures (though these have diminished in number in recent years). While you may be able to keep a few of these items out of your viewfinder, learn to work with them since they are part of the Practicing Urban Photography 49 urban landscape. And when it comes to moveable objects such as garbage bags, traffic cones, and traffic drums, I generally relocate them until I finish my shoot. (I don’t touch police barriers since that might be pushing one’s luck.) Finally, when it comes to the scourge of urban photography, “temporary” over- hangs (scaffolds, or sidewalk sheds), I generally skip the location and move on. 5. Shoot Quick, Shoot Fast Things can change on city streets without warning. So, when you arrive at an interesting location, take a few shots as soon as possible. Otherwise, lots of stuff can go wrong: a truck parks illegally in front of a monument, people who weren’t around a moment ago are running all over the place, or the security guard you evaded is now approaching. You get the idea: shoot quickly, improve on it later. (And while street art probably won’t vanish while you’re standing there, on any future date it can be de- stroyed, defaced, or replaced by another artist’s vision. Get it while you can.) Conversely, unexpected events can sometimes work in your favor. For example, maybe a colorful truck barrels into your shot from nowhere. To take advantage of that moment, keep your camera at a fast shutter speed, one that allows you to cap- ture the scene and avoid an unwanted blur. (Higher speeds also prevent uninvited birds from looking like blotches in that pretty blue sky.) 50 ROBERT KORNHABER 6. This Land is Their Land Although most of the public and private institutions I visited were unconcerned about my very visible camera as I entered their grounds, private residential communities were not so acco- mmodating and had unattractive signs telling me to keep out. But since most have streets and sidewalks that are unobstructed and allow for easy acc I took my chances until notified otherwise. At no point, however, was I ever challenged or questioned. Keep in mind: this might be different for different folks. Use common sense and intuition. 7. Maximizing Seasons When it comes to photography, a different season can rescue a dull shot or enhance an interesting one. Although summer is ty- pically the get-out-and-take-picture time, summer greenery can get a little monotonous, and overgrown foliage can obscure an historic home or obstruct a distant shot. On these occasions, plan to return when there is more colorful foliage or less of it. One or the other always seems to show up. Which brings us to Fall, when colorful leaves can jazz up street trees and those in local parks. But remember that different species change colors at various times in a season. So do drop by your favorite spots more than once. And as Fall ends in December, late afternoon can be ideal for shooting classic neon signs and catching the early nighttime excitement of commercial shopping areas. And if you feel safer when the streets are busy and stores are still open, shooting later in the evening may not be your thing. Practicing Urban Photography st In Winter, snow is the big attraction. But since snowstorms can be infrequent, pick your destinations carefully, and once the storm passes, get out there even if the weather is not perfect. Try to arrive ahead of other visitors if you don’t want their foot- prints in your pristine shots. Lastly, although a light dusting of snow can make the city seem magical, it is often short lived and will only be a memory if you don’t hurry out. By Spring, trees and plants bring color and beauty to your photos. But before that begins in earnest, use late March or early April to shoot landmarks that were hard to capture when the summer foliage was overgrown. Of course, once nature does start to bloom, parks are great places to visit during those gol- den hours. And for the horticulturally impaired, remember that cherry trees only stay in bloom for a week or two. Please don’t delay that opportunity. 8. Safety First I had originally planned to describe some risky ways to get more challenging shots. But I came to my senses. Putting oneself or others in danger for the kind of photography discussed here is not worth it. So don’t be stupid and shoot when you’re between moving subway cars, while driving, or when you’re standing in the middle of traffic. 9.Some Parting Shots If yow’re inspired to persevere and doggedly pursue your craft, you may end up with an interesting collection of photos. But if you edit your shots on your laptop with a photo editing 52 ROBERT KORNHABER program, spring for a larger monitor. It will make for much better pictures. And if you choose to share them with friends, or even the whole world, don’t fall in love with too many of your shots. An overload of pictures—or worse, redundancy—will lead even your admirers to glaze over them, which inevitably results in a mood-killing sigh, followed by, “Are we done yet?” If you get really good, some of your photos might get re- cognition outside your immediate circle of friends. That’s great but remember that while you can take pictures of almost anything for personal use, shots of street art including graffiti, no matter where you find it, are subject to copyright law and cannot be used for commercial purposes—not even selling them at a street fair—without permission. If you ever get to that juncture, consult with a lawyer familiar with these issues. Better safe than sued! At this point my tutorial is coming to an end. And while fame or fortune are probably not in your future, The Bronx County Historical Society or your local equivalent will appreciate your work, since you’re documenting places that may otherwise be ignored or even forgotten in the near or distant future. While that may not seem important now, someday your urban photography could be a link to a world other people didn’t even know existed. In fact, your photos might be as fascinating as those old black-and-white pictures that we now treasure, even the ones with a lineup of old automobiles. Practicing Urban Photography s3 ISABELLE HERMALYN BOOK AWARD IN NEW YORK URBAN HISTORY Presented annually to an author of a distinguished work in New York urban history. 2024 In Levittown’s Shadow, 2012 Tim Keogh, University of Chicago Pres 2023 Geagraphy ofThe Brons, G. 201 Hermalyn, The Bronx County Historical Society 2022 Annotated Primary Source 2010 Documents, vol. 2,Roger McCormack, The Bronx 2000 County Historical Society 2021 BASEBALL The New York 2008 Game, Anthony Morante 2020 Hudson’s River, Gary Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, The Bronx County Historical 2007 Society 2019 Concrete Jungle, Niles Eldrige and Sidney Horenstein, 2006 University of California Press 2018 Digging The Bronx, Alan Gilbert, The Bronx County 2005 The Impeachment of Governor Salzer, Matthew L. Lifflander, SUNY Press Freedomland, Robert McLaughlin and Frank Adamo, Arcadia Publishers Band of Union, Gerard T. Koppel, Da Capa Press Manabatta, Exic W. Sanderson, Abrams Books The New York, Westchester & Boston Railway, Herbert Harwood, Indiana University Press Trying Leviathan, D. Graham Burnett, Princeton University Press Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx isBurning, Jonathan Mahler, Ferrar, Strauss & Giroux The Devil’s Own Work, Barnett Schecter, Walker & Co. The Island at the Center of the World, Russell Shorto, Doubleday Capital City, Thomas Kessner, Simon & Schuster Tunneling to the Future, Peter Derrick, NYU Press The Monied Metropolis, Sven Beckert, Cambridge University Press Bronx Accent, Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger, Rutgers Press The Neighborhoods of Brooklyn, John Manbeck and Zella Jones Historical Society 2017 The New York Botanical 2004 Garden, Gregory Long and Todd A. Forest, Abrams Books 2016 The Bronx Artist Documentary — 2003 Project, Judith C. Lane and Daniel Hauben 2002 2015 An Irvepressible Conflict, JenniferA.Lemak etal,SUNY 2001 Press 2014 Supreme City, Donald Miller, Simon & Schuster 2000 2013 Humans ofNew York, Brandon Stanton, St. Martin's 1999 Press SCIENTIFIC AND OTHER WONDERS BY G. HERMALYN Recently perusing The Encyclopedia Brittanica of 1929 1 came across a most interesting category: “the Seven Scientific Wonders of the World.” It got me thinking of how we might address this subject in 2024. The old list consists of the telegraph and telephone; wireless telegraph and radio; the airplane; x-rays; radium; anesthesia, antiseptics, and antitoxins; and spectroscopy (chemical compo- sition). Now, while this is some list, it is missing very basic items we now take for granted, like refrigeration and television. How- ever, a small list will always miss important wonders. The use of seven in a series has quite a long tradition. We have seven days of the week, seven wonders of the ancient world, seven natural wonders, seven wonders of the industrial world, and so on. In the Bible, for example, series of seven occur hun- dreds of times: in the Book of Revelation alone there are seven angels, seven churches, seven seals, seven trumpets, seven crowns, and more. For some cultures, seven represents complete- ness and perhaps perfection. So, listings of seven have been around for thousands of years. Therefore, it was only fitting that in my latest book, Geography Scientific and Other Wonders s of The Bronx (The Bronx, N.Y.: The Bronx County Historical Society, 2023), I listed seven natural wonders and seven man- made wonders of The Bronx. The natural wonders list was put together by Dr. Eric Sanderson, noted author of Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2009), which discusses the natural history of the area. Goose Island Hunter Island North and South Brother Islands Spuyten Duyvill Hill Thain Family Forest (formerly the Hemlock Forest in the New York Botanical Gardens) The Bronx River Gorge Van Cortlandt Park Preserve T am responsible for the listing of the seven Bronx wonders: Highbridge Aqueduct Bridge Kingsbridge Armory Morris High School Auditorium, with the finest acoustics in The Bronx New York Botanical Garden Conservatory Orchard Beach The Grand Concourse and Boulevard The Parks and Parkway System As to the seven scientific wonders of the world in 2024, see if you agree with the following list: The internet and world-wide connectivity Space flight MRI machines Vaccines Webb telescope Clean water Gene editing (CRISPR) If you have any suggestions for our lists please feel free to contact the Society at education@bronxhistoricalsociety.org. 56 G. HERMALYN ABOUT THE AUTHORS CATHERINE KIEN is a graduate from Fordham University and a Vietnamese Community Organizer at Mekong NYC, a non- profit community-based organization that serves Southeast Asian community members of The Bronx. BENJAMIN CROOKER is Associate Professor of Physics and Engincerings Physics (retired) at Fordham University and served as Director of the William Spain Seismic Observatory from 1996 until 2012. ROGER MCCORMACK 1is Director of Education at The Bronx County Historical Society and holds degrees in History from Monmouth University and Merrimack College. ROBERT R. GRIMES, SJ., is Dean Emeritus of Fordham College at Lincoln Center with expertise in ethnomusicology. JoE HOULIHAN is a graduate of Iona College and Broker/Owner at Houlihan & O’Malley Real Estate. ROBERT KORNHABER is a clinical psychologist and native Bronx- ite who has been photographing The Bronx for the past ten years. He can be reached at rkornhaber@aol.com. G. HERMALYN is CEO of The Bronx County Historical Society, a historian, Poe scholar, author of over 30 published works, and editor of 176 books for The Bronx County Historical Society Dress. BRONX BUSINESS LEADERS OF THE YEAR AWARD Presented to Bronx business leaders who support the humanities and the arts. 2024 Houlihan Family 2023 Joseph Mawad, Tekniverse, Inc. 2022 Ram Gupta, Chatam Management Co,, Inc. 2020 Michael Max Knobbe, BronxNet 1999 2019 Richard Legnini, Bronx Ad Group 1998 208 John Calvelli, Bronx Zoo 2017 James H. Alston, McCalls 1997 Bronxwood Funeral Home 2016 Steve Baktidy, S&T Auto Body 1996 Shop. 1995 2015 Matthew Engel, Langsam Property Services 1994 2014 Greg Gonzalez, Manhattan Parking Group 1993 205 Steve Tisso, Teddy Nissan 2012 Joseph Kelleher, Hutchinson 1992 Metro Center 1991 2om Adam Green, Rocking the Boat 2010 Anthony Mormile, Hudson 1990 Valley Bank 2009 Lenny Caro, Bronx Chamber of 1989 Commerce 2008 Katherine Gleeson, Goldman Sachs 2007 Sandra Erickson, Erickson Real Estate 2006 Cecil P. Joseph, McDonald’s 2005 Frank Cassano, New Bronx Chamber of Commerce 1987 2004 Dart Westphal, Norwood News 2003 James J.Houlihan, Houlihan- Parnes 2002 David Greco, Mikes Deli & Peter Madonia, Madonia Brothers Bakery John Reilly, Fordham-Bedford Housing Corp. Mario Procida, Procida Construction Corp. Veronica M. White, NYC Housing Partnership Dr. Spencer Foreman, Montefiore Medical Center Monroe Lovinger, CPA Gil and Jerry Beautus, Walton Press William O’Meara, Greentree Restaurant Larry Barazzotto, Soundview Discount Muffler Gail McMillan, Con Edison Susan E. Goldy, ERA Susan Goldy & Co. Mike Nuiiez, Bronx Venture Group Mark Engel, Langsam Property Services Carlos Nazario, Metro Beer & Soda Joel Fishman, Nehring Brother Realty Co. Michael Durso, Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank Elias Karmon, EMK Enterprises Caterers REVIEWS Creamer, Robert W. Baseball and Other Matters in 1941. Reprint. Originally published in 1991 Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebrasa Press, 2000. 330 pp. ISBN: 9780803263564 $21.95. Here is a book about baseball, especially the author’s beloved New York Yankees and individual players in the 1941 season. The New York Yankee immortal Joe DiMaggio had as6-game hitting streak followed by another 16-game streak, hitting safely in 72 of 73 games—an unbelievable record that people across the country followed. Hank Greenberg of the Detroit Tigers was considered the best ballplayer in the majors, and he was from The Bronx. Pete Reiser of the Brooklyn Dodgers was a great ballplayer who was the fastest man in the sport, who unfortunately ran into concrete walls. And then there was Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox, who hit an extraordinary .406 for the entire year and remains the last man to do so going on 82 years now. All this in 1941 This is also the year that Hitler and Nazi Germany ruled over Europe and conquered Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Greece, Crete, and Egypt, endangering access to the Suez Canal and the oil fields of the region. German U-Boats were sinking Allied shipping with huge losses of life and materials. The United Kingdom had been expecting the Germans to invade their country for two years and were regularly having their cities, Reviews 59 towns, hospitals, and factories bombed. They lost 50,000 of their people to the indiscriminate attacks. What country can have its people under constant threat of bombings and later rockets? This was the low point for the UK. during the war. Then, Hitler invaded the USSR., and while wildly successful initially, the Soviet army did not break and eventual stopped retreating and began its advance. And then on December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Har- bor on the island of Oahu. The U.S. lost much of its Pacific fleet. I recall my father telling me that no one knew where Pearl Harbor was but that the United States was attacked, and so he joined the Marine Corps and was overseas for over three and a half years. The industrial might of the U.S. was unleashed, and eventually it proved to be the winning combination in destroying Ger- many and Japan and ending WWII while introducing the atomic age. Yes, Creamer has written some book. 1941 was truly a year that is indelibly marked on all of us. G. Hermalyn The Bronx, New York 60 Reviews DuVal, Kathleen. Native Nations: A Millennium in North America. New York: Random House, 2024. 752 pp. ISBN: 9780525511038. $38.00. With Native Nations: A Millennium in North America, Kathleen DuVal, professor of history at the University of North Caro- lina, has produced a magisterial and accessible synthesis of the last few decades of work in the fields of indigenous studies and history. Her story starts a millennium ago, when diverse Native nations were building large cities throughout North America, in places corresponding to modern-day Arizona, Illinois, and Alabama, for instance. DuVal then discusses theories as to why these large urban settlements fell out of favor across the con- tinent after a few hundred years. Environmental factors no doubt had some part to play in this, but DuVal draws on a variety of oral traditions, other historical sources, and a grow- ing body of scholarship to argue that some indigenous peoples chose to move away from centralized urban settlements in order to create more equitable, sustainable societies on a smaller scale. According to DuVal, contrary to the opinion of carly European settlers in North America, indigenous peoples were not “pri- mitive” because they lacked large cities and rigidly hierarchical societies. Instead, some Native nations had clearly experimented with these social organizations in previous centuries and found them lacking, choosing to develop alternative ways to order their societies. Indeed, one of the most successful aspects of the book is its re- centering of the history of our continent on the more than soo Native nations that occupied it long before European arrival and continue to do so to this day. Athough comparisons with European history are sometimes drawn—for example, DuVal Reviews 61 points out similar timelines for large-scale urban development in both European and North American societies—the focus remains on indigenous groups and individuals. Even after Euro- peans finally enter the scene—more than 100 pages in—, DuVal makes sure that Native nations remain as the leads of their own stories. For instance, DuVal correctly highlights the great political, economic, and military might that the Mohawk and other members of the Haudenosaunce Confederacy exercised over the Dutch, British, and French colonists for hundreds of years after European arrival. For the better part of 200 years, a casual observer would have been hard-pressed to have predicted that the balance of power would eventually shift against the Haudenosaunce. The same is the case, DuVal contends, for other Native nations for centuries after European contact. Whether with the Shawnees, the Cherokees, the Quapaws, the Kiowas, or others, DuVal consistently draws out the significant degree of autonomy, agency, and sovereignty that indigenous commu- nities, individuals, and nations continued to maintain in their dealings with European and U.S. governments well into the nineteenth century. DuVal does not downplay the great loss of livelihoods, land, population, culture, language, and sovereignty that many Native nations experienced during the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, even when narrating these traumatic develop- ments, DuVal keeps the focus on indigenous agency and resi- lience. In keeping with this focus, DuVal chooses to end the book with a discussion of the great revival in culture, language, national pride, and, in some cases, land and sovereignty that various Native nations have attained in the second part of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first centuries. This is certainly a book worth adding to your personal or 62 Reviews institutional collections. For those acquainted with more recent work in indigenous studies and history, it will be a helpful summary of scholarship that presents newer arguments in inno- vative and memorable ways. For those unfamiliar with the scholarship, it will be nothing short of a revelation. Steven Payne The Bronx, New York Reviews 63 THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTS Jacqueline Kutner, 1993~ Robert R. Hall, 1986-1993 Raymond E Crapo, 1976-1986 Robert Farkas, 1976 Lloyd Ultan, 1971-1976 Ronald Schliessman, 1969-1971 Roger Arcara 1967-1969 Thomas J.Mullins, 19641967 George J. Fluhr, 1963-1964. Ray D. Kelly, 1063 Fred E. J. Kracke, 1960-1963 Joseph DuffYy, 1958-1960 Dr. Theodore Kazimiroff, 1955-1958 Steve Baktidy Dr. Elizabeth Beirne Louis H. Blumengarten Adolfo Carrion, Jr. Thomas X. Casey Sam Chernin James Conroy John Dillon Dan Eisenstein Mark Engel Natalie and Robert Esnard Ken Fisher Fordham Hill Owner’s Co. Robert Abrams Jorge L.Batista Hon. Michael Benedetto William Castro Lorraine Cortez-Vazquez Gloria Davis Nino DeSimone Hector Diaz Rubén Diaz, Jr. Hon. Jeffrey Dinowitz Dr.Joseph A.Fernandez Fernando Ferrer Robert Fox LirE MEMBERS Katherine Gleeson Greg Gonzalez David Greco Robert Hall Daniel Hauben Dr.Gary Hermalyn James Houlihan Marsha Horenstein Cecil P.Joseph Marc Lampell Douglas Lazarus Maralyn May Kathleen A. McAuley HONORARY MEMBERS Hon. Carl E.Heastic Hon. Robert T.Johnson Stephen Kaufman Jef Klein Michael Max Knobbe G. Oliver Koppell Jeffrey Korman Lawrence Levine Michael M. Lippman Anthony Paolercio James J.Periconi Ricardo Oquendo Roberto Ramirez Steven A. Ostrow Alan Parisse Jane Mead Peter Joel Podgor Marilyn and Morris Sopher Elizabeth Stone Henry G. Stroobants Susan Tane Lloyd Ultan Van Courtlandt Village CC Gil Walton Jac Zadrima Hon. Gustavo Rivera Joel Rivera José Rivera José E.Serrano Stanley Simon SELECT PUBLICATIONS AND GIFTS OF THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY The below items, and additional publications and gifts, are available for purchase in-person at any of our locations; by mail, through writing to The Bronx County Historical Socicty at 309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, NY 10467; or online, at www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/store. Life in The Bronx Sevies Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Birth of The Bronx: 1609-1900 $30 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx in the Innocent Years: 1890-1925 $25 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronzx: It Was Only Yesterday, 1935-1965 $25 Lloyd Ultan, The Beautiful Bronx: 1920~-1950 $25 Life in The Brons, four-volume set $90 History ofThe Bronx Nicholas DiBrino, History ofMorris Pavk Racecourse S0 Allan S. Gilbert (ed.), Digging The Bronx G. Hermalyn, Geography ofThe Bronx G. Hermalyn, Steven Payne, A Historical Sketch of The Bronx G. Hermalyn and Thomas X. Cascy, Bronx Views G. Hermalyn and Anthony Greene, Yankee Stadium: 1923-2008 G. Hermalyn and Robert Kornfeld, Landmarks of The Bronx Kathleen A. McAuley, Westchester Town: Bronx Beginnings Kathleen A. McAuley and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx: Then and Now John McNamara, History in Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names (encyclopedia), 3rd edition $30 John McNamara, McNamara’s Old Bronx $20 Rubio P. Mendez, A History of the Riverdale Yacht Club $20 Michael Miller, Theatres ofThe Bronx Lloyd Ultan, Blacks in the Colonial Bronx:A Documentary History Lloyd Ultan, The Bronx in the Frontier Eva Lloyd Ultan, Legacy of the Revolution Lloyd Ultan, The Northern Borough: A History of The Bronx George Zoebelein, The Bronx: A Struggle for County Government History ofNew York City Elizabeth Beirne, The Greater New York Centenninl $20 Peter Derrick, Tunneling to the Future $20 G. Hermalyn, Morris High School and the Creation of the New York City Public High School System George Lankevich, New York City:A Short History $20 History ofNew York State G. Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, Hudson’s River $20 Elizabeth Beirne, The Hudson River $20 Douglas Lazarus et al., Re-inspired: The Evie Canal $20 Roots of the Republic Sevies George Lankevich, ChiefJustices ofthe U.S. Supreme Court $20 George Lankevich, The First House of Representatives and the Bill of Rights $20 Edward Quinn, The Signers of the Constitution of the United States $20 Edward Quinn, The Signers oftheDeclavation ofIndependence $20 Richard Streb, The First Senate of the United States $20 Lloyd Ultan, Presidents of the United States $20 Roots ofthe Republic Series, six-volume set Educational Material Roger McCormack, The Bronx Geography Workbook Anthony Greene, Annotated Primary Source Documents, vol. 1 $20 Roger McCormack, Annotated Primary Source Documents, vol. 2 $34 Dan Eisenstein, Local History Classroom Resource Guide $15 Lisa Garrison, The South Bronx and the Founding of America $15 G. Hermalyn, The Study and Writing of History $20 Samuel Hopkins, West Farms Local History Curriculum Guide $15 Alonso Serrano, Latin Bicentennial, comic book s5 The Brons County Histovical SocictyJournal Back issues of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 1963-2022, are available for purchase for Sis per issue, excepting special issues like the Centennial of The Bronx issue, available for purchase for $20. Research Center Dominick Caldiero et al., Newspaper Titles of The Bronx $15 G. Hermalyn, Publications and Other Medin of The Bronx County Historical Society Since 1955 S5 G. Hermalyn et al., The Bronx in Print $10 G. Hermalyn et al., Education and Culture in The Bronx $20 G. Hermalyn and Laura Tosi, Genealogy of The Bronx $10 Kathleen A. McAuley, A Guide to the Collections of The Bronx County Archives $20 Laura Tosi et al., Ethnic Groups in The Bronx $20 Laura Tosi et al., Index to The Sheet Map Collection ofThe Bronx County Historical Society $20 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx Since 1898 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Elected Public Officials of Guide to The Atlas Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society 10 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Microfilm/Microfiche Collection ofThe Bronx County Historical Socicty s10 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Media Collection $10 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Video Collection $10 $15 Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, adocumentary on DVD $20 Elizabeth Beirne, Poems and Tales ofEdgar Allan Poe at Fordbam $20 Kathleen A. McAuley, Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham $15 Special Intevest Peter Derrick and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx Cookbook $1s Remember The Bronx, Bronx history calendar for 2024 Gifis The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug The Bronx Afghan, washable cotton blanket, 50" x 65" The Bronx River Parkway, c.1915,poster, 205" X295" Edgar Allan Poe coffee mug The Grand Concourse, 1892, poster, 25" X 12" The Bronx Comfort gift set, includes The Bronx Coolbook, The Bronx Afghan, and The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 3309 Bainbridge Avenue The Bronx, New York 10467 718-881-8900 www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org The Bronx County Historical Society is supported through funds and services provided by: New York City Department of Cultural Affairs New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Historic House Trust of New York City New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation New York State Council on the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities The Bronx Delegation of the New York City Council The Office of the President of the Borough of The Bronx The Bronx Delegation of the New York State Assembly The Bronx Delegation of the New York State Senate The H. W. Wilson Foundation The Astor Fund The Isabelle Fund The Elbaum Fund The Ultan Fund The Lucius N. Littauer Foundation The S. Hermalyn Institute The New Yankee Stadium Community Benefits Fund, Inc. The Susan Tane Foundation The New York Public Library The New York Community Trust The National Realty Club Foundation Award-winning TV programs that keep you in touch with the civic and cultural life of the borough Workshops, equipment and studios that allow you to produce your own TV program Hands-on internships and media career prep for high school & college students REACH MEDIA AUDIENCES AROUND THEBRONX AND THE WORLD Watch us on TV, follow us on social media, and register for outstanding online workshops. Optimum67 70 Fios 2133 2136 bronxnet.tv W £} © @bronxnettv Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. 61/1–2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, vol. 61, nos. 1–2, 2024 Subject The topic of the resource Vietnamese community (The Bronx, N.Y.) Cambodian community (The Bronx, N.Y.) Covid 19 Racism Anti-Asian hate crimes Mekong N.Y.C. William Spain Seismic Observatory (The Bronx, N.Y.) Fordham University Oyster industry (The Bronx, N.Y.) City Island (The Bronx, N.Y.) Pollution (The Bronx, N.Y.) Environmental activism (The Bronx, N.Y.) School anthems Houlihan family (The Bronx, N.Y.) Urban photography Scientific wonders Description An account of the resource Vol. 61, nos. 1–2 of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, published 2024. Contents: — Catherine Kien, "Healing from Hate," p. 1 — Benjamin Crooker, "The William Spain Seismic Observatory," p. 17 — Roger McCormack, "The History of the Oyster," p. 21 — Robert R. Grimes, "St. John's College, HURRAH!," p. 27 — Joe Houlihan, "The Houlihans," p. 35 — Robert Kornhaber, "Practicing Urban Photography in The Bronx," p. 41 — G. Hermalyn, "Scientific and Other Wonder," p. 55 — G. Hermalyn, Review of Creamer, Baseball and Other Matters in 1941 (1991), p. 59 — Steven Payne, Review of DuVal, Native Nations (2024), p. 61 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kien, Catherine Crooker, Benjamin McCormack, Roger Grimes, Robert R. Houlihan, Joe Kornhaber, Robert Hermalyn, G. Payne, Steven Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx County Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource ©2024, The Bronx County Historical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodical Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BCHSJOUR.2024 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/742641dc08bde54deb6e1b0e48cd099d.pdf 9adf2c29c44ac3aa6c81d2578a348931 PDF Text Text �The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL Volume LX Spring/Fall 2023 EDITORIAL BOARD G. Hermalyn Elizabeth Beirne Jacqueline Kutner Patrick Logan Steven Payne Gil Walton Roger Wines © 2023 by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal is published by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. All correspondence should be addressed to 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, New York, 10467. Articles appearing in this Journal are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Periodical Source Index, and Recent Scholarship Online. Articles in The Bronx County Historical Journal can also be found on EBSCO host research databases and on our website. ISSN 0007-2249 The Journal and its editors disclaim responsibility for statements made by the contributors. www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org �THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES Jacqueline Kutner, President Anthony Morante, Vice President Patrick Logan, Treasurer Gil Walton, Secretary Steve Baktidy, Trustee Robert Esnard, Trustee Mei Sei Fong, Trustee Dr. G. Hermalyn, Trustee Joel Podgor, Trustee Lloyd Ultan, Trustee Jac Zadrima, Trustee EX-OFFICIO Hon. Eric Adams Mayor of New York City Hon. Vanessa Gibson Bronx Borough President Hon. Sue Donaghue Commissioner, New York City Dept. of Parks & Recreation Hon. Laurie Cumbo Commissioner, New York City Dept. of Cultural Affairs STAFF Dr. G. Hermalyn, Chief Executive Officer Dr. Steven Payne, Director Teresa Brown, Chief Administrative Officer Pastor Crespo, Jr., Research Librarian/Archivistn Danise Infante, Museum Educator Roger McCormack, Director of Education Chris Padilla, Bookstore Manager Kathleen A. McAuley, Curator Emerita Dr. Mark Naison, Bronx African American History Project Consultant ii �Volume LX Spring/Fall 2023 CONTENTS ARTICLES Bronx Soundscape..............................................................................................................1 By Mark Naison Prohibition in The Bronx..........................................................................................15 By Ed Beller A Horseshoer on Webster Avenue......................................................................37 By Mark Glander Villa Maria Academy....................................................................................................43 By Janice Mastropietro About the Authors.......................................................................................................47 REVIEWS Garn, New York Art Deco (2022)...........................................................................49 By Lloyd Ultan Helmreich, The Bronx Nobody Knows (2023)...................................................51 By Lloyd Ultan Hermalyn, Geography of The Bronx (2023).......................................................53 By Douglas Lazarus Jonnes, South Bronx Rising, 3rd ed. (2022)......................................................55 By Roger McCormack iii �LEAVE A LEGACY Many generous members and friends choose to give to The Bronx County Historical Society through bequests and life income gifts. Their donations represent an important source of support for the future of The Society. Charitable gift annuities and individual charitable trusts are merely two of the ways you can support your Society. Bequests Bequests may be stipulated at the time a new will is executed or may be added as a codicil to an existing will. Bequests to The Society are exempt from federal estate taxes and may be unrestricted for a specific purpose. Charitable Gift Annuities Charitable gift annuities are a simple way to provide both a gift to The Society and an annuity for the donor. Some of the benefits include guaranteed lifetime income, a federal income tax deduction for a portion of the gift, partially tax-exempt income, and most importantly, the satisfaction of making a significant gift to The Society. Individual Charitable Trusts A charitable remainder trust is an excellent way to make a generous gift to The Bronx County Historical Society today and still retain the use of the income from your capital, stock, or other assets. Donors also enjoy current tax benefits. Charitable remainder trusts can be designed to accomplish a variety of goals depending upon your needs. For more information on making a bequest or life income gift, please contact Mr. Joel Podgor, CPA, Treasurer Emeritus, 718-881-8900, or write to our main office. �BRONX SOUNDSCAPE: REFLECTIONS ON THE MULTICULTURAL ROOTS OF HIP HOP IN BRONX NEIGHBORHOODS BY MARK NAISON Editor’s Note: This article stems from a presentation at the Metropolitan Studies Conference in Berlin, Germany, May 24–26, 2007. It was originally published as Mark Naison, “Bronx Soundscape: Reflections on the Multi‐ cultural Roots of Hip Hop in Bronx Neighborhoods,” Fordham Research Commons, accessed December 19, 2023, https://fordham.bepress.com/baahp _essays/9. It is being reprinted in commemoration of 50 years of Hip Hop in The Bronx and has been lightly edited for clarity and style. The Patterson Houses at night were alive with activity and alive with sound. . . . Music was everywhere, coming out of people’s apartments and on project benches. On one side of the street, you would have people who brought out portable turntables with the two big speakers . . . and on the other side of the street you could hear some brother singing a Frankie Lymon song, “Why Do Fools Fall in Love.” But the one constant, every night without fail, was the sound of Puerto Ricans playing their bongos in local parks and playgrounds. The steady beat of those drums [“Bomm, Bamm, Bom Bamm, Bamm Boom”] was background music to my living reality.1 1. Allen Jones, The Rat That Got Away: A Bronx Memoir (New York: Fordham University Press, 2009), 19. Bronx Soundscape 1 �I will say this. Wherever we were, the Puerto Ricans was there. I don’t like to get into when we call them Puerto Ricans. They are Africans just like we are. . . . We got to remember that our Puerto Rican brothers are the ones that kept Africa alive. They are the Africans that kept the drum. They kept the Gods of Santeria alive. In the Sixties, Blacks and Puerto Ricans were always playing the Conga. Always had the rhythms.2 Well after I got to play the conga drums . . . I had a bunch of friends that were all interested in playing the congas, the Puerto Rican kids in my area. . . . We started to jam on the roof. It was like every Saturday and every Sunday. Everybody would go to the roof with their conga drums and we would be playing all kinds of rhythms . . . it was like a big party with the drums. But meanwhile, down in the bottom, down on the street, we had these black people or whites and they were into doo wop. . . . You know, the Caribbean, they never took our drum away. The black folk here, they took their drums away . . . so they had to invent something and they invented that doo wop stuff. . . . They were doo wopping and we were rhythm. African rhythms, we were playing them because thank God they never took our drum away.3 Hip hop today is international music. Thanks to global commerce and communication, you can hear MCs rhyming over beats in Dakar, Paris, Berlin, Dacca, and Johannesberg as much 2. Afrika Bambaataa, as interviewed by James Spady in James G. Spady, Samy Alim, and Samir Meghelli, The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness (Philadelphia: Black History Museum Press, 2006), 265. 3. “Oral History of Ray Mantilla,” January 24, 2006, interviewed by Mark Naison and Maxine Gordon, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 2 MARK NAISON �as you can in Los Angeles, Memphis, New Orleans, or The Bronx, and the words used and melodies sampled reflect a dizzying array of languages and cultural traditions. But the young people who created hip hop in The Bronx in the 1970s, and the neighborhoods they held the first jams in, were hardly monocultural. Descendants of families who came to The Bronx from Puerto Rico and the Anglophone Caribbean as well as the American South, they grew up with a wide variety of languages, accents, dialects, and musical traditions, all of which, to use one writer’s phrase, became part of the “Sound Track of Their Lives.” From the mid 1940s on, when African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Anglophone Caribbeans began moving from Harlem and East Harlem into Bronx neighborhoods and housing projects, public spaces in the South Bronx became places where different musical traditions clashed, fused, and became transformed by people trying to reinvent their identities in settings different than any their families had ever lived in. Hip hop emerged among young people who had experienced a level of sonic diversity unmatched in any neighborhood in the U.S. and possibly the world. Not only did residents of The Bronx bring musical traditions from many portions of the African diaspora. They used those musical forms on a daily basis to worship, to mark territory, to celebrate, to evoke memories of ancestral homelands, to bring in needed income, to escape the pressures of poverty and scarcity, and to show their defiance to forces rendering them powerless and invisible. And they did so, both intentionally and unintentionally, in public space, turning Bronx neighborhoods into a giant, sometimes melodious, sometimes cacophonous soundstage. When we began doing interviews for The Bronx African American History Project in 2002, we were struck at how many of our informants mentioned being exposed to different Bronx Soundscape 3 �musical traditions when walking down the street, sitting by their apartment window, or trying to escape the summer heat by sitting on a fire escape, hanging out on their stoop, going up to their tenement roof, or sitting on a project bench. In communities where the overwhelming majority of people lived in five-story tenements and high-rise public housing, and where air conditioning was unaffordable, people tended to do much of their socializing in public spaces, and whatever music they used to build community among friends and family inevitably was heard by the entire neighborhood. But even when people gathered indoors, whether in apartments, community centers, churches, or clubs, the music they played was often overheard, especially in summer months, because they kept doors and windows open to combat the heat. Gene Norman, whose Afro-Caribbean family moved from Harlem to the South Bronx in the early 1940s, recalled how the sounds of Latin music captured his imagination when he sat on the fire escape of his apartment on Kelly Street off Westchester Avenue, the same block Colin Powell grew up on: There was this nightclub on Westchester Avenue not far from us called the Tropicana Club . . . named after the Tropicana Club in Havana Cuba. I remember as a kid twelve years old or so, on a summer night, hearing the trumpet riffs of the mambo band floating through the air like a pied piper’s tale . . . as the neighborhood became more and more Hispanic, music took on a greater and more engulfing place in your life. Music seemed to be everywhere.4 4. “Oral History of Gene Norman,” July 12, 2004, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 4 MARK NAISON �Norman, an architect who served as Landmarks Commissioner of the City of New York, said his lifelong love of Latin music grew out of that experience. He ended up marrying a Puerto Rican woman he met in his neighborhood. Arthur Jenkins, an African-American pianist and composer who spent most of his career playing Latin music, also attributed his immersion in Latin music to the sounds of ensembles playing in a neighborhood club around the corner from his house in the Morrisania section of The Bronx, less than a mile from where Norman lived: When I was five years old, we moved to Union Avenue in the Bronx. . . . We lived around the corner from what was known as the Royal Mansion Ballroom. And during the summer time, when the window was open, we would hear this music coming out of the road. . . . Machito was one of the main bands that played there.5 Jenkins spoke of his little corner of the Morrisania community, which produced a large number of successful musicians— including the singing group The Chords, pianist Valerie Capers and her brother, saxophonist Bobby Capers, who played for eight years with Mongo Santamaria—as a place where live music from many traditions could be heard in the streets. I’ll tell you another thing that’s interesting. On the corner, you had Boston Road, and Union Avenue kind of curved into it. You had Jennings Street that ended there . . . the corner of Boston Road and Union Avenue on the side where I lived . . . usually had a fundamentalist church where a lot of music was played. I used to stop and listen to it. They had 5. “Oral History of Arthur Jenkins,” December 14, 2005, interviewed by Mark Naison, Maxine Gordon, and Brian Purnell, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. Bronx Soundscape 5 �trombone players. You know, it was sort of like church music, but with a New Orleans type flavor. So, there was a lot of music going on in that area.6 During his high school years, Jenkins honed his skills in playing Latin jazz in jam sessions at his apartment and later became a fixture in neighborhood clubs on Boston Road like Freddie’s and the Blue Morrocco, where he backed up singers like Irene Reid and Sir Harvel and performed with African-American ensembles who played Latin music. The experiences that Norman and Jenkins described, which took place in the late ’40s and early ’50s, were repeated when the first public housing projects opened in The Bronx in the early and middle 1950s. People who grew up in the Patterson Houses, a huge public housing complex that opened in 1950, describe an extraordinary profusion of sounds coming out of apartments, hallways, schoolyards, and on project grounds that united Patterson’s Black and Latino residents as much as it marked their cultural differences. Victoria Archibald, a social worker who grew up in the Patterson houses in the 1950s and 1960s, described how Latin music became a powerful force in the life of her Black friends and neighbors: Frankie Lymon was one of my favorites. But I loved all kinds of music, including Latin music. It was in sixth grade when I was first introduced to Latin music. Before then, I’d heard it because there were a lot of Latinos in the building, but I didn’t really dance to it. But as I got older, I began to notice more and more Black people dancing to Latin music, and they were good! They used to dance semiprofessionally at the Palladium and places like that. And we watched these folks who also lived in Patterson, who were maybe high school age, and we 6. “Oral History of Arthur Jenkins.” 6 MARK NAISON �just fell in love with the music.7 To emphasize The Bronx’s uniqueness as a site of Black–Latino sociability and cultural exhange, Archibald asked the interviewer “whether [he had] ever heard the term ‘Bootarican,’” and told the following story: My husband Harry, when he and I first met, would hear my friends and I talk about the “Bootaricans in the Bronx,” and he’d say, “Now what is a Bootarican?” And I said “You can’t have lived in New York and be Black and not know what a Bootarican is!” . . . But he lived in a neighborhood where . . . there was hardly any cultural diversity. . . . Now I don’t know where the term comes from, but it describes somebody who is both Black and Puerto Rican. So, we’d be somewhere, and we’d hear somebody speaking Spanish, somebody who looks just like us and we’d say, “A Bootarican.” Harry and I just recently went to a dance where Eddie Palmieri was playing. I love him, and I’ll go wherever he is performing. And there was a woman singer there named “La India.” . . . And when she said, “And all you Bootaricans out there,” Harry turned to me and said, “You weren’t lying.” I said “Why do you think I would lie? This may not be in the dictionary, but there is such a word.”8 Nathan Dukes, an African-American teacher and social worker who grew up in the same project building as Archibald, had equally powerful memories of events where African-American and Latin music traditions mingled, from “grind ’em up parties,” where songs by the Temptations and the Four Tops 7. Mark Naison, “‘It Takes a Village to Raise a Child’: Growing Up in the Patterson Houses in the 1950s and Early 1960s, An Interview with Victoria Archibald-Good,” The Bronx County Historical Society Journal 40 (2003): 11. 8. Naison, “It Takes a Village,” 11–12. Bronx Soundscape 7 �alternated with songs by Joe Bataan and Eddie Palmieri, to the annual outdoor concert organized by Clark J.H.S. music teacher and jazz pianist Eddie Bonamere, which featured timbale player Willie Bobo. Dukes lovingly recalled impromptu musical performances by local “doo wop groups” on project benches: You had Bobo Johnson and James Johnson. They had their doo wop groups. . . . When they were doing their little doo wops in the hallway, or in the summertime, especially in the summertime, they would always get a big crowd because they would do . . . Little Anthony tunes and would also do Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers tunes.9 But his most intriguing commentary was reserved for Puerto Rican conga players, whose pounding beats captured the imagination of African-American youngsters, and in Dukes’s eyes, reconnected them with their African origins: You had Hector. He would be across the street from the Patterson; he would be across the street with his conga drums. He would start at 5 PM and wouldn’t finish till maybe 2:30 in the morning. As I got older, I realized what he was doing was basically just giving signals, letting people know that all was well in the village. That’s what the conga drums were for, to let people know that all was well.10 To be sure, not everyone living in Bronx neighborhoods interpreted late-night conga playing as a sign of social health. Renee Scroggins, one of four African-American sisters who formed the women’s funk/punk band ESG, recalled how some of her neighbors in the Moore Houses threw eggs at the Latin 9. “Oral History of Nathan Dukes,” April 25, 2003, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 10. “Oral History of Nathan Dukes.” 8 MARK NAISON �percussionists who played till wee hours of the morning: We lived in the projects. . . . Behind us there was a park, St. Mary’s Park. And every summer in St. Mary’s Park . . . you would have some Latin gentlemen in the park with some coke bottles, a cow bell and a set of congas playing the same thing—“boom boom boom, tata ta boom, boom boom”—you know, and it was our summer sound. Plus they were singing. . . . You would go to sleep by it, okay . . . and be it one or two o’clock in the morning, you’re still hearing this roll. . . . Eggs started going out the window.11 But there is no question that many Bronx residents who lived in high-rise housing projects and crowded tenements used music to help humanize their environment and put their personal stamp on public space. Often, they were quite creative in how they did this. Well before Bronx hip hop DJs started hooking up their sound systems to panels at the bottom of light poles, small Puerto Rican bands called “Kikirikis”— in imitation of the sound of roosters—were doing the same thing with their amplifiers when they played in parks in Hunts Point.12 But not only Puerto Ricans brought amplified music to the streets. From the early ’60s on, it was extremely common for African-American as well as Latino Bronx residents to bring their portable record players outside and dance on sidewalks and 11. “Oral History of Renee Scroggins,” February 3, 2006, interviewed by Andrew Tiedt, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 12. “Oral History of Angel Rodriguez,” May 8, 2007, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. Bronx Soundscape 9 �stoops during hot summer nights. Talibah Roberts, a Bronx school teacher whose father was African American and whose mother was Puerto Rican, recalls how people entertained themselves outside her apartment building on Crotona Park East during summer months: In my building . . . it was a norm for people to bring their equipment outside . . . whoever would have the best equipment or a good stereo, they would bring their radio right from the living room and bring it outside and play it. Or sometimes, people would put their speakers in the window, with the DJ working the system, and we’re standing outside in front of the building, and we would dance.13 Given experiences like this, it is not surprising that the outdoor jams held in schoolyards, parks, and public housing projects by DJs like Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash, and Afrika Bambaataa seemed more familiar than revolutionary to Bronx residents. While the use of two turntables and mixing equipment might have been new, the pounding percussive rhythms and use of powerful amplification had been fixtures of music on the streets of The Bronx for more than 20 years. So was the fusion of Latin music with soul and funk. When Grandmaster Flash would mix Jimmy Castor’s “It’s Only Just Begun” into James Brown’s “Give It Up and Turn It Loose” and the Incre-dible Bongo Band’s “Apache,” he was affirming a multicultural, multinational sonic community that gave Bronx neighborhoods a distinctive flavor, inspiring his audiences to celebrate who they were at a time when most of the outside world had written them off as gang-ridden, drug-ridden predators. 13. “Oral History of Talibah Roberts,” March 15, 2005, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 10 MARK NAISON �The following description of outdoor musical activities in the Mill Brook Houses in the late ’70s captures the air of excitement those gatherings generated. Matthew Swain, who was only 11 at the time his family moved to the Mill Brook Houses from a neighborhood devastated by fires, remembers thinking: This is so cool, man. Right there on my block and they just played. It was a live DJ out there and they would set up two metal garbage cans. They turned them upside down and put this big board to set the turn tables on, run the watts to somebody’s secondstory apartment straight through, and it was just on. It would go all night and it was just a cool thing. . . . They had two turntables, giant speakers . . . Pioneer and Kenwood mixers. . . . It was a lot of freestyle rappers . . . the crowd was just galvanized by this one MC. He’s just rapping. He had the whole crowd going.14 But the MCs and the DJs did not have project airspace entirely to themselves. Even though Puerto Rican adolescents were an important part of the crowd at the hip hop jams, older Puerto Ricans in the community made sure the music they listened to was played loud enough for everyone to hear. Swain recalled: We had a lot of Spanish people around then. Especially summertime, they would have a stage set up right there off 137th Street, right in front of the bodega. A little stand at night. They’d have their live jam session from the bongos and playing music, have a mike, and go out there singing.15 Swain, like many other people who grew up in Bronx 14. “Oral History of Matthew Swain,” February 2, 2006, interviewed by Natasha Lightfood, Mark Naison, and Laura Kelly, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 15. “Oral History of Matthew Swain.” Bronx Soundscape 11 �neighborhoods and housing projects from the mid ’40s through the late ’70s, remembers the melodies and rhythms that surrounded them in their daily lives with extraordinary vividness and fondness. Whether it was doo wop or mambo, funk or salsa, Motown or the scratching of early hip hop DJs, they saw appropriation of diverse musical traditions as something that gave their life added joy and made their upbringing rich and distinctive. If hip hop was in some measure a gesture of defiance in the face of arson, disinvestment, and the closing of public services, it was also an affirmation of an extraordinarily rich and diverse set of musical traditions that had found a home in Bronx neighborhoods for more than 30 years. If hip hop DJs were, in the words of Afrika Bambaataa, “looking for the perfect beat,” they were also, to paraphrase Nathan Dukes, “letting people know that all was well in the village.” 12 MARK NAISON ��ISABELLE HERMALYN BOOK AWARD IN NEW YORK URBAN HISTORY Presented annually to an author of a distinguished work in New York urban history. 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Geography of The Bronx, G. 2011 Hermalyn, The Bronx County Historical Society Annotated Primary Source 2010 Documents, vol. 2, Roger McCormack, The Bronx County 2009 Historical Society BASEBALL The New York 2008 Game, Anthony Morante Hudson’s River, Gary Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, The Bronx County Historical 2007 Society Concrete Jungle, Niles Eldrige and Sidney Horenstein, 2006 University of California Press Digging The Bronx, Alan Gilbert, The Bronx County 2005 Historical Society The New York Botanical 2004 Garden, Gregory Long and Todd A. Forest, Abrams Books The Bronx Artist Documentary 2003 Project, Judith C. Lane and Daniel Hauben 2002 An Irrepressible Conflict, Jennifer A. Lemak et al., SUNY 2001 Press Supreme City, Donald Miller, Simon & Schuster 2000 Humans of New York, Brandon Stanton, St. Martin's 1999 Press The Impeachment of Governor Salzer, Matthew L. Lifflander, 1998 SUNY Press Freedomland, Robert McLaughlin and Frank Adamo, Arcadia Publishers Band of Union, Gerard T. Koppel, Da Capa Press Manahatta, Eric W. Sanderson, Abrams Books The New York, Westchester & Boston Railway, Herbert Harwood, Indiana University Press Trying Leviathan, D. Graham Burnett, Princeton University Press Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx is Burning, Jonathan Mahler, Ferrar, Strauss & Giroux The Devil’s Own Work, Barnett Schecter, Walker & Co. The Island at the Center of the World, Russell Shorto, Doubleday Capital City, Thomas Kessner, Simon & Schuster Tunneling to the Future, Peter Derrick, NYU Press The Monied Metropolis, Sven Beckert, Cambridge University Press Bronx Accent, Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger, Rutgers Press The Neighborhoods of Brooklyn, John Manbeck and Zella Jones American Metropolis, George Lankevich, NYU Press �PROHIBITION IN THE BRONX: A ROUSING BRONX CHEER BY EDWARD BELLER I. Introduction In The Bronx, national Prohibition (1920–1932) met with sometimes violent street-level resistance and lack of support from the borough’s political and economic establishment. This essay will trace the contours of this resistance and lack of support. Clearly, this was an ill-advised—no matter how wellintentioned—social experiment that failed miserably in The Bronx, because the policy had no roots in an immigrant, firstor second-generation, working-to-middle-class community. A comparative study of similar communities is beyond the scope of this essay but it is probable that the experience of The Bronx was very typical. We will begin with a discussion of enforcement efforts and the corruption of law enforcement officials in the city as a whole before zeroing in on The Bronx and including sections on the Dutch Schultz gang, Bronx speakeasies, and Bronx methods of enforcement avoidance via the art of disguise. II. The Arrival of Prohibition When national Prohibition arrived in 1920, The Bronx was no Prohibition in The Bronx 15 �longer a quiet, semi-rural, agricultural suburb of small settlements with now familiar names like Kingsbridge, Tremont, Highbridge, Fordham, Morrisania, and Hunts Point, surrounded by farmland, forest, and the estates of the wealthy perched on the banks of the Harlem and Hudson Rivers and Long Island Sound.1 Urbanization of the borough was helped along by the elevated (“El”) trains that reached The Bronx in 1904 and the arrival of Jews, Italians, Irish, Poles, and Germans from Harlem, the Lower East Side, and other parts of Manhattan, who saw The Bronx with its “parks, tree-lined boulevards, and open land” as a step up. By 1920, there was, except for the northernmost sections, a developing urban landscape with apartment houses, shops, paved streets, and densely populated neighborhoods. By 1925, with a population of over one million, The Bronx would have been the sixth largest city in the United States.2 These new Bronx citizens were mostly immigrants and first- or second-generation Americans who reflected the ethnic profile of the city as a whole.3 Our main focus is Prohibition in The Bronx but to begin, we will place the legislation in the context of the big city. 1. Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger, Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rivergate Books, 2006), 2–4. 2. Ultan and Unger, Bronx Accent, 46, 48, 61, 78; and “List of Most Populous Cities in the United States by Decade,” Wikipedia, November 30, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_the_Unit ed_States_by_decade. 3. “The Bronx Was Brewing: A Digital Resource of a Lost Industry,” CUNY Academic Commons, accessed December 21, 2023, https://brewingbronx. commons.gc.cuny.edu/; Esad Metjahic, “Prohibition Era New York,” History of New York City, accessed December 21, 2023, https://blogs.shu.edu/ nyc-history/prohibition-era-new-york/; and Ultan and Unger, Bronx Accent, 33, 35, 61. 16 ED BELLER �III. Enforcement in New York City Women who had been involved in the Suffrage Movement were prominent in the Anti-Saloon League and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, two organizations that played a major role in the campaign to pass the 18th Amendment (1919), which ushered in national Prohibition. There is logical coherence to this association, since temperance was seen as a women’s issue and excessive drinking as the cause of familial problems like domestic violence, marital discord, family breakups, and abused, disturbed, and unhappy children.4 Most religious and civic leaders agreed that drinking was a social evil, among them Black leaders who saw alcohol historically as a means to control Blacks and render them incapable of insurrection or protest and as a contemporary source of much pathology in the Black community.5 Soon, it became clear that Prohibition was impossible to enforce in a city of immigrants and immigrants’ children, from countries that accepted the tavern and the bottle in the cupboard at home as integral parts of community and family life. In fact, as the United States entered World War I in 1918, anti-immigrant feeling was embedded in the Prohibition movement, directed against Germans who dominated the brewery industry. (The Bronx was home to several large German-owned breweries.)6 4. Metjahic, “Prohibition Era New York”; and David Okrent, “Prohibition: Speakeasies, Loopholes and Politics,” Fresh Air, National Public Radio, New York: WNYC, June 10, 2010. 5. Charles M. Blow, “Abortion Like Prohibition, Has A Clear Racial Dimension,” New York Times, July 4, 2022. 6. “The Bronx Was Brewing”; Michael A. Lerner, Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 101; Erich Marks, “How Bronxites Quenched Their Thirst,” The Bronx County Historical Society Journal 3 (1966): 36; Metjahic, “Prohibition Era New York”; Okrent, “Prohi-bition”; David Rosen, Prohibition in New York City (Charleston, South Carolina; History Press, 2020), 15, 102; and Stephanie Simon, “Dry January? 100 Years Ago It Was Law,” Spectrum News, New York: NY1, January 17, 2020. Prohibition in The Bronx 17 �On the other side of the social divide, New York was a convention center (federal Prohibition agents routinely canvassed upscale hotels when a convention was in town), a tourist attraction, and a playground of the idle rich, celebrities, and celebrities’ acolytes. It was also dominated by a wealthy, native elite unwilling to accept limitations on its accustomed leisure style.7 Police officials and judges were not sanguine about enforcement. In August 1921, a Brooklyn magistrate called Prohibition “a joke.” The New York Times commented, “If he meant that liquor is being sold all over the city, and of better quality than offered some months ago, he had made no assertion that is new to the prohibition enforcement agents.” However, the same magistrate made clear that not all the wares that bootleggers and saloon owners sold was better quality when he added that Prohibition “has deprived the poor working man of his beer and it has flooded the country with rat poison.”8 Judge Leopold Prince of the 8th District Municipal Court thought so little of Prohibition that in the same month and year he announced his intention to publicly defy the law. “I defy the police to interfere with me when I am drinking a glass of wine whether it’s in a restaurant or any other place. If they did I have a method which I don’t wish to disclose but which would stop them very quickly.”9 In January 1922, after he sentenced James Grotty, the owner of a saloon on Willis Avenue 7. Rosen, Prohibition in New York City, 16, 19, 25, 26, 33, 34, and 93; and “7 Cases of Whiskey Seized at Waldorf,” New York Times, June 22, 1924. 8. “Prohibition A Joke, Dale Says On Bench,” New York Times, August 12, 1920. 9. “Governor to Blame Enright Tells Jury,” New York Times, September 17, 1921. 18 ED BELLER �in The Bronx to pay a $100 fine or spend 30 days in the workhouse, Judge Louis D. Gibbs said, “The attempt to enforce the liquor law in New York City is both ludicrous and disgraceful. . . . This law is in contempt and is bringing other laws into contempt.”10 In his 1923 annual report to the Mayor, Police Commissioner Robert Enright wrote, “The Federal Prohibition laws have neither the support or the respect of the public and efforts of the Police Department to enforce them were met with obstruction on every hand.”11 In 1926, President of the Board of Aldermen and future Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia noted, “Prohibition cannot be enforced for the simple reason that the majority of the American people do not want it to be enforced and are resisting enforcement.”12 IV. Prohibition and Police/Agent Corruption Commissioner Enright did not mention that the “Efforts of the Police Department” were not always focused on enforcement. It is an ages-old, unfortunate fact that when governments attempt to prohibit a commodity, service, or activity for which there is a large market with huge untaxed profits—from alcohol and drugs to prostitution and gambling—not only is the attempt usually a dismal failure but some fraction of law enforcement is corrupted. Bribes for non or lax enforcement and advance notice of raids were common, and it soon became obvious that official 10. “Judge Terms Dry Efforts Ludicrous,” New York Times, January 18, 1922. 11. Stuart Marques, “Prohibition,” NYC Department of Records & Information Services, March 11, 2019, https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2019/3/8/ prohibition. 12. Marques, “Prohibition.” Prohibition in The Bronx 19 �corruption was enhanced by the investment of legitimate businesses and wealthy individuals in the lucrative liquor trade (sound similar to contemporary drug trafficking?).13 Police and federal agents were known to “liberate” confiscated goods to sell to bootleggers or imbibe—off-duty police officers were not above getting arrested for public drunkenness.14 In 1922, when obliged to return four barrels of wine to a grocery store on East 112th Street because the wine was produced before Prohibition took effect and the grand jury had dismissed the complaint, the police refused.15 In October 1922, police and Prohibition agents acting on their own unofficial behalf, along with about thirty others, invaded a federal repository in a warehouse on West 34th Street and made off with 5,100 cases of whiskey.16 In January 1926, the shrinkage of liquor being transported by federal agents to an army base in Brooklyn “increased alarmingly,” and several Prohibition agents were indicted for selling confiscated “denatured” (poisonous) alcohol to bootleggers.17 (The alcohol may have been poisoned by Prohibition officials, who sometimes tried to discourage consumers by poisoning the industrial-use alcohol that bootleggers had made quasidrinkable and selling it back to them. This practice resulted in about 10,000 deaths.)18 Just before the 22nd Amendment ended Prohibition in 1933, an off-duty police officer and an accomplice 13. “Indictment of Rum Runner May Be Sought as Walsh Is Linked to Liquor Plot,” Bronx Home News, February 1, 1929; “Officers Say Bronx Man Taken in Rum Raid, Owns Harlem Murder Car,” Bronx Home News, September 27, 1925; and “The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of NYC Speakeasies,” TopView, accessed December 21, 2023, https://www.topviewnyc.com/passes/attractionpasses/the-rise-fall-and-rise-again-of-nyc-speakeasies. 14. “Cut In Dry Force Believed To Be Due,” Bronx Home News, January 29, 1926. 15. “Call Police First, Raid Second Winery,” New York Times, October 27, 1922. 16. “Call Police First, Raid Second Winery.” 17. “Cut In Dry Force Believed To Be Due,” New York Times, January 24, 1926. 18. Rosen, Prohibition in New York City, 144. 20 ED BELLER �staged a fake raid on the Belvedere Roof Club, a “penthouse club” on Central Park South, seized about 20 bottles, told the proprietor he was under arrest, and threatened to smash all the furniture if they were not paid a substantial sum. They were apprehended in the act of kidnapping, “arresting” him.19 These examples give only a hint of the scale of official corruption. V. The Bronx and the Dutch Schultz Gang Another unintended result of banning a commodity for which there is a profitable market is the spawning of extensive, often international, criminal gangs and cartels that engage in deadly turf wars, corrupting or violently attacking law enforcement personnel. (Predictably, prohibition of alcohol was a windfall to the criminal gangs that were already making goodly profits selling narcotic drugs.) The Prohibition-era gangs in The Bronx mirrored its ethnic make-up: Irish, Jewish, Italian, Polish, and German.20 The most prominent gang was headed by a German immigrant, Dutch Schultz, born Arthur Flegenheimer. Its headquarters was the 19. “Seized In Fake Dry Raid,” New York Times, August 11, 1932; “2 Fake Raiders Convicted,” New York Times, September 16, 1932. 20. “Andrews Postpones Shake-up of Dry Agents; Finds Businessmen Averse to $6,000 Job,” Bronx Home News, September 26, 1925; “Call Police First, Raid Second Winery”; “Cut In Dry Force Believed To Be Due”; “Dry Raiders Stoned From Bronx Roofs,” New York Times, October 26, 1922; “Grand Jury Calls Enright to Explain,” New York Times, September 10, 1921; “Officers Say Bronx Man, Taken in Rum Raid, Owns Harlem Murder Car”; “Young Ocean of Booze, Seized in Drug Raid, Under Heavy Uniformed Guard in Police Station,” Bronx Home News, March 4, 1920. Prohibition in The Bronx 21 �bullet-proof, steel-lined fourth floor of the Terminal Building on East 149th Street.21 Prohibition agents were fair game when they crossed paths with this group. On October 31, 1931, at the Majestic Garage on Westchester Avenue, eight agents seized three truckloads of beer belonging to the Schultz gang—but not before they were attacked. The glass paneling above a “massive door” was broken with a rock, and a powerful bomb whose explosion shattered the windows of a nearby apartment building was thrown through it. The agents barely escaped.22 Needless to say, Prohibition agents and police officers were not welcome at moments when they forcibly interrupted what most people considered innocent fun (and had for centuries). In August 1931, four Prohibition agents visited Braacker’s Inn, a “roadhouse” on City Island Avenue. The agents encountered a desperate scene. “An orchestra was playing a fox trot when the agents entered and a score of couples was on the dancefloor.” Two agents searched the dining room while two went to the bar, bought drinks, announced they were Prohibition agents, and made arrests. As soon as they did, several men at the bar became abusive, and one of them “whipped out a pistol” and shot an agent in the left thigh. The agents were followed by a crowd with hostile intent as they drove off in two vans with confiscated goods, their wounded colleague, and prisoners. Subsequently, City Island became the scene of intense agent activity, and the next week eight places were raided and 41 arrests made. At one, two vans transporting prisoners and liquor 21. “4 Dry Agents Fail to Pick Assailant,” New York Times, July 13, 1932; “Held in Dry Raid Shooting,” New York Times, October 23, 1931, 20; NYPD 8926a, NYPD Collection, New York City Municipal Archives, in Rosen, Prohibition in New York City, 102; “Stevens and Ahearn, ‘Dutch Schultz Aides, Indicted in Dry Agent Shooting,’” Bronx Home News, April 24, 1932. 22. “Gang Hurls Bomb Among Bronx Dry Raiders Who Escape Blast After Seizing Schultz Beer,” New York Times, October 31, 1931. 22 ED BELLER �were pursued by incensed customers. (In fact, a “big booze raid” often attracted an angry crowd.)23 It turned out that the bar patron who shot the agent, Thomas Ahearn, was a lieutenant in the Schultz organization. About two weeks later, the agents, who had beaten Ahearn and pinned him to a wall before he broke away and escaped, were strangely unable to identify him. However, the proprietor John Braacker was sure he was the man.24 In June 1931, a Bronx man, Abraham Rosenberg, who said he was engaged in the scale-making business but in reality manufactured and sold liquor and owned a large warehouse in The Bronx, was found murdered in Queens somewhere between Flushing and Bayside. It was not definitely proven that the Schultz gang was responsible but the police were convinced that Rosenberg was a victim of a feud between liquor traffickers.25 In The Bronx, that meant there was a good chance that the Schultz gang was involved. There is no evidence that the Schultz gang took part in the following Bronx incident but it is nevertheless interesting as an example of a bootlegging operation so large and elaborately planned that the presence of an extensive organization is implied. The Bronx with its ample shoreline on Long Island Sound, Eastchester Bay, and surrounded by the Harlem, 23. “Dry Agent Is Shot In City Island Raid,” New York Times, August 31, 1931; “Dry Agents Seize 41 In City Island Raids,” New York Times, September 6, 1931; “Four Men, 15 Empty Cans and Lone Pint of Alcohol Seized A Block From Police Station,” Bronx Home News, February 22, 1920; “Larmon Admits Violating Volstead Law But Is Acquitted of Larceny of Gerken Auto,” Bronx Home News, July 4, 1920; “$20,000 In Liquors Seized; 13 Arrested, Detectives Buy Drinks,” New York Times, August 8, 1920. 24. “4 Dry Agents Fail to Pick Assailant.” 25. “Man Is Found Slain on Queens Bypath,” New York Times, June 17, 1931; “Slaying Linked to Liquor,” New York Times, June 18, 1931. Prohibition in The Bronx 23 �Hudson, and East Rivers was a favorite bootlegger disembarkation spot. In 1923, a luxury yacht, The Mirage, was “almost awash from the weight of the seven hundred cases of choice brands of whiskey” it carried. Speeding cars along Pelham Parkway aroused suspicion and led police to a dancehall in Throggs Neck, where the cargo, valued at $125,000—about $2,234,000 today—was confiscated and 24 arrests were made.26 Another unintended result of Prohibition—this one redounded to the benefit of bootleggers—was the scarcity of whiskey as a palliative. In 1920, an influenza epidemic struck the city and The Bronx. Whiskey was considered an effective antidote but druggists found it very difficult to navigate the complicated, lengthy procedure needed to procure a state license, and as one article reported, “unlicensed druggists are refusing to fill prescriptions that may mean life or death to the victims of the dreaded disease.” Fordham Hospital officials “admitted with reluctance” that the hospital was without whiskey for several days. But it is a stretch to think that the ill could not find whiskey in the very wet Bronx.27 VI. The Speakeasies New York City was the nation’s largest liquor market, and the Anti-Saloon League saw victory in the intensely resistant 26. “Seize 6 Autos, Boat, Liquor and 24 Men,” New York Times, October 17, 1922. 27. “Urgent Call For Nurses to Fight ‘Flu’ Epidemic; Lack of Whiskey a Handicap,” Bronx Home News, January 27, 1920; “Druggists Wait Vainly For Government Action; Seeking Licenses to Fill ‘Flu’ Prescriptions,” Bronx Home News, February 1, 1920; Okrent, “Prohibition Speakeasies.” 24 ED BELLER �cultural, media, and financial capital of the United States as a coveted trophy. But the terrain was unmanageably crowded, with 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasies. (It is estimated that for every legitimate bar that was forced to close, six speakeasies opened.) On one side of the spectrum, these included elegant nightclubs for the upper class, called “Blind Tigers,” with fine dining, tasteful décor, jazz combos, and dancing (the most famous of them, The Stork Club, flourished until 1965). On the other side, “Blind Pigs” were for the lower classes, selling a “cheap and inferior product”—sometimes providing it gratis as a promotion and sometimes featuring animal attractions—with “cheap furniture, peeling paints, well-worn pool tables, and hodgepodge collections of liquor bottles.” “Speaks” were also gambling dens and “disorderly resorts”—brothels.28 In 1923, Enright called them “resorts, dives, brothels and bawdy houses of every description . . . the rendezvous of the criminal and vicious elements of the city.”29 They are also described as “the underbelly of that era, the seamy down-market clubs that served up deadly fights, murders, scams, and robberies.”30 A 1926 photograph in the NYPD collection at the New York City Municipal Archives, for example, shows a well-dressed male 28. “Anti-Saloon League Head Says Yonkers Is Disorderly City,” Bronx Home News, August 8, 1920; Lerner, Dry Manhattan, 4; Marques, “Prohibition”; NYPD 8926a, in Rosen, Prohibition in New York City, 102; Now on view —“Padlocked”: New York’s Prohibition Years | New-York Historical Society, accessed December 21, 2023, https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/now-on-viewpadlocked-new-yorks-prohibition-years; “The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of NYC Speakeasies”; “Voice Through the Door, In Midnight Raid Causes Allen To Be Held For Gambling,” Bronx Home News, July 11, 1920; Ralph Blumenthal, Stork Club: America's Most Famous Nightspot and the Lost World of Café Society (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2000). 29. Marques, “Prohibition.” 30. Marques, “Prohibition.” Prohibition in The Bronx 25 �corpse—a recent homicide—sprawled across a chair at a speakeasy at 474 Brook Avenue in The Bronx.31 At The Bronx Theatrical and Social Club on East 149th Street—which was not a theatrical and social club but a cover for a speakeasy—a fight broke out and a shot fired in a “luxuriously furnished room with valuable tapestries on the wall,” which left it in a “state of wild confusion.” Bronx District Attorney McGeehan said, “These clubs are nests of criminals where crime is hatched. They are havens of refuge for known crooks. Such nightclubs which are must be wiped out.”32 At both extremes there was protection money for gangsters and “see no evil” money for police. VII. Bronx Enforcement It is probably safe to say that the illegal venues in The Bronx, given its working-class, middle-class, low-crime environment (“conspicuous by its absence,” according to the February 1921 Bronx grand jury) did not usually touch on either extreme.33 However, that did not abrogate the likelihood of resistance. Enforcement ran into obstacles within the legal system itself. Bronx courts were critical when it came to the legal right of police, Internal Revenue, Secret Service, or Prohibition agents to enter and search premises, going so far as to condone physical resistance if no warrant was produced. In September 1921, out of 31. NYPD 8926a. 32. “Smash Iron Doors in Bronx Club Raid,” New York Times, March 10, 1926. 33. “Bronx Jury Lauds Glennon,” New York Times, March 5, 1921. 26 ED BELLER �40 Prohibition violation complaints, The Bronx grand jury threw out 38 and subpoenaed Police Commissioner Enright to explain “the unlawful tactics employed by Bronx policemen in connection with alleged violations of prohibition law.” It seems that the grand jury, as well as future Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, were of the opinion that the police were ignoring the city’s corporation counsel and searching premises, automobiles, and bags without a warrant. In fact, in New York City, thousands of gallons of wine, whiskey, and beer were illegally confiscated Above: “Policeman Francis O. Rice (left) and William Ornstein (right) doing Guard Duty besides the Green River (Booze) and Real Lager Beer awaiting Governmental Disposition in the W. 152nd St., Police Station. The Wet Goods were found in an automobile near the Police Station by Policeman Rice and the arrest of three men followed.” Bronx Home News, March 4, 1920. Prohibition in The Bronx 27 �and then sold to bootleggers or imbibed at Police Department frolics.34 The following interesting comment in the Bronx Home News implies that a little “poaching” by police was not shocking. In 1920, at the 152nd Street Station some recently confiscated whiskey was “hidden from public view probably because of the consideration Commander Day has for the policemen who do the late tour on stormy nights.”35 The relationship between the Bronx grand jury and the Bronx legal system deteriorated to the point that in January 1930 the jury declared its lack of confidence in the District Attorney’s Office and recommended that enforcement be transferred to federal authorities. But federal Prohibition agents were not popular either and were sometimes accused of overly aggressive, even brutal tactics. For example, in September 1922, agents entered a Bronx café as ordinary customers. One claimed to be sick and asked for brandy. When told that the café sold only a non-alcoholic substitute, the agents rushed behind the bar. One of the proprietors objected, and “an example of the methods used by some prohibition agents and revenue men in securing ‘evidence’ was revealed Saturday when two agents entered the café of Becker Bros., 143rd Street and Third Avenue, and while one of the men held Lawrence Becker, one of the proprietors, the other pummeled him into semi-consciousness.” No liquor was found.36 34. “Governor to Blame Enright Tells Jury”; “Grand Jury Calls Enright to Explain”; “Haskell Scores Police,” New York Times, August 25, 1921; and “U.S. Court Holds Revenue Agents Had No Right to Search Bars of Bronx Saloons,” Bronx Home News, March 9, 1920. (n.b.: The last time I had jury duty at the 161st Street Supreme Court building I encountered the D.A.’s prosecutor at the Yankee Tavern—the case had been decided—, and she told me it was always a tough struggle to get a conviction from a Bronx jury. She didn’t get one from the jury I was on.) 35. “Young Ocean of Booze, Seized in Raid.” 36. “Saloon Owner Badly Beaten By Two Prohibition Agents,” Bronx Home News, September 2, 1920; “Sees Lax Handling of Volstead Cases,” New York Times, February 1, 1930. 28 ED BELLER �At the level of electoral politics, Prohibitionists could not expect much help from the dominant Bronx Democratic Party. In 1920, the Democratic primary opponents of a candidate for District Leader in the 8th Assembly District could not hurl a more damaging insult at him than he was a Prohibitionist. Candidate Barney Lipshay called “the latest move of his opponent which tries to make a prohibitionist of him the most cruel act yet perpetrated.”37 VIII. Bronx Resistance Irish, Italian, Polish, German, and Jewish neighborhoods—The Bronx at the time in a nutshell—were noted for their often angry reactions to the presence of Federal agents and local police in their homes, speakeasies, and saloons. (Saloon owners were particularly hostile since not only were their establishments closed down but because selling liquor was a Federal offense, they were not eligible for bail and did jail time for “maintaining nuisances.”) Shortly after Prohibition began (1920), a saloon owner on Webster Avenue “knowingly used a dangerous weapon,” “two Great Dane dogs growling ferociously,” when a Federal agent went behind the bar to inspect. The proprietor Angelo Delia employed what appears to have been a common Bronx tactic and broke a pitcher containing whiskey on the floor thus destroying the evidence.38 37. “Hot Session in Board of Elections Offices When Lipshay Learns He Is a Prohibitionist,” Bronx Home News, February 1, 1920. 38. “Bronx Men and Women Face Federal Courts Accused of Selling Whiskey to Revenue Men,” Bronx Home News, February 19, 1920; “The Bronx Was Brewing”; “5 Uptown Oases Among 28 Raided in Dry Cleanup,” Bronx Home News, April 26, 1932; “Saloon Keepers Pin Hopes on Fight Before Judge Hand in U.S. Court, Many Close Bars,” Bronx Home News, November 2, 1919; “Whalen’s Raiders Close 60 Places,” New York Times, January 4, 1929. Prohibition in The Bronx 29 �In September 1922, when Chief New York City Federal Enforcement Agent Christopher J. Fortman learned that The Bronx was “pretty wet,” ten places were raided. At one, a saloon on East 136th Street, a canine anti-federal agent “weapon” was again front and center when the owner turned his large Newfoundland dog loose on the agents and they were confronted by angry patrons.39 In June 1922, Sunday worshippers were offended: “Churchgoers of the Bronx while on their way to and from services recently have encountered to [sic] many intoxicated persons falling out of saloons that hundreds of complaints have been lodged with the Federal Prohibition Department.” In response, agents posing as longshoremen and dockworkers mounted a Sunday operation. After they bought a few rounds at a saloon on East 136th Street, the owner James Smith—perhaps the same 136th Street saloon and the same owner with the big dog—caught on and employed The Bronx “knock the evidence out of the agents’ hands” tactic. But there was enough left on the floor to collect and arrest Smith.40 (All church worshippers’ complaints should be taken with at least two grains of salt. Wine was permitted for “sacramental” purposes but also tended to appear, as did whiskey, for “little parties” at Bronx churches and synagogues and at fraternal organizations like the Elks Club.)41 39. “Try To Sell Water At $27,000 To Drys,” New York Times, September 17, 1922. 40. “Church Time Picked For Bronx Rum Raid,” New York Times, June 12, 1922. 41. “Elks Club Porter Is Arrested For Theft Of Quantity Of Booze,” Bronx Home News, January 22, 1920; “Four Men Accused Of Sale Of Wood Alcohol As Booze,” Bronx Home News, December 11, 1919; “Rabbi Blind From Drinking Wood Alcohol Tells Pitiable Story In Court,” Bronx Home News, January 8, 1920. 30 ED BELLER �In May 1922, the owner of a saloon on Brook Avenue objected to a search by federal Prohibition agents. “Schmidt at once manifested his disapproval of prohibition agents and is said to have gone at them with both fists.” Schmidt was subdued with blackjacks.42 In October 1922, when Federal agents raided a winery in the Italian section on East 149th Street, a crowd of about 500 gathered and in an effort to retrieve the wine attacked and damaged the truck the agents were using to cart it away. “The agents were being hooted and jeered and even threatened.” When the police arrived, the crowd retreated to the roofs of nearby buildings and showered them and the agents with rocks. Police managed to get to the roofs and disperse the crowd.43 “Far in the Bronx” a more passive style of resistance when speakeasies and restaurants were raided and closed was to take the libations outside and “have their ‘whoopee’ in the open.”44 IX. Disguises Of course, the “name of the game” was to avoid the inconvenience of enforcement via the art of disguise. Bronx speakeasies did not operate as openly as some of the elegant haunts of Manhattan’s wealthy. They were “hidden in such out of the way places and restricted to such small areas” that the beautiful old bars of pre-Prohibition glory days ended up as firewood or as counters in restaurants and the spacious saloons were converted to bakeries. When hiding the evidence, 42. “Saloon Man Tamed With A Black Jack,” New York Times, May 31, 1922. 43. “Dry Raiders Stoned From Bronx Roofs.” 44. “Police In New Year Raids On Inns And Speakeasies As City Celebrates,” New York Times, January 1, 1929. Prohibition in The Bronx 31 �Bronx bartenders performed “feats of legerdemain that would have daunted Houdini.” One Bronx speakeasy was an insurance office, another was a junk dealership, another a political club, another an athletic club, another a “luxuriously furnished” headquarters of an association of actors and theater producers, another a “lonely, deserted” farmhouse at the intersection of Eastchester and Gun Hill Roads with an “elaborately furnished reception room” for customers. Private Bronx residences (“apartment clubs”) were common covers as were upscale restaurants. Private residences also often hid state-of-the-art distilleries as did garages.45 Some business venues with ostensibly other commercial goals sold liquor: grocery stores, laundries, shoe repair shops, soda fountains, and more. Bronx “bookies” supplemented their betting gains. The enterprising owners of small stores that sold cheap whiskey placed printed lists of prices in neighborhood mailboxes.46 The product was also disguised—for example, as barrels marked “sugar” shipped from Philadelphia and destined for a warehouse 45. “Big Stills Raided In A Bronx House,” New York Times, March 13, 1928; “Club Halts Trial To Accept Padlock,” New York Times, March 18, 1926; “Federal Agents Raid Moonshine Still In 135th St.; Second Illicit Apparatus Taken,” Bronx Home News, November 4, 1919; “Impressive Pre-Volsteadian Bars Pass From Extinct Bronx Saloons To Serve New Uses,” Bronx Home News, April 7, 1929; “Oil Burning Stills Deluxe Are Seized In A $200,000 Liquor Raid In The Bronx,” New York Times, January 16, 1926; “Operator Of Still In Bronx Garage Given Six Days,” Bronx Home News, February 2, 1932; “Police In New Year Raids On Inns And Speakeasies”; “The Speakeasies of the 1920s,” Prohibition, accessed December 21, 2023, https:// prohibition.the mobmuseum.org/the-history/the-prohibition-underworld/ the-speakeasies-of-the-1920s/; “Ruins In Wake Of Still Blast,” Bronx Home News, February 2, 1933; “Smash Iron Doors In Bronx Club Raid”; “30 Taken in Bronx Raid,” New York Times, January 4, 1930; “To Turn Former Saloons in This City Into Mince Pie Bakeries,” Bronx Home News, November 11, 1919; “Whalen’s Raiders Close 60 Places.” “50 Cents Gin and $2 Whiskey Sold In Bronx, Dry Raiders Report,” New 46. York Times, February 6, 1932; “Raid Nets Two Stills, Whiskey, and 3 Men,” New York Times, June 1, 1924; “30 Taken In Bronx Raid.” 32 ED BELLER �on Intervale Avenue, or as “apples” headed to a speakeasy on Concord Avenue.47 Agents and police became adept at disguise, approaching the bar as casual patrons, having a drink or two (or three), and proceeding to make arrests. They posed as longshoremen and laborers (“to get into the lower type of speakeasy”), icemen and salespersons.48 In 1920, two agents posed as golfers, played a round at the Van Cortlandt Park course, and “followed the crowd” to the “Nineteenth Hole,” also known as the Van Cortlandt Inn, to have a few drinks and make arrests.49 On a Saturday night in June 1922, a drunk woman bought drinks at a saloon on Willis Avenue in The Bronx, and immediately Messrs. O’Toole and Reardon, who sold to this “drunk” policewoman, were arrested. Her next victim was a street vendor on Third Avenue who smashed the bottles on the pavement. But enough was collected to arrest him. To add to the confusion, Bronx criminals sometimes presented themselves as Prohibition agents and “shook down” unwary drinkers.50 X. Prohibition’s Demise The demise of Prohibition with the passage of the 22nd Amendment in February 1933 was the result of a vigorous political counterattack—in The Bronx there was an active chapter of the Women’s Organization for National Prohibition 47. “Arrest Two More For Liquor Fraud,” New York Times, January 30, 1921; “Seize 500 Barrels Of Beer In The Bronx,” New York Times, January 29, 1921; “Trail ‘Apple’ Load and Seize Alcohol,” New York Times, February 3, 1926. 48. “Speakeasies Wary But Police Press War,” New York Times., January 12, 1929. 49. “Prohibition A Joke, Dale Says On Bench.” 50. “Church Time Picked For Bronx Rum Raid”; “Shot Down in Crowd of 50; — No One Saw It,” New York Times, August 16, 1921. Prohibition in The Bronx 33 �Reform—that cited the brutality and violence of the underworld that controlled the trade and the corruption it engendered. Furthermore, the wets claimed that unregulated sales by criminal gangs and the lure of the forbidden had actually increased drunkenness.51 The Depression brought severe demands on government and magnified the significance of the loss of tax revenue. Before Prohibition, 75% of state aid funds received by New York City came from liquor and beer taxes, and the chair of The Bronx anti-prohibition women’s organization made the very salient point that the unprecedented hard times disproved the dry claim that Prohibition fostered self-discipline, frugality, and hence prosperity. Also, basic common sense expressed in countless editorials and politicians’ public statements was critical of an unenforceable law at odds with ages-old customs. Finally, there was strong lobbying from the businesses not connected to underworld criminal networks. The Hotel, Restaurant, Club, and Allied Industries Association advocated for legitimate brewers, distillers, and distributors and the hotels, restaurants, and nightclubs that were engaged in a losing competition with speakeasies. A spokesperson for the Association said, “Sixty percent of the restaurants and hotels are ‘broke’ today and the rest are broke and don’t know it.”52 51. “Bronx Leader Of Women’s Anti-Dry Group Called To Conference Of Advisory Group,” Bronx Home News, February 2, 1932. 52. “Bronx Leader Of Women’s Anti-Dry Group”; “Hotel Association Urges Fight for Dry Law Repeal,” Bronx Home News, March 1, 1932; “Many Phases of Prohibition Are Discussed by Rotarians in Five Ten Minute Speeches,” Bronx Home News, March 3, 1932; “The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of NYC Speakeasies”; Grace Notarstefano et al., “Today in NYC History: How Prohibition Affected New York City,” Untapped New York, January 16, 2014, https://untappedcities.com/2014/01/16/today-in-nyc-history-how-prohi bition-affected-new-york-city/ 34 ED BELLER �It never worked in The Bronx anyway, and it is doubtful that The Bronx was any less wet during Prohibition than it was before or after. Maybe it was wetter. One Bronx landlord, annoyed at the suggestion that landlords should contribute more to Depression unemployment relief, was of the opinion that all the gin bottles collected from rent-deadbeat, abandoned Bronx apartments “should bring the relief fund a lot of money.”53 The recent history of laws against mind- and mood-altering substances is a not quite parallel story. Marijuana has followed the trajectory of alcohol. But there is a panoply of narcotic drugs too damaging and dangerous to be permitted open sale. Whether it is possible to effectively prohibit and/or regulate them is an unresolved question. My guess is it is not. 53. Benjamin Freeman, “Landlord’s View On Relief,” Bronx Home News, February 3, 1932; “Never So Much Drunkenness In Bronx; Booze Crazed Men Start Disturbance; Fight Police,” Bronx Home News, September 28, 1920. Prohibition in The Bronx 35 �THE GOUVERNEUR MORRIS VISITING SCHOLAR PROGRAM The Bronx County Historical Society names a visiting scholar annually in honor of Gouverneur Morris, signer and penman of the U.S. Constitution. 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Pastor Crespo, Jr. “Bronx Veterans” Steven Payne “Bronx Latino History Project” Roger McCormack “Poe Cottage” Lloyd Ultan “Bronx Parks” Coline Jenkins “Elizabeth Cady Stanton” Vivian E. Davis “Celebrating 175 Years of St. Ann’s Church” Edward Schneider “Abraham Lincoln” Gary Hermalyn “The Erie Canal” Tony Morante “Baseball” Daniel Hauben “The Bronx Through the Eyes of an Artist” Gary Hermalyn “Bronx Homemakers Club of Daniel, Wyoming” Angel Hernández “Bronx Latinos” Russell Currie “The Cask of Amontillado, An Opera” Gary Hermalyn “Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham” Lloyd Rogler “The Story of the Hispanic Research Center” Jim Wunsch “Bronx Radio History” 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 Brian Purnell “The Bronx is a Bomb, and It Is Ready to Explode” Evelyn Gonzalez “The South Bronx” Mark Naison “From Doo Wop to Hip Hop” Joseph Cunningham “New York Power” Elizabeth Beirne “The Good Life in the 19th Century Bronx” Allan S. Gilbert “Archaeology in The Bronx” Roger Wines “The Bronx River Parkway” Peter Derrick “Centennial of The Bronx” Edward Schneider “Newspapers of The Bronx” Gary Hermalyn “Morris High School” Lloyd Ultan “Gouverneur Morris and the Constitution” Thomas A. King “50th Anniversary of the Normany Invasion” George Lankevich “Creation of the U.S. Supreme Court” Lloyd Ultan “Gouverneur Morris Through Word and Speech” Dominic Massaro “Gouverneur Morris” �A HORSESHOER ON WEBSTER AVENUE: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JACK FITZPATRICK BY MARK GLANDER According to his personal notebook, “on the 25th day of July on the year 1869,” John (“Jack”) H. Fitzpatrick, an Irish immigrant age 22, went to work for Mr. Lawrence,1 the owner of a plot of land on the southwest corner of Fordham village.2 Jack stayed with Lawrence for several years; he noted the construction of Lawrence’s new shop in an entry in December 1873. In September 1872, Jack Fitzpatrick and Annie Carrigan were married at Our Lady of Mercy, which at that time held its services in the chapel at St. John’s Seminary, now Fordham University.3 Jack’s sister had died that summer, leaving a son, Edward, whom the newlyweds took in. Their first child, Margaret, “was born in the Pow [sic] Cottage on the Seventh day of September in the year 1873.” Jack “went to live in his own house” at 2498 Webster Avenue in March 1874. A son, James, was born in March 1875. Today, the mortality rate for children under 1. Most of the information in this article comes from a notebook manuscript in possession of the author in which Jack Fitzpatrick recorded his major life events. 2. J.J.R. Croes, “Map of the Northern Portion of the City of New-York, Comprising the 12th Ward and the new 23d and 24th Wards, Recently Annexed Under Chapter 613, Laws of 1873,” State of New York, New York: Croes & Van Winkle, 1874. 3. Church of Our Lady of Mercy, accessed December 21, 2023, https:// ourladyofmercyny.org/. Horseshoer on Webster 37 �five years old is less than 1%, but in 1875, almost one-third of children died before their fifth birthday.4 Both Margaret and James died in 1875. Jack and Annie went on to have five more children, all of whom lived to adulthood. By 1883, Jack was in business for himself. That was the year, he noted, that James Smith came to work for him. The Sanborn fire insurance maps (shown below) make it possible to visualize the 2400 block of Webster Avenue at the time.5 There is a twostory building at 2498 Webster Avenue, Jack’s residence. At the rear of 2496 is another two-story building, its long axis parallel to the street, which is likely the shop shown in the picture below. The uniformed men in the picture are likely fireman from Engine Company No. 48, next to 2498 Webster Avenue.6 Next to the firehouse is Our Lady of Mercy church, a former clubhouse of the Tammany Society. A photograph from Jack’s memorabilia shows C. Clinton’s Dry Goods Store at the northern end of the block, on the southwest corner of Webster Avenue and Fordham Road. A little farther north in Bedford Park was Mount St. Ursula Academy, which Jack’s daughter Margaret attended. The school, founded in 1855 and still in existence, is “the oldest continuously operating all-girls Catholic girls’ high school in New York State.”7 4. Aaron O’Neill, “United States: Child Mortality Rate 1800-2020,” Statista, June 21, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1041693/united-states-alltime-child-mortality-rate/. 5. Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from New York, Bronx, Manhattan, New York, The Library of Congress, accessed December 21, 2023, https:// www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06116_016/. 6. The firehouse in the 2400 block of Webster Avenue collapsed in the 1990s. Engine Company No. 48 today is housed two blocks south at 2417 Webster Avenue. 7. “Mission & History,” The Academy of Mount St. Ursula, accessed December 21, 2023, https://www.amsu.org/who-we-are. 38 MARK GLANDER �Jack’s wife, Annie, age 44, died of cancer in 1891, leaving Jack a widower with five children. The oldest child was only 15. Jack remarried in 1897. Jack died just two years later, in January 1899, at age 51. Some excitement followed on his funeral, as noted in his obituary. John H. Fitzpatrick, well known master horseshoer, died at his home on Monday. The funeral took place on Wednesday from the Church of Our Lady of Mercy. Father Brady celebrated a solemn high mass of requiem. Delegations were present from Fordham Council, C.B.L.; Division No. 6 A. O. H. of Fordham and the local branch of the Master Horseshoers’ Association. Interment was in St. Raymonds Cemetery. After the requiem mass which was held last Wednesday over the late J. Fitzpatrick, at the Church of Our Lady of Mercy, charcoal remained in the incense burner, and one of the altar boys thoughtlessly emptied the holder of its burning coals on the sill of the window, and then went home. Sexton Duffy, who happened to enter the church a short time afterward, together with the janitor, found the basement filled with smoke. A hasty search revealed a fire in the vestry. The men in an engine house of the Fire Department, which is next to the church, were immediately notified, and quenched the flames with a fire extinguisher.8 Only three of Jack’s children lived past 30 years. Tuberculosis was one of the three leading causes of death in the U.S. in the years 1900–1922. It is a contagious disease, easily spread from person to person and even through unpasteurized milk. There 8. From a newspaper clipping, publication unknown, in the possession of the author. Horseshoer on Webster 39 �Above top: Jack Fitzpatrick’s shop on Webster Avenue near Fordham Road. Dan Sering, Dan O’Connel, Edward Fitzpatrick, Jack Fitzpatrick, and Jake Trotte, c. 1890, family collection. Courtesy of the author. Above bottom: Clinton’s store at the southwest corner of Fordham Road and Webster Avenue, c. 1885–1890, family collection. Courtesy of the author. 40 MARK GLANDER �Above: Section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Map (note 5), showing 2496– 2498 Webster Avenue, Jack Fitzpatrick’s shop and residence, respectively, as a “livery stable” with a second floor. Horseshoer on Webster 41 �was no vaccine or effective treatment for it until after World War II. Untreated, half of the people who developed the disease died.9 In October 1912, Jack’s son, John, Jr., died of tuberculosis. One year later, Jack’s youngest daughter Nell and her two youngest children died of tuberculosis. Caroline, the oldest surviving daughter, married a college athletics coach in 1897. They eventually settled in Detroit. They had three children. Caroline died in 1950, age 73. Jack’s first daughter, Margaret, died in infancy. His third daughter, also named Margaret, joined the Sisters of Charity. In 1900, she was teaching at Holy Cross Academy in Manhattan. She died in Haverstraw, New York, in 1940, age 62. The fourth daughter, Elizabeth, graduated from “Female Grammar School No. 64” in 1897 as attested by the diploma issued by the Department of Public Instruction. Three years later, she married the neighborhood milkman, a German immigrant. They had four children. Elizabeth lived most of her life in the area around Fordham where she grew up. She died in 1959, age 78. Jack, both his wives, and all his children except for Caroline were buried in the old section of St. Raymond’s cemetery. 9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ data/dvs/lead1900_98.pdf, March 9, 2009. 42 MARK GLANDER �VILLA MARIA ACADEMY: A HISTORY BY JANICE MASTROPIETRO Villa Maria Academy, located at 3335 Country Club Road, is a private, independent, Catholic co-educational elementary school in the Country Club section of The Bronx. The school is owned and operated by the Congregation of Notre Dame. For over a century, the Villa has established a reputation for academic excellence, a robust faith life, and an abiding sense of community. The Villa has been an outstanding member of the academic community of New York City, consistently producing capable, ambitious, well-rounded alumni active in the worlds of business and the arts. I. Founding and Early Days of Villa Maria The history of Villa Maria Academy dates back to 1653 when Marguerite Bourgeoys made the decision to leave the security of her native France to teach in Ville Marie, now called Quebec. As her work grew, others came to join her until, in 1700, she founded the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame. The steadfast aim of the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame was to provide for their pupils a thorough Catholic education, to assist them in developing character and self-reliance, to make of them women of education, refinement, and culture. Villa Maria Academy 43 �Over two centuries, St. Marguerite’s teaching order spread throughout Canada. In 1886, the Sisters were invited to teach the young women of St. Jean Baptiste, the Canadian national parish in Manhattan. For the next 40 years, the school was located at 139 East 79th Street. In 1917, St. Jean Baptiste, a “finishing school” teaching social graces, literature, French, German, music, art, and embroidery, was widely recognized as “distinctly above average.” Eventually, the growth of the student body necessitated a move to the Ellis estate in the Country Club section of The Bronx. On August 18, 1927, the school was officially transferred to its current site—eight acres with a private waterfront on Eastchester Bay and luxuriant shrubs and shade trees—and the finishing school became a boarding school for the young women of New York City. On May 17, 1958, Cardinal Spellman presided at the dedication of Hall Marguerite, a new building to accommodate the burgeoning elementary wing. In June 1969, the high school’s last class graduated. After 82 years, Villa Maria Academy became strictly a co-educational elementary school. The first elementary class with boys graduated in 1976. St. Marguerite Bourgeoys was canonized on October 31, 1982. The canonization celebrations were matched by the celebrations in 1986, the school’s centennial year. Thirteen hundred students, parents, alumni, and friends came to share memories, to reminisce, and to rejoice in Villa Maria’s vibrant century. II. Villa Maria Today The Academy is chartered by the University of the State of 44 JANICE MASTROPIETRO �New York. The courses of studies are in keeping with the best standard of educational institutions. Diplomas awarded to graduates entitle them to enter the New York Training School for Teachers, or any College in the City or State. Throughout this course, the languages are efficiently taught, and French is given special attention. The Villa Building is for the lower grades and contains fully equipped science and technology labs and music and art studios. A large book and media collection is housed in an elegant library in this building. The Great Hall accommodates schoolwide liturgies and events. The Junior High School Building is for junior high school students and includes Hall Marguerite, a communal gathering place for meals and events. The Visitation Center is equipped with a regulation-sized gymnasium that Above: Front view of Villa Maria Academy today, located at 3335 Country Club Road in The Bronx. Courtesy of the author. Villa Maria Academy 45 �hosts sports tournaments and community youth programs and doubles as a full-size theater. It also has a quarter-mile track, which makes the school a popular host for track-and-field competitions. Extracurricular activities include the National Junior Honor Society, Student Council, Junior High Drama Club, piano lessons, Chess Club, art classes, basketball, baseball, track and cross country, volleyball, tennis, Math Olympiad, Science Fair, and STEM. In short, Villa Maria continues to carry on the rich legacy of rigorous education and religious and cultural formation bequeathed to the school by St. Marguerite Bourgeoys and the Congregation of Notre Dame. 46 JANICE MASTROPIETRO �ABOUT THE AUTHORS MARK NAISON, Professor of African American Studies and History at Fordham University, is the c0-founder with The Bronx County Historical Society of The Bronx African American History Project, one of the largest community-based oral history projects in the nation. Dr. Naison has authored seven books and over 300 articles. ED BELLER is a lifelong Bronx resident. Upon graduation from Hunter College in The Bronx (now Lehman), he began teaching English at Evander Childs High School and later taught in Manhattan. He was very active in the United Federation of Teachers. Dr. Beller earned a doctorate in Sociology at the CUNY Graduate Center in 1983 and has published articles on the history and social foundations of education. MARK GLANDER is a retired government employee and a greatgrandson of Jack Fitzpatrick. Stories he heard of his “Horseshoer” grandfather inspired a life-long interest in family history. He is a graduate of the University of Maryland, where he majored in History, and resides in Silver Spring, Maryland with his wife and cats. JANICE MASTROPIETRO is a lifelong Bronx resident, educator, and principal of Villa Maria Academy. �THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTS Jacqueline Kutner, 1993– Robert R. Hall, 1986–1993 Raymond F. Crapo, 1976–1986 Robert Farkas, 1976 Lloyd Ultan, 1971–1976 Ronald Schliessman, 1969–1971 Roger Arcara 1967–1969 Thomas J. Mullins, 1964–1967 George J. Fluhr, 1963–1964 Ray D. Kelly, 1963 Fred E. J. Kracke, 1960–1963 Joseph Duffy, 1958–1960 Dr. Theodore Kazimiroff, 1955–1958 LIFE MEMBERS Steve Baktidy Dr. Elizabeth Beirne Louis H. Blumengarten Adolfo Carrión, Jr. Thomas X. Casey Sam Chernin James Conroy John Dillon Dan Eisenstein Mark Engel Natalie and Robert Esnard Ken Fisher Fordham Hill Owner’s Co. Katherine Gleeson Greg Gonzalez David Greco Robert Hall Daniel Hauben Dr. Gary Hermalyn James Houlihan Marsha Horenstein Cecil P. Joseph Marc Lampell Douglas Lazarus Maralyn May Kathleen A. McAuley Steven A. Ostrow Alan Parisse Jane Mead Peter Joel Podgor Marilyn and Morris Sopher Elizabeth Stone Henry G. Stroobants Susan Tane Lloyd Ultan Van Courtlandt Village CC Gil Walton Jac Zadrima HONORARY MEMBERS Robert Abrams Jorge L. Batista Hon. Michael Benedetto William Castro Lorraine Cortez-Vazquez Gloria Davis Nino DeSimone Hector Diaz Rubén Díaz, Jr. Hon. Jeffrey Dinowitz Dr. Joseph A. Fernandez Fernando Ferrer Hon. Carl E. Heastie Hon. Robert T. Johnson Stephen Kaufman Jeff Klein Michael Max Knobbe G. Oliver Koppell Jeffrey Korman Lawrence Levine Michael M. Lippman Anthony Paolercio James J. Periconi Ricardo Oquendo Robert Fox Roberto Ramírez Hon. Gustavo Rivera Joel Rivera José Rivera José E. Serrano Stanley Simon �REVIEWS Garn, Andrew, photographer. New York Art Deco: Birds, Beasts & Blooms. Introduction by Eric P. Nash. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2022. 192 pp. ISBN: 9780847872046. $39.95. It is unusual for any book with “New York” in its title to set its sights on any borough but Manhattan, but New York Art Deco breaks the mold to include significant examples of the style in The Bronx, Brooklyn, and Staten Island as well. Only Queens is not represented. Here can be discovered nine significant Art Deco structures in the city’s mainland borough, and not all of them are on the Grand Concourse. Photographer Andrew Garn is known for his fine art and editorial works that have appeared in exhibitions and in books and magazines throughout the world. During the period of the early COVID-19 pandemic, when New York City was in lockdown, he focused his camera on the Art Deco building ornamentation depicting animals, fish, birds, and vegetation. No crowds or traffic interfered with his quest, enabling him to capture close-up views of bas-relief and high-relief sculpture, mosaics, and murals found on building exteriors and in lobbies. In New York Art Deco, they are gloriously reproduced in vivid color, printed on thick, glossy paper. An Introduction provided by Eric P. Nash, who spent 25 years doing research and writing articles for the New York Times and writing books on architecture, provides a brief history of the Reviews 49 �development of the Art Deco style from its origins to its various manifestations in combination with Assyrian, Egyptian, Classical, and Mayan motifs. He claims Art Deco had its distant origins in the Art Nouveau style that emerged in France in the 1890s, decades before its historic introduction to the world in the Paris exhibition of decorative arts in 1923. An expression of the sleek look and speed of the machine, Art Deco reached its apogee in New York during the Jazz Age 1920s. This date may be so if one considers only Manhattan as New York. In The Bronx, Art Deco flowered in the era of the Great Depression of the 1930s. There are a few errors found in some of the introductions to each building’s set of photographs. The name of the man who designed the Grand Concourse was Risse, not Riss, and the boulevard is not wider than its model, the Champs Elysées in Paris. It was Horace Ginsbern who co-designed the Park Plaza Apartments on Jerome Avenue, not Horace Ginsberg. These errors are minor, however, compared to the effect of the photographs. Of course, the overwhelming number comes from Manhattan’s office and apartment buildings. Yet, of the book’s opening four pages leading to the title page, the first three are of the lobby mural and exterior mosaic of the Fish Building at 1150 Grand Concourse in The Bronx, which are followed by a fourth page of a bit of decorative sculpture on a building façade at Rockefeller Center in Manhattan. After the Introduction, the photographs are arranged in the order in which each building was constructed. Since the focus of Garn’s photographs is on the ornamentation depicting “Birds, Beasts & Blooms,” the first appearance of such Art Deco decoration in The Bronx is the horses’ heads on the cornice of the building at 101 East 161st Street, erected in 1925. This is only the eighth structure depicted 50 Reviews �in the book and the first one outside of Manhattan. Because of Garn’s interest in building detail, there are only a handful of photographs in the book that try to show the entire exterior of any structure. Moreover, none of the edifices that feature simple abstract Art Deco façades are included. Nevertheless, there are advantages to this approach. In the bustle that characterizes life in New York City, people rush past the artistic Art Deco glories that appear on the façades of buildings both famous and obscure. Whether speeding by in a car or rushing by on foot to get to a destination, few take the opportunity to stop and admire these striking works of art that Garn has captured in his photographs. How many people pass by the massive Rainey Memorial Gates at the entrance to the Bronx Zoo on Fordham Road without stopping to examine the intricacies and craftsmanship of sculptor Paul Manship’s Art Deco masterpiece, teeming with all sorts of animal life amid a lush, leafy landscape? With the vivid photographs, any reader can do so in the comfort of home, taking as much time as needed to truly admire a great artist’s work. The same can be said for all of the detailed photographs in New York Art Deco, providing the reader with hours of delight. Lloyd Ultan The Bronx, New York Helmreich, William B. The Bronx Nobody Knows: An Urban Walking Guide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2023. 472 pp. ISBN: 9780691166957. $27.95. Reviews 51 �William B. Helmreich, a Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the City College of New York, who passed away of COVID-19 in 2020, has written a rather unique book to be called a “guide” in The Bronx Nobody Knows. It is at once both more and less than that. Nor is it Helmreich’s first attempt at the genre, having produced The New York Nobody Knows and books with similar titles focusing on Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens before taking on The Bronx. He had just about completed the manuscript about the city’s mainland borough when he contracted his fatal illness. The effort was completed by his widow. In this volume, Helmreich asserts that he has walked the length of every street in The Bronx with his wife by his side looking into every nook and cranny seeking to come across the unexpected. He divides The Bronx into 35 neighborhoods to organize his narrative. In most cases the boundaries that he sets are arbitrary since the limits, and even some of the names, of almost all Bronx neighborhoods have not been definitively set. Nevertheless, this organizing principle enables him to create a series of walking tours that can be followed easily by his readers. While Helmreich does refer to the major attractions found in The Bronx and to items of historic significance, he does not dwell on them with any great detail. In his walking tours, he stops for a moment at such a site, provides essential information, and then moves on. He does point out buildings whose architecture attracts him, as well as neighborhood shops and local parks he finds interesting. Occasionally, he is able to obtain entrance into the interior of a building and experience a space that is normally closed to the public, such as the space found beneath the central cupola of the former Daughters of Jacob Home on East 167th Street between Teller and Findlay Avenues. 52 Reviews �There he discovers a spectacular domed amphitheater that had served as a synagogue until 1979, still in pristine condition. All of this Helmreich vividly describes in detail that seems to bring his discoveries to life. What separates this volume from the usual guidebook is the author’s encounters with residents, shopkeepers, and passersby he meets during his journeys. His word-to-word transcriptions of each conversation is particularly revealing about the attitudes towards their neighbors, customers, and surroundings. They dispel the outmoded myth of The Bronx, showing that its ethnically and economically diverse people are friendly, open, and hopeful. This is perhaps the most important aspect of Helmreich’s book. In his introduction, the author sums up what he finds are the traits and character of The Bronx. They amount to a great hope among its residents and workers, a fascinating history, the borough’s great beauty, a strong sense of community and friendliness, and its many surprises. It is refreshing to find a volume filled with such truth about the borough. Lloyd Ultan The Bronx, New York Hermalyn, G. Geography of The Bronx. The Bronx, NY: The Bronx County Historical Society, 2023. 126pp. ISBN: 9780941980777. $25.00. Geography of The Bronx is best regarded as a love story. The Reviews 53 �author lovingly dedicated years to examining the borough on foot, by motor vehicle, by boat, and through written documents. The Bronx is his life’s passion. He is unshakably and unapologetically a lover of all things Bronx. To be fair, the borough has been overshadowed for too long, and this book is overdue, and Hermalyn, if anyone, is the person for rectifying that. In The Bronx is found the southernmost canal of the Erie Canal System, planned for 112 years, and finally completed in 1939. The Bronx is also the home of Potters Field. Among the million buried there, lie many scarcely remembered veterans dating back to the Civil War. At the other end of the spectrum is Woodlawn Cemetery where, in contrast, some of the most internationally famous jazz musicians have been interred alongside New York’s rich and famous. Physically, The Bronx is a hill country with an elevation of some hills as high as 200 feet. On the western ridge on a twoacre stretch are the columns and busts celebrating the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. The Bronx remembers them all. Ancient history goes way back if you only know where to look. The last Ice Age visited the area, depositing huge boulders and even islands in its wake. One of them, Hart Island, served as an installation site for Nike missiles in the twentieth century. Work on the Bronx River Parkway altered the Bronx River, and now one side of one stretch of the river has moved to Westchester while the other is still in The Bronx. In the 1600s, the area was the homestead for Jonas Bronck, a Swede with a land grant from the Dutch West Indies Company. 54 Reviews �Today, the borough is home to millions and, surprisingly, still has room enough for a variety of wildlife. And so it goes. It is all there still to be discovered and uncovered anew. Geography of the Bronx makes a great companion to show you where to look. The book is well illustrated and beautiful enough to be displayed on a coffee table. Douglas Lazarus Middlebury, Vermont Jonnes, Jill. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City. Third edition. Forward by Nilka Martell. New York: Fordham University Press, 2022. 608 pp. ISBN: 9781531501211. $34.95. South Bronx Rising, first published in 1986 as We’re Still Here, is well regarded as a history of The Bronx and its tumultuous twentieth century, where housing abandonment and government disinvestment led to the nadir of The Bronx, with many predicting the outright demise of New York City’s only mainland borough. Jonnes is a journalist by trade, and South Bronx Rising appropriately chronicles and gives voice to the numerous Bronx residents, activists, and grassroots organizations that saved the borough from destruction. The third edition, retitled South Bronx Rising in the second edition released in 2000, focuses on new challenges in the Reviews 55 �borough and a rising generation of activists, Bronxites, and community leaders combating the perils of gentrification, “upzoning,” and the old blights of slumlordism and government inaction. While the earlier editions of South Bronx Rising highlight older organizations like the Northwest Bronx Community and Clergy Coalition and their struggles against redlining and exploitative landlords in the 1970s and 1980s, Jonnes now amplifies the twenty-first century struggles of Bronxites worried about gentrification, ecological devastation, and poverty. The upshot of these fears is an increasingly vocal and effective generation of activists, exemplified by people like Nilka Martell, founder of Loving The Bronx and an impassioned advocate for “capping” (i.e., covering the below-ground sections of) the Cross Bronx Expressway as a way to minimize pollution and rectify the sickness traffic pollution has caused in The Bronx’s “Asthma Alley.” Ecological concerns loom large for this new generation of activists. The Bronx River Alliance, a nonprofit founded to restore and combat pollution of the Bronx River, had a herculean task, given the once squalid conditions of the river in the South Bronx. Amazingly, the river has bounced back from industrial pollution due to the efforts of the Alliance and other organizations, who have championed volunteer litter and debris pick-up to save New York City’s only freshwater river. Jonnes shows the fiery debates gentrification has spurred in the borough, contrasting the perspective of groups like South Bronx Unite and CASA (Community Action for Safe Apartments), who view any incipient signs of gentrification as a menace, with a view, championed by former Bronx Borough President Rubén Díaz, Jr., of investment and new business in 56 Reviews �The Bronx as an overall boon for all Bronxites. While perhaps only time will tell which vision will most benefit the borough, a dose of skepticism is certainly warranted about the supposed benefits of gentrification in The Bronx, especially given the exorbitant rents charged in new luxury apartment buildings such as “Bankside” along the Harlem River in Mott Haven. The exodus of long-time residents from historic Black neighborhoods like Crown Heights and Flatbush in Brooklyn is merely one of a litany of examples of displacement via gentrification. The most common refrain from the excellent interviews Jonnes conducted with Bronxites is an intense and justified fear of economic pressure, as many Bronx residents are rent-burdened, meaning 50 percent or more of their income goes towards rent. In a lengthy afterword on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on The Bronx, Jonnes testifies to the indomitable spirit of The Bronx during a once-in-a-century event. The Bronx had the highest totals of Covid-19 deaths of the five boroughs, 70 percent of its workforce was deemed essential, and it remains the poorest borough in New York City. The unsettling photos of breadlines at soup kitchens in South Bronx Rising evoke the darkest recent days of the borough, but Jonnes sees reasons for optimism. Her rousing conclusion notes the intensification of organizing and civic awareness in the wake of the pandemic. It is this solidarity that Jonnes sees as the greatest asset of The Bronx, one that will allow it to overcome. Roger McCormack The Bronx, New York Reviews 57 �BRONX BUSINESS LEADERS OF THE YEAR AWARD Presented to Bronx business leaders who support the humanities and the arts. 2023 2022 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Joseph Mawad, Tekniverse, Inc. 2000 Ram Gupta, Chatam Management Co., Inc. 1999 Michael Max Knobbe, BronxNet Richard Legnini, Bronx Ad 1998 Group John Calvelli, Bronx Zoo 1997 James H. Alston, McCalls Bronxwood Funeral Home 1996 Steve Baktidy, S&T Auto Body 1995 Shop Matthew Engel, Langsam Property Services Greg Gonzalez, Manhattan Parking Group Steve Tisso, Teddy Nissan Joseph Kelleher, Hutchinson Metro Center Adam Green, Rocking the Boat Anthony Mormile, Hudson Valley Bank Lenny Caro, Bronx Chamber of Commerce Katherine Gleeson, Goldman Sachs Sandra Erickson, Erickson Real Estate Cecil P. Joseph, McDonald’s Frank Cassano, New Bronx Chamber of Commerce Dart Westphal, Norwood News James J. Houlihan, HoulihanParnes David Greco, Mike’s Deli & Caterers Peter Madonia, Madonia Brothers Bakery 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 John Reilly, Fordham-Bedford Housing Corp. Mario Procida, Procida Construction Corp. Veronica M. White, NYC Housing Partnership Dr. Spencer Foreman, Montefiore Medical Center Monroe Lovinger, CPA Gil and Jerry Beautus, Walton Press William O’Meara, Greentree Restaurant Larry Barazzotto, Soundview Discount Muffler Gail McMillan, Con Edison Susan E. Goldy, ERA Susan Goldy & Co. Mike Nuñez, Bronx Venture Group Mark Engel, Langsam Property Services Carlos Nazario, Metro Beer & Soda Joel Fishman, Nehring Brother Realty Co. Michael Durso, Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank Elias Karmon, EMK Enterprises �SELECT PUBLICATIONS AND GIFTS OF THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY The below items, and additional publications and gifts, are available for purchase in-person at any of our locations; by mail, through writing to The Bronx County Historical Society at 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, NY 10467; or online, at www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/store. Life in The Bronx Series Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Birth of The Bronx: 1609–1900 $30 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx in the Innocent Years: $25 1890–1925 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, $25 1935–1965 Lloyd Ultan, The Beautiful Bronx: 1920–1950 $25 Life in The Bronx, four-volume set $90 History of The Bronx Nicholas DiBrino, History of Morris Park Racecourse $10 Allan S. Gilbert (ed.), Digging The Bronx $25 G. Hermalyn, Geography of The Bronx $25 G. Hermalyn et al., A Historical Sketch of The Bronx, 2nd edition $15 G. Hermalyn and Thomas X. Casey, Bronx Views $12 G. Hermalyn and Anthony Greene, Yankee Stadium: 1923–2008 $22 G. Hermalyn and Robert Kornfeld, Landmarks of The Bronx $15 Kathleen A. McAuley, Westchester Town: Bronx Beginnings $15 Kathleen A. McAuley and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx: Then and Now $22 John McNamara, History in Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names (encyclopedia), 3rd edition $30 John McNamara, McNamara’s Old Bronx $20 Rubio P. Mendez, A History of the Riverdale Yacht Club $20 �Michael Miller, Theatres of The Bronx $5 Lloyd Ultan, Blacks in the Colonial Bronx: A Documentary History $18 Lloyd Ultan, The Bronx in the Frontier Era $20 Lloyd Ultan, Legacy of the Revolution $15 Lloyd Ultan, The Northern Borough: A History of The Bronx $28 George Zoebelein, The Bronx: A Struggle for County Government $15 History of New York City Elizabeth Beirne, The Greater New York Centennial $20 Peter Derrick, Tunneling to the Future $20 G. Hermalyn, Morris High School and the Creation of the New York City Public High School System George Lankevich, New York City: A Short History $34 $20 History of New York State G. Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, Hudson’s River $20 Elizabeth Beirne, The Hudson River $20 Douglas Lazarus et al., Re‐inspired: The Erie Canal $20 Roots of the Republic Series George Lankevich, Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court $20 George Lankevich, The First House of Representatives and $20 the Bill of Rights Edward Quinn, The Signers of the Constitution of the United States $20 Edward Quinn, The Signers of the Declaration of Independence $20 Richard Streb, The First Senate of the United States $20 Lloyd Ultan, Presidents of the United States $20 Roots of the Republic Series, six-volume set $99 Educational Material Roger McCormack, The Bronx Geography Workbook $22 Anthony Greene, Annotated Primary Source Documents, vol. 1 $20 Roger McCormack, Annotated Primary Source Documents, vol. 2 $22 �Dan Eisenstein, Local History Classroom Resource Guide $15 Lisa Garrison, The South Bronx and the Founding of America $15 G. Hermalyn, The Study and Writing of History $20 Samuel Hopkins, West Farms Local History Curriculum Guide $15 Alonso Serrano, Latin Bicentennial, comic book $5 The Bronx County Historical Society Journal Back issues of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 1963–2022, are available for purchase for $15 per issue, excepting special issues like the Centennial of The Bronx issue, available for purchase for $20. Research Center Dominick Caldiero et al., Newspaper Titles of The Bronx $15 G. Hermalyn, Publications and Other Media of The Bronx County Historical Society Since 1955 $5 G. Hermalyn et al., The Bronx in Print $10 G. Hermalyn et al., Education and Culture in The Bronx $20 G. Hermalyn and Laura Tosi, Genealogy of The Bronx $10 Kathleen A. McAuley, A Guide to the Collections of The Bronx County Archives $20 Laura Tosi et al., Ethnic Groups in The Bronx $20 Laura Tosi et al., Index to The Sheet Map Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society $20 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Elected Public Officials of The Bronx Since 1898 $15 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Atlas Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society $10 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Microfilm/Microfiche Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society $10 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Media Collection $10 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Video Collection $10 �Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, a documentary on DVD $20 Elizabeth Beirne, Poems and Tales of Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham $20 Kathleen A. McAuley, Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham $15 Special Interest Peter Derrick and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx Cookbook $15 Remember The Bronx, Bronx history calendar for 2024 $12 Gifts The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug $8 The Bronx Afghan, washable cotton blanket, 50" x 65" $50 The Bronx River Parkway, c. 1915, poster, 20.5" x 29.5" $20 Edgar Allan Poe coffee mug $8 The Grand Concourse, 1892, poster, 25" x 12" $20 The Bronx Comfort gift set, includes The Bronx Cookbook, The Bronx Afghan, and The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug $60 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx County Historical Society Journal Description An account of the resource The repository for digital editions of the full run of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 1962–present, the premier publication on Bronx history and culture. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bronx County Historical Society Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx County Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966–present Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource © The Bronx County Historical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodical Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BCHSJOUR Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document TheBronxCountyHistorical Society JOURNAL Volume LX Spring/Fall 2023 The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL Volume LX Spring/Fall 2023 EDITORIAL BOARD G. Hermalyn Elizabeth Beirne Jacqueline Kutner Patrick Logan Steven Payne Gil Walton Roger Wines © 2023 by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal is published by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. All correspondence should be addressed to 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, New York, 10467. Articles appearing in this Journal are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Periodical Source Index, and Recent Scholarship Online. Articles in The Bronx County Historical Journal can also be found on EBSCO host research databases and on our website. ISSN 0007-2249 The Journal and its editors disclaim responsibility for statements made by the contributors. www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES Jacqueline Kutner, President Patrick Logan, Treasurer Steve Baktidy, Trustee Mei Sei Fong, Trustee Joel Podgor, Trustee Jac Zadrima, Trustee Hon. Eric Adams Mayor of New York City Hon. Sue Donaghue Commissioner, New York City Dept. of Parks & Recreation Dr. G. Hermalyn, Chief Executive Officer Dr. Steven Payne, Director Teresa Brown, Chief Administrative Officer Pastor Crespo, Jr., Research Librarian/Archivistn Danise Infante, Museum Educator Roger McCormack, Director of Education Chris Padilla, Bookstore Manager Kathleen A. McAuley, Curator Emerita Dr. Mark Naison, Bronx African American History Project Consultant Anthony Morante, Vice President Gil Walton, Secretary Robert Esnard, Trustee Dr. G. Hermalyn, Trustee Lloyd Ultan, Trustee EX-OFFICIO Hon. Vanessa Gibson Bronx Borough President Hon. Laurie Cumbo Commissioner, New York City Dept. of Cultural Affairs STAFF ii Volume LX Spring/Fall 2023 CONTENTS ARTICLES Bronx Soundscape..............................................................................................................1 By Mark Naison Prohibition in The Bronx..........................................................................................15 By Ed Beller A Horseshoer on Webster Avenue......................................................................37 By Mark Glander Villa Maria Academy....................................................................................................43 By Janice Mastropietro About the Authors.......................................................................................................47 REVIEWS Garn, New York Art Deco (2022)...........................................................................49 By Lloyd Ultan Helmreich, The Bronx Nobody Knows (2023)...................................................51 By Lloyd Ultan Hermalyn, Geography of The Bronx (2023).......................................................53 By Douglas Lazarus Jonnes, South Bronx Rising, 3rd ed. (2022)......................................................55 By Roger McCormack iii LEAVE A LEGACY Many generous members and friends choose to give to The Bronx County Historical Society through bequests and life income gifts. Their donations represent an important source of support for the future of The Society. Charitable gift annuities and individual charitable trusts are merely two of the ways you can support your Society. Bequests Bequests may be stipulated at the time a new will is executed or may be added as a codicil to an existing will. Bequests to The Society are exempt from federal estate taxes and may be unrestricted for a specific purpose. Charitable Gift Annuities Charitable gift annuities are a simple way to provide both a gift to The Society and an annuity for the donor. Some of the benefits include guaranteed lifetime income, a federal income tax deduction for a portion of the gift, partially tax-exempt income, and most importantly, the satisfac- tion of making a significant gift to The Society. Individual Charitable Trusts A charitable remainder trust is an excellent way to make a generous gift to The Bronx County Historical Society today and still retain the use of the income from your capital, stock, or other assets. Donors also enjoy current tax benefits. Charitable remainder trusts can be designed to accomplish a variety of goals depending upon your needs. For more information on making a bequest or life income gift, please contact Mr. Joel Podgor, CPA, Treasurer Emeritus, 718-881-8900, or write to our main office. BRONX SOUNDSCAPE: REFLECTIONS ON THE MULTICULTURAL ROOTS OF HIP HOP IN BRONX NEIGHBORHOODS BY MARK NAISON Editor’s Note: This article stems from a presentation at the Metropolitan Studies Conference in Berlin, Germany, May 24–26, 2007. It was originally published as Mark Naison, “Bronx Soundscape: Reflections on the Multi‐ cultural Roots of Hip Hop in Bronx Neighborhoods,” Fordham Research Commons, accessed December 19, 2023, https://fordham.bepress.com/baahp _essays/9. It is being reprinted in commemoration of 50 years of Hip Hop in The Bronx and has been lightly edited for clarity and style. The Patterson Houses at night were alive with acti- vity and alive with sound. . . . Music was everywhere, coming out of people’s apartments and on project benches. On one side of the street, you would have people who brought out portable turntables with the two big speakers . . . and on the other side of the street you could hear some brother singing a Frankie Lymon song, “Why Do Fools Fall in Love.” But the one constant, every night without fail, was the sound of Puerto Ricans playing their bongos in lo- cal parks and playgrounds. The steady beat of those drums [“Bomm, Bamm, Bom Bamm, Bamm Boom”] was background music to my living reality.1 1. Allen Jones, The Rat That Got Away: A Bronx Memoir (New York: Fordham University Press, 2009), 19. Bronx Soundscape 1 I will say this. Wherever we were, the Puerto Ricans was there. I don’t like to get into when we call them Puerto Ricans. They are Africans just like we are. . . . We got to remember that our Puerto Rican brothers are the ones that kept Africa alive. They are the Af- ricans that kept the drum. They kept the Gods of Santeria alive. In the Sixties, Blacks and Puerto Ricans were always playing the Conga. Always had the rhythms.2 Well after I got to play the conga drums . . . I had a bunch of friends that were all interested in playing the congas, the Puerto Rican kids in my area. . . . We started to jam on the roof. It was like every Saturday and every Sunday. Everybody would go to the roof with their conga drums and we would be playing all kinds of rhythms . . . it was like a big party with the drums. But meanwhile, down in the bottom, down on the street, we had these black people or whites and they were into doo wop. . . . You know, the Caribbean, they never took our drum away. The black folk here, they took their drums away . . . so they had to invent something and they invented that doo wop stuff. . . . They were doo wopping and we were rhythm. African rhythms, we were playing them because thank God they never took our drum away.3 Hip hop today is international music. Thanks to global commerce and communication, you can hear MCs rhyming over beats in Dakar, Paris, Berlin, Dacca, and Johannesberg as much 2. Afrika Bambaataa, as interviewed by James Spady in James G. Spady, Samy Alim, and Samir Meghelli, The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness (Philadelphia: Black History Museum Press, 2006), 265. 3. “Oral History of Ray Mantilla,” January 24, 2006, interviewed by Mark Naison and Maxine Gordon, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 2 MARK NAISON as you can in Los Angeles, Memphis, New Orleans, or The Bronx, and the words used and melodies sampled reflect a dizzying array of languages and cultural traditions. But the young people who created hip hop in The Bronx in the 1970s, and the neighborhoods they held the first jams in, were hardly monocultural. Descendants of families who came to The Bronx from Puerto Rico and the Anglophone Caribbean as well as the American South, they grew up with a wide variety of languages, accents, dialects, and musical traditions, all of which, to use one writer’s phrase, became part of the “Sound Track of Their Lives.” From the mid 1940s on, when African Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Anglophone Caribbeans began moving from Harlem and East Harlem into Bronx neighborhoods and hou- sing projects, public spaces in the South Bronx became places where different musical traditions clashed, fused, and became transformed by people trying to reinvent their identities in settings different than any their families had ever lived in. Hip hop emerged among young people who had experienced a level of sonic diversity unmatched in any neighborhood in the U.S. and possibly the world. Not only did residents of The Bronx bring musical traditions from many portions of the African diaspora. They used those musical forms on a daily basis to worship, to mark territory, to celebrate, to evoke memories of ancestral homelands, to bring in needed income, to escape the pressures of poverty and scarcity, and to show their defiance to forces rendering them powerless and invisible. And they did so, both intentionally and unintentionally, in public space, turning Bronx neighborhoods into a giant, sometimes melodious, sometimes cacophonous soundstage. When we began doing interviews for The Bronx African American History Project in 2002, we were struck at how many of our informants mentioned being exposed to different Bronx Soundscape 3 musical traditions when walking down the street, sitting by their apartment window, or trying to escape the summer heat by sitting on a fire escape, hanging out on their stoop, going up to their tenement roof, or sitting on a project bench. In communities where the overwhelming majority of people lived in five-story tenements and high-rise public housing, and where air conditioning was unaffordable, people tended to do much of their socializing in public spaces, and whatever music they used to build community among friends and family inevitably was heard by the entire neighborhood. But even when people gathered indoors, whether in apartments, community centers, churches, or clubs, the music they played was often overheard, especially in summer months, because they kept doors and windows open to combat the heat. Gene Norman, whose Afro-Caribbean family moved from Harlem to the South Bronx in the early 1940s, recalled how the sounds of Latin music captured his imagination when he sat on the fire escape of his apartment on Kelly Street off Westchester Avenue, the same block Colin Powell grew up on: There was this nightclub on Westchester Avenue not far from us called the Tropicana Club . . . named after the Tropicana Club in Havana Cuba. I remember as a kid twelve years old or so, on a summer night, hearing the trumpet riffs of the mambo band floating through the air like a pied piper’s tale . . . as the neighborhood became more and more Hispanic, music took on a greater and more engulfing place in your life. Music seemed to be everywhere.4 4. “Oral History of Gene Norman,” July 12, 2004, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 4 MARK NAISON Norman, an architect who served as Landmarks Commissioner of the City of New York, said his lifelong love of Latin music grew out of that experience. He ended up marrying a Puerto Rican woman he met in his neighborhood. Arthur Jenkins, an African-American pianist and composer who spent most of his career playing Latin music, also attributed his immersion in Latin music to the sounds of ensembles playing in a neighborhood club around the corner from his house in the Morrisania section of The Bronx, less than a mile from where Norman lived: When I was five years old, we moved to Union Avenue in the Bronx. . . . We lived around the corner from what was known as the Royal Mansion Ballroom. And during the summer time, when the window was open, we would hear this music coming out of the road. . . . Machito was one of the main bands that played there.5 Jenkins spoke of his little corner of the Morrisania community, which produced a large number of successful musicians— including the singing group The Chords, pianist Valerie Capers and her brother, saxophonist Bobby Capers, who played for eight years with Mongo Santamaria—as a place where live music from many traditions could be heard in the streets. I’ll tell you another thing that’s interesting. On the corner, you had Boston Road, and Union Avenue kind of curved into it. You had Jennings Street that ended there . . . the corner of Boston Road and Union Avenue on the side where I lived . . . usually had a fundamentalist church where a lot of music was played. I used to stop and listen to it. They had 5. “Oral History of Arthur Jenkins,” December 14, 2005, interviewed by Mark Naison, Maxine Gordon, and Brian Purnell, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. Bronx Soundscape 5 trombone players. You know, it was sort of like church music, but with a New Orleans type flavor. So, there was a lot of music going on in that area.6 During his high school years, Jenkins honed his skills in playing Latin jazz in jam sessions at his apartment and later became a fixture in neighborhood clubs on Boston Road like Freddie’s and the Blue Morrocco, where he backed up singers like Irene Reid and Sir Harvel and performed with African-American ensembles who played Latin music. The experiences that Norman and Jenkins described, which took place in the late ’40s and early ’50s, were repeated when the first public housing projects opened in The Bronx in the early and middle 1950s. People who grew up in the Patterson Houses, a huge public housing complex that opened in 1950, describe an extraordinary profusion of sounds coming out of apartments, hallways, schoolyards, and on project grounds that united Patterson’s Black and Latino residents as much as it marked their cultural differences. Victoria Archibald, a social worker who grew up in the Patterson houses in the 1950s and 1960s, described how Latin music became a powerful force in the life of her Black friends and neighbors: Frankie Lymon was one of my favorites. But I loved all kinds of music, including Latin music. It was in sixth grade when I was first introduced to Latin music. Before then, I’d heard it because there were a lot of Latinos in the building, but I didn’t really dance to it. But as I got older, I began to notice more and more Black people dancing to Latin music, and they were good! They used to dance semi- professionally at the Palladium and places like that. And we watched these folks who also lived in Patterson, who were maybe high school age, and we 6. “Oral History of Arthur Jenkins.” 6 MARK NAISON just fell in love with the music.7 To emphasize The Bronx’s uniqueness as a site of Black–Latino sociability and cultural exhange, Archibald asked the inter- viewer “whether [he had] ever heard the term ‘Bootarican,’” and told the following story: My husband Harry, when he and I first met, would hear my friends and I talk about the “Bootaricans in the Bronx,” and he’d say, “Now what is a Bootarican?” And I said “You can’t have lived in New York and be Black and not know what a Bootarican is!” . . . But he lived in a neighborhood where . . . there was hardly any cultural diversity. . . . Now I don’t know where the term comes from, but it describes somebody who is both Black and Puerto Rican. So, we’d be somewhere, and we’d hear some- body speaking Spanish, somebody who looks just like us and we’d say, “A Bootarican.” Harry and I just recently went to a dance where Eddie Palmieri was playing. I love him, and I’ll go wherever he is performing. And there was a woman singer there named “La India.” . . . And when she said, “And all you Bootaricans out there,” Harry turned to me and said, “You weren’t lying.” I said “Why do you think I would lie? This may not be in the dictionary, but there is such a word.”8 Nathan Dukes, an African-American teacher and social worker who grew up in the same project building as Archibald, had equally powerful memories of events where African-American and Latin music traditions mingled, from “grind ’em up parties,” where songs by the Temptations and the Four Tops 7. Mark Naison, “‘It Takes a Village to Raise a Child’: Growing Up in the Patterson Houses in the 1950s and Early 1960s, An Interview with Victoria Archibald-Good,” The Bronx County Historical Society Journal 40 (2003): 11. 8. Naison, “It Takes a Village,” 11–12. Bronx Soundscape 7 alternated with songs by Joe Bataan and Eddie Palmieri, to the annual outdoor concert organized by Clark J.H.S. music teacher and jazz pianist Eddie Bonamere, which featured timbale player Willie Bobo. Dukes lovingly recalled impromptu musical performances by local “doo wop groups” on project benches: You had Bobo Johnson and James Johnson. They had their doo wop groups. . . . When they were doing their little doo wops in the hallway, or in the summertime, especially in the summertime, they would always get a big crowd because they would do . . . Little Anthony tunes and would also do Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers tunes.9 But his most intriguing commentary was reserved for Puerto Rican conga players, whose pounding beats captured the imagination of African-American youngsters, and in Dukes’s eyes, reconnected them with their African origins: You had Hector. He would be across the street from the Patterson; he would be across the street with his conga drums. He would start at 5 PM and wouldn’t finish till maybe 2:30 in the morning. As I got older, I realized what he was doing was basically just giving signals, letting people know that all was well in the village. That’s what the conga drums were for, to let people know that all was well.10 To be sure, not everyone living in Bronx neighborhoods interpreted late-night conga playing as a sign of social health. Renee Scroggins, one of four African-American sisters who formed the women’s funk/punk band ESG, recalled how some of her neighbors in the Moore Houses threw eggs at the Latin 9. “Oral History of Nathan Dukes,” April 25, 2003, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 10. “Oral History of Nathan Dukes.” 8 MARK NAISON percussionists who played till wee hours of the morning: We lived in the projects. . . . Behind us there was a park, St. Mary’s Park. And every summer in St. Mary’s Park . . . you would have some Latin gentle- men in the park with some coke bottles, a cow bell and a set of congas playing the same thing—“boom boom boom, tata ta boom, boom boom”—you know, and it was our summer sound. Plus they were singing. . . . You would go to sleep by it, okay . . . and be it one or two o’clock in the morning, you’re still hearing this roll. . . . Eggs started going out the win- dow.11 But there is no question that many Bronx residents who lived in high-rise housing projects and crowded tenements used music to help humanize their environment and put their personal stamp on public space. Often, they were quite creative in how they did this. Well before Bronx hip hop DJs started hooking up their sound systems to panels at the bottom of light poles, small Puerto Rican bands called “Kikirikis”— in imitation of the sound of roosters—were doing the same thing with their amplifiers when they played in parks in Hunts Point.12 But not only Puerto Ricans brought amplified music to the streets. From the early ’60s on, it was extremely common for African-American as well as Latino Bronx residents to bring their portable record players outside and dance on sidewalks and 11. “Oral History of Renee Scroggins,” February 3, 2006, interviewed by Andrew Tiedt, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 12. “Oral History of Angel Rodriguez,” May 8, 2007, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. Bronx Soundscape 9 stoops during hot summer nights. Talibah Roberts, a Bronx school teacher whose father was African American and whose mother was Puerto Rican, recalls how people entertained them- selves outside her apartment building on Crotona Park East during summer months: In my building . . . it was a norm for people to bring their equipment outside . . . whoever would have the best equipment or a good stereo, they would bring their radio right from the living room and bring it outside and play it. Or sometimes, people would put their speakers in the window, with the DJ working the system, and we’re standing outside in front of the building, and we would dance.13 Given experiences like this, it is not surprising that the outdoor jams held in schoolyards, parks, and public housing projects by DJs like Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash, and Afrika Bambaataa seemed more familiar than revolutionary to Bronx residents. While the use of two turntables and mixing equipment might have been new, the pounding percussive rhythms and use of powerful amplification had been fixtures of music on the streets of The Bronx for more than 20 years. So was the fusion of Latin music with soul and funk. When Grandmaster Flash would mix Jimmy Castor’s “It’s Only Just Begun” into James Brown’s “Give It Up and Turn It Loose” and the Incre-dible Bongo Band’s “Apache,” he was affirming a multicultural, multinational sonic community that gave Bronx neighborhoods a distinctive flavor, inspiring his audiences to celebrate who they were at a time when most of the outside world had written them off as gang-ridden, drug-ridden predators. 13. “Oral History of Talibah Roberts,” March 15, 2005, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 10 MARK NAISON The following description of outdoor musical activities in the Mill Brook Houses in the late ’70s captures the air of excite- ment those gatherings generated. Matthew Swain, who was only 11 at the time his family moved to the Mill Brook Houses from a neighborhood devastated by fires, remembers thinking: This is so cool, man. Right there on my block and they just played. It was a live DJ out there and they would set up two metal garbage cans. They turned them upside down and put this big board to set the turn tables on, run the watts to somebody’s second- story apartment straight through, and it was just on. It would go all night and it was just a cool thing. . . . They had two turntables, giant speakers . . . Pioneer and Kenwood mixers. . . . It was a lot of freestyle ra- ppers . . . the crowd was just galvanized by this one MC. He’s just rapping. He had the whole crowd going.14 But the MCs and the DJs did not have project airspace entirely to themselves. Even though Puerto Rican adolescents were an important part of the crowd at the hip hop jams, older Puerto Ricans in the community made sure the music they listened to was played loud enough for everyone to hear. Swain recalled: We had a lot of Spanish people around then. Especially summertime, they would have a stage set up right there off 137th Street, right in front of the bodega. A little stand at night. They’d have their live jam session from the bongos and playing music, have a mike, and go out there singing.15 Swain, like many other people who grew up in Bronx 14. “Oral History of Matthew Swain,” February 2, 2006, interviewed by Natasha Lightfood, Mark Naison, and Laura Kelly, The Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University. 15. “Oral History of Matthew Swain.” Bronx Soundscape 11 neighborhoods and housing projects from the mid ’40s through the late ’70s, remembers the melodies and rhythms that surrounded them in their daily lives with extraordinary vividness and fondness. Whether it was doo wop or mambo, funk or salsa, Motown or the scratching of early hip hop DJs, they saw appropriation of diverse musical traditions as something that gave their life added joy and made their upbringing rich and distinctive. If hip hop was in some measure a gesture of defiance in the face of arson, disinvestment, and the closing of public services, it was also an affirmation of an extraordinarily rich and diverse set of musical traditions that had found a home in Bronx neighborhoods for more than 30 years. If hip hop DJs were, in the words of Afrika Bambaataa, “looking for the perfect beat,” they were also, to paraphrase Nathan Dukes, “letting people know that all was well in the village.” 12 MARK NAISON BASEBALL T H EN E WY O R KG A M E "Tony H O W EHTN A T I O N A L P A S T I M E PARALLELED U S HISTORY TONY MORANTE FOREWORDBYMICHAELKAY YANKEE PLAY-BY-PLAY TV COMMENTATOR AND ESPN RADIO HOST Available o n Amazon Morante illustrates howbaseball becamethe background musico f America." — EdRandall ISABELLE HERMALYN BOOK AWARD IN NEW YORK URBAN HISTORY Presented annually to an author of a distinguished work in New York urban history. 2023 Geography of The Bronx, G. 2011 Hermalyn, The Bronx County Historical Society 2022 Annotated Primary Source 2010 Documents, vol. 2, Roger McCormack, The Bronx County 2009 Historical Society 2021 BASEBALL The New York 2008 Game, Anthony Morante 2020 Hudson’s River, Gary Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, The Bronx County Historical 2007 Society 2019 Concrete Jungle, Niles Eldrige and Sidney Horenstein, 2006 University of California Press 2018 Digging The Bronx, Alan Gilbert, The Bronx County 2005 Historical Society 2017 The New York Botanical 2004 Garden, Gregory Long and Todd A. Forest, Abrams Books 2016 The Bronx Artist Documentary 2003 Project, Judith C. Lane and Daniel Hauben 2002 2015 An Irrepressible Conflict, Jennifer A. Lemak et al., SUNY 2001 Press 2014 Supreme City, Donald Miller, Simon & Schuster 2000 2013 Humans of New York, Brandon Stanton, St. Martin's 1999 Press 2012 The Impeachment of Governor Salzer, Matthew L. Lifflander, 1998 SUNY Press Freedomland, Robert McLaughlin and Frank Adamo, Arcadia Publishers Band of Union, Gerard T. Koppel, Da Capa Press Manahatta, Eric W. Sanderson, Abrams Books The New York, Westchester & Boston Railway, Herbert Harwood, Indiana University Press Trying Leviathan, D. Graham Burnett, Princeton University Press Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx is Burning, Jonathan Mahler, Ferrar, Strauss & Giroux The Devil’s Own Work, Barnett Schecter, Walker & Co. The Island at the Center of the World, Russell Shorto, Doubleday Capital City, Thomas Kessner, Simon & Schuster Tunneling to the Future, Peter Derrick, NYU Press The Monied Metropolis, Sven Beckert, Cambridge University Press Bronx Accent, Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger, Rutgers Press The Neighborhoods of Brooklyn, John Manbeck and Zella Jones American Metropolis, George Lankevich, NYU Press PROHIBITION IN THE BRONX: A ROUSING BRONX CHEER BY EDWARD BELLER I. Introduction In The Bronx, national Prohibition (1920–1932) met with sometimes violent street-level resistance and lack of support from the borough’s political and economic establishment. This essay will trace the contours of this resistance and lack of support. Clearly, this was an ill-advised—no matter how well- intentioned—social experiment that failed miserably in The Bronx, because the policy had no roots in an immigrant, first- or second-generation, working-to-middle-class community. A comparative study of similar communities is beyond the scope of this essay but it is probable that the experience of The Bronx was very typical. We will begin with a discussion of enforcement efforts and the corruption of law enforcement officials in the city as a whole before zeroing in on The Bronx and including sections on the Dutch Schultz gang, Bronx speakeasies, and Bronx methods of enforcement avoidance via the art of disguise. II. The Arrival of Prohibition When national Prohibition arrived in 1920, The Bronx was no Prohibition in The Bronx 15 longer a quiet, semi-rural, agricultural suburb of small settlements with now familiar names like Kingsbridge, Tremont, Highbridge, Fordham, Morrisania, and Hunts Point, surrounded by farmland, forest, and the estates of the wealthy perched on the banks of the Harlem and Hudson Rivers and Long Island Sound.1 Urbanization of the borough was helped along by the elevated (“El”) trains that reached The Bronx in 1904 and the arrival of Jews, Italians, Irish, Poles, and Germans from Harlem, the Lower East Side, and other parts of Manhattan, who saw The Bronx with its “parks, tree-lined boulevards, and open land” as a step up. By 1920, there was, except for the northernmost sections, a developing urban landscape with apartment houses, shops, paved streets, and densely populated neighborhoods. By 1925, with a population of over one million, The Bronx would have been the sixth largest city in the United States.2 These new Bronx citizens were mostly immigrants and first- or second-generation Americans who reflected the ethnic profile of the city as a whole.3 Our main focus is Prohibition in The Bronx but to begin, we will place the legislation in the context of the big city. 1. Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger, Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rivergate Books, 2006), 2–4. 2. Ultan and Unger, Bronx Accent, 46, 48, 61, 78; and “List of Most Populous Cities in the United States by Decade,” Wikipedia, November 30, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_the_Unit ed_States_by_decade. 3. “The Bronx Was Brewing: A Digital Resource of a Lost Industry,” CUNY Academic Commons, accessed December 21, 2023, https://brewingbronx. commons.gc.cuny.edu/; Esad Metjahic, “Prohibition Era New York,” His- tory of New York City, accessed December 21, 2023, https://blogs.shu.edu/ nyc-history/prohibition-era-new-york/; and Ultan and Unger, Bronx Accent, 33, 35, 61. 16 ED BELLER III. Enforcement in New York City Women who had been involved in the Suffrage Movement were prominent in the Anti-Saloon League and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, two organizations that played a major role in the campaign to pass the 18th Amendment (1919), which ushered in national Prohibition. There is logical coherence to this association, since temperance was seen as a women’s issue and excessive drinking as the cause of familial problems like domestic violence, marital discord, family breakups, and abused, disturbed, and unhappy children.4 Most religious and civic leaders agreed that drinking was a social evil, among them Black leaders who saw alcohol historically as a means to control Blacks and render them incapable of insurrection or protest and as a contemporary source of much pathology in the Black community.5 Soon, it became clear that Prohibition was impossible to enforce in a city of immigrants and immigrants’ children, from countries that accepted the tavern and the bottle in the cupboard at home as integral parts of community and family life. In fact, as the United States entered World War I in 1918, anti-immigrant feeling was embedded in the Prohibition movement, directed against Germans who dominated the brewery industry. (The Bronx was home to several large German-owned breweries.)6 4. Metjahic, “Prohibition Era New York”; and David Okrent, “Prohibition: Speakeasies, Loopholes and Politics,” Fresh Air, National Public Radio, New York: WNYC, June 10, 2010. 5. Charles M. Blow, “Abortion Like Prohibition, Has A Clear Racial Di- mension,” New York Times, July 4, 2022. 6. “The Bronx Was Brewing”; Michael A. Lerner, Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 101; Erich Marks, “How Bronxites Quenched Their Thirst,” The Bronx County Historical Society Journal 3 (1966): 36; Metjahic, “Prohibition Era New York”; Okrent, “Prohi-bition”; David Rosen, Prohibition in New York City (Charleston, South Carolina; History Press, 2020), 15, 102; and Stephanie Simon, “Dry January? 100 Years Ago It Was Law,” Spectrum News, New York: NY1, January 17, 2020. Prohibition in The Bronx 17 On the other side of the social divide, New York was a convention center (federal Prohibition agents routinely canvassed upscale hotels when a convention was in town), a tourist attraction, and a playground of the idle rich, celebrities, and celebrities’ acolytes. It was also dominated by a wealthy, native elite unwilling to accept limitations on its accustomed leisure style.7 Police officials and judges were not sanguine about enforcement. In August 1921, a Brooklyn magistrate called Prohibition “a joke.” The New York Times commented, “If he meant that liquor is being sold all over the city, and of better quality than offered some months ago, he had made no assertion that is new to the prohibition enforcement agents.” However, the same magistrate made clear that not all the wares that bootleggers and saloon owners sold was better quality when he added that Prohibition “has deprived the poor working man of his beer and it has flooded the country with rat poison.”8 Judge Leopold Prince of the 8th District Municipal Court thought so little of Prohibition that in the same month and year he announced his intention to publicly defy the law. “I defy the police to interfere with me when I am drinking a glass of wine whether it’s in a restaurant or any other place. If they did I have a method which I don’t wish to disclose but which would stop them very quickly.”9 In January 1922, after he sentenced James Grotty, the owner of a saloon on Willis Avenue 7. Rosen, Prohibition in New York City, 16, 19, 25, 26, 33, 34, and 93; and “7 Cases of Whiskey Seized at Waldorf,” New York Times, June 22, 1924. 8. “Prohibition A Joke, Dale Says On Bench,” New York Times, August 12, 1920. 9. “Governor to Blame Enright Tells Jury,” New York Times, September 17, 1921. 18 ED BELLER in The Bronx to pay a $100 fine or spend 30 days in the workhouse, Judge Louis D. Gibbs said, “The attempt to enforce the liquor law in New York City is both ludicrous and disgraceful. . . . This law is in contempt and is bringing other laws into contempt.”10 In his 1923 annual report to the Mayor, Police Commissioner Robert Enright wrote, “The Federal Prohibition laws have neither the support or the respect of the public and efforts of the Police Department to enforce them were met with obstruction on every hand.”11 In 1926, President of the Board of Aldermen and future Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia noted, “Prohibition cannot be enforced for the simple reason that the majority of the American people do not want it to be enforced and are resisting enforcement.”12 IV. Prohibition and Police/Agent Corruption Commissioner Enright did not mention that the “Efforts of the Police Department” were not always focused on enforcement. It is an ages-old, unfortunate fact that when governments attempt to prohibit a commodity, service, or activity for which there is a large market with huge untaxed profits—from alcohol and drugs to prostitution and gambling—not only is the attempt usually a dismal failure but some fraction of law enforcement is corrupted. Bribes for non or lax enforcement and advance notice of raids were common, and it soon became obvious that official 10. “Judge Terms Dry Efforts Ludicrous,” New York Times, January 18, 1922. 11. Stuart Marques, “Prohibition,” NYC Department of Records & Infor- mation Services, March 11, 2019, https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2019/3/8/ prohibition. 12. Marques, “Prohibition.” Prohibition in The Bronx 19 corruption was enhanced by the investment of legitimate businesses and wealthy individuals in the lucrative liquor trade (sound similar to contemporary drug trafficking?).13 Police and federal agents were known to “liberate” confiscated goods to sell to bootleggers or imbibe—off-duty police officers were not above getting arrested for public drunkenness.14 In 1922, when obliged to return four barrels of wine to a grocery store on East 112th Street because the wine was produced before Prohibition took effect and the grand jury had dismissed the complaint, the police refused.15 In October 1922, police and Prohibition agents acting on their own unofficial behalf, along with about thirty others, invaded a federal repository in a warehouse on West 34th Street and made off with 5,100 cases of whiskey.16 In January 1926, the shrinkage of liquor being transported by federal agents to an army base in Brooklyn “increased alarmingly,” and several Prohibition agents were indicted for selling confiscated “denatured” (poisonous) alcohol to bootleggers.17 (The alcohol may have been poisoned by Prohibition officials, who sometimes tried to discourage consumers by poisoning the industrial-use alcohol that bootleggers had made quasi- drinkable and selling it back to them. This practice resulted in about 10,000 deaths.)18 Just before the 22nd Amendment ended Prohibition in 1933, an off-duty police officer and an accomplice 13. “Indictment of Rum Runner May Be Sought as Walsh Is Linked to Liquor Plot,” Bronx Home News, February 1, 1929; “Officers Say Bronx Man Taken in Rum Raid, Owns Harlem Murder Car,” Bronx Home News, September 27, 1925; and “The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of NYC Speakeasies,” TopView, accessed December 21, 2023, https://www.topviewnyc.com/passes/attraction- passes/the-rise-fall-and-rise-again-of-nyc-speakeasies. 14. “Cut In Dry Force Believed To Be Due,” Bronx Home News, January 29, 1926. 15. “Call Police First, Raid Second Winery,” New York Times, October 27, 1922. 16. “Call Police First, Raid Second Winery.” 17. “Cut In Dry Force Believed To Be Due,” New York Times, January 24, 1926. 18. Rosen, Prohibition in New York City, 144. 20 ED BELLER staged a fake raid on the Belvedere Roof Club, a “penthouse club” on Central Park South, seized about 20 bottles, told the proprietor he was under arrest, and threatened to smash all the furniture if they were not paid a substantial sum. They were apprehended in the act of kidnapping, “arresting” him.19 These examples give only a hint of the scale of official corruption. V. The Bronx and the Dutch Schultz Gang Another unintended result of banning a commodity for which there is a profitable market is the spawning of extensive, often international, criminal gangs and cartels that engage in deadly turf wars, corrupting or violently attacking law enforcement personnel. (Predictably, prohibition of alcohol was a windfall to the criminal gangs that were already making goodly profits selling narcotic drugs.) The Prohibition-era gangs in The Bronx mirrored its ethnic make-up: Irish, Jewish, Italian, Polish, and German.20 The most prominent gang was headed by a German immigrant, Dutch Schultz, born Arthur Flegenheimer. Its headquarters was the 19. “Seized In Fake Dry Raid,” New York Times, August 11, 1932; “2 Fake Raiders Convicted,” New York Times, September 16, 1932. 20. “Andrews Postpones Shake-up of Dry Agents; Finds Businessmen Averse to $6,000 Job,” Bronx Home News, September 26, 1925; “Call Police First, Raid Second Winery”; “Cut In Dry Force Believed To Be Due”; “Dry Raiders Stoned From Bronx Roofs,” New York Times, October 26, 1922; “Grand Jury Calls Enright to Explain,” New York Times, September 10, 1921; “Officers Say Bronx Man, Taken in Rum Raid, Owns Harlem Murder Car”; “Young Ocean of Booze, Seized in Drug Raid, Under Heavy Uniformed Guard in Police Station,” Bronx Home News, March 4, 1920. Prohibition in The Bronx 21 bullet-proof, steel-lined fourth floor of the Terminal Building on East 149th Street.21 Prohibition agents were fair game when they crossed paths with this group. On October 31, 1931, at the Majestic Garage on Westchester Avenue, eight agents seized three truckloads of beer belonging to the Schultz gang—but not before they were attacked. The glass paneling above a “massive door” was broken with a rock, and a powerful bomb whose explosion shattered the windows of a nearby apartment building was thrown through it. The agents barely escaped.22 Needless to say, Prohibition agents and police officers were not welcome at moments when they forcibly interrupted what most people considered innocent fun (and had for centuries). In August 1931, four Prohibition agents visited Braacker’s Inn, a “roadhouse” on City Island Avenue. The agents encountered a desperate scene. “An orchestra was playing a fox trot when the agents entered and a score of couples was on the dancefloor.” Two agents searched the dining room while two went to the bar, bought drinks, announced they were Prohibition agents, and made arrests. As soon as they did, several men at the bar became abusive, and one of them “whipped out a pistol” and shot an agent in the left thigh. The agents were followed by a crowd with hostile intent as they drove off in two vans with confiscated goods, their wounded colleague, and prisoners. Subsequently, City Island became the scene of intense agent activity, and the next week eight places were raided and 41 arrests made. At one, two vans transporting prisoners and liquor 21. “4 Dry Agents Fail to Pick Assailant,” New York Times, July 13, 1932; “Held in Dry Raid Shooting,” New York Times, October 23, 1931, 20; NYPD 8926a, NYPD Collection, New York City Municipal Archives, in Rosen, Prohibition in New York City, 102; “Stevens and Ahearn, ‘Dutch Schultz Aides, Indicted in Dry Agent Shooting,’” Bronx Home News, April 24, 1932. 22. “Gang Hurls Bomb Among Bronx Dry Raiders Who Escape Blast After Seizing Schultz Beer,” New York Times, October 31, 1931. 22 ED BELLER were pursued by incensed customers. (In fact, a “big booze raid” often attracted an angry crowd.)23 It turned out that the bar patron who shot the agent, Thomas Ahearn, was a lieutenant in the Schultz organization. About two weeks later, the agents, who had beaten Ahearn and pinned him to a wall before he broke away and escaped, were strangely unable to identify him. However, the proprietor John Braacker was sure he was the man.24 In June 1931, a Bronx man, Abraham Rosenberg, who said he was engaged in the scale-making business but in reality manufactured and sold liquor and owned a large warehouse in The Bronx, was found murdered in Queens somewhere between Flushing and Bayside. It was not definitely proven that the Schultz gang was responsible but the police were convinced that Rosenberg was a victim of a feud between liquor traffickers.25 In The Bronx, that meant there was a good chance that the Schultz gang was involved. There is no evidence that the Schultz gang took part in the following Bronx incident but it is nevertheless interesting as an example of a bootlegging operation so large and elaborately planned that the presence of an extensive organization is implied. The Bronx with its ample shoreline on Long Island Sound, Eastchester Bay, and surrounded by the Harlem, 23. “Dry Agent Is Shot In City Island Raid,” New York Times, August 31, 1931; “Dry Agents Seize 41 In City Island Raids,” New York Times, September 6, 1931; “Four Men, 15 Empty Cans and Lone Pint of Alcohol Seized A Block From Police Station,” Bronx Home News, February 22, 1920; “Larmon Admits Violating Volstead Law But Is Acquitted of Larceny of Gerken Auto,” Bronx Home News, July 4, 1920; “$20,000 In Liquors Seized; 13 Arrested, Detectives Buy Drinks,” New York Times, August 8, 1920. 24. “4 Dry Agents Fail to Pick Assailant.” 25. “Man Is Found Slain on Queens Bypath,” New York Times, June 17, 1931; “Slaying Linked to Liquor,” New York Times, June 18, 1931. Prohibition in The Bronx 23 Hudson, and East Rivers was a favorite bootlegger disembarkation spot. In 1923, a luxury yacht, The Mirage, was “almost awash from the weight of the seven hundred cases of choice brands of whiskey” it carried. Speeding cars along Pelham Parkway aroused suspicion and led police to a dancehall in Throggs Neck, where the cargo, valued at $125,000—about $2,234,000 today—was confiscated and 24 arrests were made.26 Another unintended result of Prohibition—this one redounded to the benefit of bootleggers—was the scarcity of whiskey as a palliative. In 1920, an influenza epidemic struck the city and The Bronx. Whiskey was considered an effective antidote but druggists found it very difficult to navigate the complicated, lengthy procedure needed to procure a state license, and as one article reported, “unlicensed druggists are refusing to fill prescriptions that may mean life or death to the victims of the dreaded disease.” Fordham Hospital officials “admitted with reluctance” that the hospital was without whiskey for several days. But it is a stretch to think that the ill could not find whiskey in the very wet Bronx.27 VI. The Speakeasies New York City was the nation’s largest liquor market, and the Anti-Saloon League saw victory in the intensely resistant 26. “Seize 6 Autos, Boat, Liquor and 24 Men,” New York Times, October 17, 1922. 27. “Urgent Call For Nurses to Fight ‘Flu’ Epidemic; Lack of Whiskey a Handicap,” Bronx Home News, January 27, 1920; “Druggists Wait Vainly For Government Action; Seeking Licenses to Fill ‘Flu’ Prescriptions,” Bronx Home News, February 1, 1920; Okrent, “Prohibition Speakeasies.” 24 ED BELLER cultural, media, and financial capital of the United States as a coveted trophy. But the terrain was unmanageably crowded, with 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasies. (It is estimated that for every legitimate bar that was forced to close, six speakeasies opened.) On one side of the spectrum, these included elegant nightclubs for the upper class, called “Blind Tigers,” with fine dining, tasteful décor, jazz combos, and dancing (the most famous of them, The Stork Club, flourished until 1965). On the other side, “Blind Pigs” were for the lower classes, selling a “cheap and inferior product”—sometimes providing it gratis as a promotion and sometimes featuring animal attractions—with “cheap furniture, peeling paints, well-worn pool tables, and hodgepodge collections of liquor bottles.” “Speaks” were also gambling dens and “disorderly resorts”—brothels.28 In 1923, Enright called them “resorts, dives, brothels and bawdy houses of every description . . . the rendezvous of the criminal and vicious elements of the city.”29 They are also described as “the underbelly of that era, the seamy down-market clubs that served up deadly fights, murders, scams, and robberies.”30 A 1926 photograph in the NYPD collection at the New York City Municipal Archives, for example, shows a well-dressed male 28. “Anti-Saloon League Head Says Yonkers Is Disorderly City,” Bronx Home News, August 8, 1920; Lerner, Dry Manhattan, 4; Marques, “Prohibition”; NYPD 8926a, in Rosen, Prohibition in New York City, 102; Now on view —“Padlocked”: New York’s Prohibition Years | New-York Historical Society, accessed December 21, 2023, https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/now-on-view- padlocked-new-yorks-prohibition-years; “The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of NYC Speakeasies”; “Voice Through the Door, In Midnight Raid Causes Allen To Be Held For Gambling,” Bronx Home News, July 11, 1920; Ralph Blumenthal, Stork Club: America's Most Famous Nightspot and the Lost World of Café Society (New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2000). 29. Marques, “Prohibition.” 30. Marques, “Prohibition.” Prohibition in The Bronx 25 corpse—a recent homicide—sprawled across a chair at a speakeasy at 474 Brook Avenue in The Bronx.31 At The Bronx Theatrical and Social Club on East 149th Street—which was not a theatrical and social club but a cover for a speakeasy—a fight broke out and a shot fired in a “luxuriously furnished room with valuable tapestries on the wall,” which left it in a “state of wild confusion.” Bronx District Attorney McGeehan said, “These clubs are nests of criminals where crime is hatched. They are havens of refuge for known crooks. Such nightclubs which are must be wiped out.”32 At both extremes there was protection money for gangsters and “see no evil” money for police. VII. Bronx Enforcement It is probably safe to say that the illegal venues in The Bronx, given its working-class, middle-class, low-crime environment (“conspicuous by its absence,” according to the February 1921 Bronx grand jury) did not usually touch on either extreme.33 However, that did not abrogate the likelihood of resistance. Enforcement ran into obstacles within the legal system itself. Bronx courts were critical when it came to the legal right of police, Internal Revenue, Secret Service, or Prohibition agents to enter and search premises, going so far as to condone physical resistance if no warrant was produced. In September 1921, out of 31. NYPD 8926a. 32. “Smash Iron Doors in Bronx Club Raid,” New York Times, March 10, 1926. 33. “Bronx Jury Lauds Glennon,” New York Times, March 5, 1921. 26 ED BELLER 40 Prohibition violation complaints, The Bronx grand jury threw out 38 and subpoenaed Police Commissioner Enright to explain “the unlawful tactics employed by Bronx policemen in connection with alleged violations of prohibition law.” It seems that the grand jury, as well as future Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, were of the opinion that the police were ignoring the city’s corporation counsel and searching premises, automobiles, and bags without a warrant. In fact, in New York City, thousands of gallons of wine, whiskey, and beer were illegally confiscated Above: “Policeman Francis O. Rice (left) and William Ornstein (right) doing Guard Duty besides the Green River (Booze) and Real Lager Beer awaiting Governmental Disposition in the W. 152nd St., Police Station. The Wet Goods were found in an automobile near the Police Station by Policeman Rice and the arrest of three men followed.” Bronx Home News, March 4, 1920. Prohibition in The Bronx 27 and then sold to bootleggers or imbibed at Police Department frolics.34 The following interesting comment in the Bronx Home News implies that a little “poaching” by police was not shocking. In 1920, at the 152nd Street Station some recently confiscated whiskey was “hidden from public view probably because of the consideration Commander Day has for the policemen who do the late tour on stormy nights.”35 The relationship between the Bronx grand jury and the Bronx legal system deteriorated to the point that in January 1930 the jury declared its lack of confidence in the District Attorney’s Office and recommended that enforcement be transferred to federal authorities. But federal Prohibition agents were not popular either and were sometimes accused of overly aggressive, even brutal tactics. For example, in September 1922, agents entered a Bronx café as ordinary customers. One claimed to be sick and asked for brandy. When told that the café sold only a non-alcoholic substitute, the agents rushed behind the bar. One of the proprietors objected, and “an example of the methods used by some prohibition agents and revenue men in securing ‘evidence’ was revealed Saturday when two agents entered the café of Becker Bros., 143rd Street and Third Avenue, and while one of the men held Lawrence Becker, one of the proprietors, the other pummeled him into semi-consciousness.” No liquor was found.36 34. “Governor to Blame Enright Tells Jury”; “Grand Jury Calls Enright to Explain”; “Haskell Scores Police,” New York Times, August 25, 1921; and “U.S. Court Holds Revenue Agents Had No Right to Search Bars of Bronx Saloons,” Bronx Home News, March 9, 1920. (n.b.: The last time I had jury duty at the 161st Street Supreme Court building I encountered the D.A.’s prosecutor at the Yankee Tavern—the case had been decided—, and she told me it was always a tough struggle to get a conviction from a Bronx jury. She didn’t get one from the jury I was on.) 35. “Young Ocean of Booze, Seized in Raid.” 36. “Saloon Owner Badly Beaten By Two Prohibition Agents,” Bronx Home News, September 2, 1920; “Sees Lax Handling of Volstead Cases,” New York Times, February 1, 1930. 28 ED BELLER At the level of electoral politics, Prohibitionists could not expect much help from the dominant Bronx Democratic Party. In 1920, the Democratic primary opponents of a candidate for District Leader in the 8th Assembly District could not hurl a more damaging insult at him than he was a Prohibitionist. Candidate Barney Lipshay called “the latest move of his opponent which tries to make a prohibitionist of him the most cruel act yet perpetrated.”37 VIII. Bronx Resistance Irish, Italian, Polish, German, and Jewish neighborhoods—The Bronx at the time in a nutshell—were noted for their often angry reactions to the presence of Federal agents and local police in their homes, speakeasies, and saloons. (Saloon owners were particularly hostile since not only were their establishments closed down but because selling liquor was a Federal offense, they were not eligible for bail and did jail time for “maintaining nuisances.”) Shortly after Prohibition began (1920), a saloon owner on Webster Avenue “knowingly used a dangerous weapon,” “two Great Dane dogs growling ferociously,” when a Federal agent went behind the bar to inspect. The proprietor Angelo Delia employed what appears to have been a common Bronx tactic and broke a pitcher containing whiskey on the floor thus destroying the evidence.38 37. “Hot Session in Board of Elections Offices When Lipshay Learns He Is a Prohibitionist,” Bronx Home News, February 1, 1920. 38. “Bronx Men and Women Face Federal Courts Accused of Selling Whiskey to Revenue Men,” Bronx Home News, February 19, 1920; “The Bronx Was Brewing”; “5 Uptown Oases Among 28 Raided in Dry Cleanup,” Bronx Home News, April 26, 1932; “Saloon Keepers Pin Hopes on Fight Before Judge Hand in U.S. Court, Many Close Bars,” Bronx Home News, November 2, 1919; “Whalen’s Raiders Close 60 Places,” New York Times, January 4, 1929. Prohibition in The Bronx 29 In September 1922, when Chief New York City Federal Enforcement Agent Christopher J. Fortman learned that The Bronx was “pretty wet,” ten places were raided. At one, a saloon on East 136th Street, a canine anti-federal agent “weapon” was again front and center when the owner turned his large Newfoundland dog loose on the agents and they were confronted by angry patrons.39 In June 1922, Sunday worshippers were offended: “Churchgoers of the Bronx while on their way to and from services recently have encountered to [sic] many intoxicated persons falling out of saloons that hundreds of complaints have been lodged with the Federal Prohibition Department.” In response, agents posing as longshoremen and dockworkers mounted a Sunday operation. After they bought a few rounds at a saloon on East 136th Street, the owner James Smith—perhaps the same 136th Street saloon and the same owner with the big dog—caught on and employed The Bronx “knock the evidence out of the agents’ hands” tactic. But there was enough left on the floor to collect and arrest Smith.40 (All church worshippers’ complaints should be taken with at least two grains of salt. Wine was permitted for “sacramental” purposes but also tended to appear, as did whiskey, for “little parties” at Bronx churches and synagogues and at fraternal organizations like the Elks Club.)41 39. “Try To Sell Water At $27,000 To Drys,” New York Times, September 17, 1922. 40. “Church Time Picked For Bronx Rum Raid,” New York Times, June 12, 1922. 41. “Elks Club Porter Is Arrested For Theft Of Quantity Of Booze,” Bronx Home News, January 22, 1920; “Four Men Accused Of Sale Of Wood Alcohol As Booze,” Bronx Home News, December 11, 1919; “Rabbi Blind From Drinking Wood Alcohol Tells Pitiable Story In Court,” Bronx Home News, January 8, 1920. 30 ED BELLER In May 1922, the owner of a saloon on Brook Avenue objected to a search by federal Prohibition agents. “Schmidt at once manifested his disapproval of prohibition agents and is said to have gone at them with both fists.” Schmidt was subdued with blackjacks.42 In October 1922, when Federal agents raided a winery in the Italian section on East 149th Street, a crowd of about 500 gathered and in an effort to retrieve the wine attacked and damaged the truck the agents were using to cart it away. “The agents were being hooted and jeered and even threatened.” When the police arrived, the crowd retreated to the roofs of nearby buildings and showered them and the agents with rocks. Police managed to get to the roofs and disperse the crowd.43 “Far in the Bronx” a more passive style of resistance when speakeasies and restaurants were raided and closed was to take the libations outside and “have their ‘whoopee’ in the open.”44 IX. Disguises Of course, the “name of the game” was to avoid the inconvenience of enforcement via the art of disguise. Bronx speakeasies did not operate as openly as some of the elegant haunts of Manhattan’s wealthy. They were “hidden in such out of the way places and restricted to such small areas” that the beautiful old bars of pre-Prohibition glory days ended up as firewood or as counters in restaurants and the spacious saloons were converted to bakeries. When hiding the evidence, 42. “Saloon Man Tamed With A Black Jack,” New York Times, May 31, 1922. 43. “Dry Raiders Stoned From Bronx Roofs.” 44. “Police In New Year Raids On Inns And Speakeasies As City Celebrates,” New York Times, January 1, 1929. Prohibition in The Bronx 31 Bronx bartenders performed “feats of legerdemain that would have daunted Houdini.” One Bronx speakeasy was an insurance office, another was a junk dealership, another a political club, another an athletic club, another a “luxuriously furnished” headquarters of an association of actors and theater producers, another a “lonely, deserted” farmhouse at the intersection of Eastchester and Gun Hill Roads with an “elaborately furnished reception room” for customers. Private Bronx residences (“apartment clubs”) were common covers as were upscale restaurants. Private residences also often hid state-of-the-art distilleries as did garages.45 Some business venues with ostensibly other commercial goals sold liquor: grocery stores, laundries, shoe repair shops, soda fountains, and more. Bronx “bookies” supplemented their betting gains. The enterprising owners of small stores that sold cheap whiskey placed printed lists of prices in neighborhood mailboxes.46 The product was also disguised—for example, as barrels marked “sugar” shipped from Philadelphia and destined for a warehouse 45. “Big Stills Raided In A Bronx House,” New York Times, March 13, 1928; “Club Halts Trial To Accept Padlock,” New York Times, March 18, 1926; “Federal Agents Raid Moonshine Still In 135th St.; Second Illicit Apparatus Taken,” Bronx Home News, November 4, 1919; “Impressive Pre-Volsteadian Bars Pass From Extinct Bronx Saloons To Serve New Uses,” Bronx Home News, April 7, 1929; “Oil Burning Stills Deluxe Are Seized In A $200,000 Liquor Raid In The Bronx,” New York Times, January 16, 1926; “Operator Of Still In Bronx Garage Given Six Days,” Bronx Home News, February 2, 1932; “Police In New Year Raids On Inns And Speakeasies”; “The Speakeasies of the 1920s,” Prohibition, accessed December 21, 2023, https:// prohibition.the mobmuseum.org/the-history/the-prohibition-underworld/ the-speakeasies-of-the-1920s/; “Ruins In Wake Of Still Blast,” Bronx Home News, February 2, 1933; “Smash Iron Doors In Bronx Club Raid”; “30 Taken in Bronx Raid,” New York Times, January 4, 1930; “To Turn Former Saloons in This City Into Mince Pie Bakeries,” Bronx Home News, November 11, 1919; “Whalen’s Raiders Close 60 Places.” “50 Cents Gin and $2 Whiskey Sold In Bronx, Dry Raiders Report,” New 46. York Times, February 6, 1932; “Raid Nets Two Stills, Whiskey, and 3 Men,” New York Times, June 1, 1924; “30 Taken In Bronx Raid.” 32 ED BELLER on Intervale Avenue, or as “apples” headed to a speakeasy on Concord Avenue.47 Agents and police became adept at disguise, approaching the bar as casual patrons, having a drink or two (or three), and proceeding to make arrests. They posed as longshoremen and laborers (“to get into the lower type of speakeasy”), icemen and salespersons.48 In 1920, two agents posed as golfers, played a round at the Van Cortlandt Park course, and “followed the crowd” to the “Nineteenth Hole,” also known as the Van Cortlandt Inn, to have a few drinks and make arrests.49 On a Saturday night in June 1922, a drunk woman bought drinks at a saloon on Willis Avenue in The Bronx, and immediately Messrs. O’Toole and Reardon, who sold to this “drunk” policewoman, were arrested. Her next victim was a street vendor on Third Avenue who smashed the bottles on the pavement. But enough was collected to arrest him. To add to the confusion, Bronx criminals sometimes presented themselves as Prohibition agents and “shook down” unwary drinkers.50 X. Prohibition’s Demise The demise of Prohibition with the passage of the 22nd Amendment in February 1933 was the result of a vigorous political counterattack—in The Bronx there was an active chapter of the Women’s Organization for National Prohibition 47. “Arrest Two More For Liquor Fraud,” New York Times, January 30, 1921; “Seize 500 Barrels Of Beer In The Bronx,” New York Times, January 29, 1921; “Trail ‘Apple’ Load and Seize Alcohol,” New York Times, February 3, 1926. 48. “Speakeasies Wary But Police Press War,” New York Times., January 12, 1929. 49. “Prohibition A Joke, Dale Says On Bench.” 50. “Church Time Picked For Bronx Rum Raid”; “Shot Down in Crowd of 50; — No One Saw It,” New York Times, August 16, 1921. Prohibition in The Bronx 33 Reform—that cited the brutality and violence of the underworld that controlled the trade and the corruption it engendered. Furthermore, the wets claimed that unregulated sales by criminal gangs and the lure of the forbidden had actually increased drunkenness.51 The Depression brought severe demands on government and magnified the significance of the loss of tax revenue. Before Prohibition, 75% of state aid funds received by New York City came from liquor and beer taxes, and the chair of The Bronx anti-prohibition women’s organization made the very salient point that the unprecedented hard times disproved the dry claim that Prohibition fostered self-discipline, frugality, and hence prosperity. Also, basic common sense expressed in countless editorials and politicians’ public statements was critical of an unenforceable law at odds with ages-old customs. Finally, there was strong lobbying from the businesses not connected to underworld criminal networks. The Hotel, Restaurant, Club, and Allied Industries Association advocated for legitimate brewers, distillers, and distributors and the hotels, restaurants, and nightclubs that were engaged in a losing competition with speakeasies. A spokesperson for the Association said, “Sixty percent of the restaurants and hotels are ‘broke’ today and the rest are broke and don’t know it.”52 51. “Bronx Leader Of Women’s Anti-Dry Group Called To Conference Of Advisory Group,” Bronx Home News, February 2, 1932. 52. “Bronx Leader Of Women’s Anti-Dry Group”; “Hotel Association Urges Fight for Dry Law Repeal,” Bronx Home News, March 1, 1932; “Many Phases of Prohibition Are Discussed by Rotarians in Five Ten Minute Speeches,” Bronx Home News, March 3, 1932; “The Rise, Fall and Rise Again of NYC Speakeasies”; Grace Notarstefano et al., “Today in NYC History: How Prohibition Affected New York City,” Untapped New York, January 16, 2014, https://untappedcities.com/2014/01/16/today-in-nyc-history-how-prohi bition-affected-new-york-city/ 34 ED BELLER It never worked in The Bronx anyway, and it is doubtful that The Bronx was any less wet during Prohibition than it was before or after. Maybe it was wetter. One Bronx landlord, annoyed at the suggestion that landlords should contribute more to Depression unemployment relief, was of the opinion that all the gin bottles collected from rent-deadbeat, abandoned Bronx apartments “should bring the relief fund a lot of money.”53 The recent history of laws against mind- and mood-altering substances is a not quite parallel story. Marijuana has followed the trajectory of alcohol. But there is a panoply of narcotic drugs too damaging and dangerous to be permitted open sale. Whether it is possible to effectively prohibit and/or regulate them is an unresolved question. My guess is it is not. 53. Benjamin Freeman, “Landlord’s View On Relief,” Bronx Home News, February 3, 1932; “Never So Much Drunkenness In Bronx; Booze Crazed Men Start Disturbance; Fight Police,” Bronx Home News, September 28, 1920. Prohibition in The Bronx 35 THE GOUVERNEUR MORRIS VISITING SCHOLAR PROGRAM The Bronx County Historical Society names a visiting scholar an- nually in honor of Gouverneur Morris, signer and penman of the U.S. Constitution. 2022 Pastor Crespo, Jr. 2005 “Bronx Veterans” 2021 Steven Payne “Bronx Latino History Project” 2004 2020 Roger McCormack “Poe Cottage” 2003 2019 Lloyd Ultan “Bronx Parks” 2002 2018 Coline Jenkins “Elizabeth Cady Stanton” 2001 2016 Vivian E. Davis “Celebrating 175 Years of St. Ann’s Church” 2000 2015 Edward Schneider “Abraham Lincoln” 1999 2014 Gary Hermalyn “The Erie Canal” 1998 2013 Tony Morante “Baseball” 1997 2012 Daniel Hauben “The Bronx Through the Eyes 1996 of an Artist” 2011 Gary Hermalyn 1995 “Bronx Homemakers Club of Daniel, Wyoming” 2010 Angel Hernández 1994 “Bronx Latinos” 2009 Russell Currie “The Cask of Amontillado, An 1993 Opera” 2008 Gary Hermalyn “Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham” 1992 2007 Lloyd Rogler “The Story of the Hispanic Research Center” 1991 2006 Jim Wunsch “Bronx Radio History” Brian Purnell “The Bronx is a Bomb, and It Is Ready to Explode” Evelyn Gonzalez “The South Bronx” Mark Naison “From Doo Wop to Hip Hop” Joseph Cunningham “New York Power” Elizabeth Beirne “The Good Life in the 19th Century Bronx” Allan S. Gilbert “Archaeology in The Bronx” Roger Wines “The Bronx River Parkway” Peter Derrick “Centennial of The Bronx” Edward Schneider “Newspapers of The Bronx” Gary Hermalyn “Morris High School” Lloyd Ultan “Gouverneur Morris and the Constitution” Thomas A. King “50th Anniversary of the Normany Invasion” George Lankevich “Creation of the U.S. Supreme Court” Lloyd Ultan “Gouverneur Morris Through Word and Speech” Dominic Massaro “Gouverneur Morris” A HORSESHOER ON WEBSTER AVENUE: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JACK FITZPATRICK BY MARK GLANDER According to his personal notebook, “on the 25th day of July on the year 1869,” John (“Jack”) H. Fitzpatrick, an Irish immigrant age 22, went to work for Mr. Lawrence,1 the owner of a plot of land on the southwest corner of Fordham village.2 Jack stayed with Lawrence for several years; he noted the construction of Lawrence’s new shop in an entry in December 1873. In September 1872, Jack Fitzpatrick and Annie Carrigan were married at Our Lady of Mercy, which at that time held its services in the chapel at St. John’s Seminary, now Fordham University.3 Jack’s sister had died that summer, leaving a son, Edward, whom the newlyweds took in. Their first child, Margaret, “was born in the Pow [sic] Cottage on the Seventh day of September in the year 1873.” Jack “went to live in his own house” at 2498 Webster Avenue in March 1874. A son, James, was born in March 1875. Today, the mortality rate for children under 1. Most of the information in this article comes from a notebook manuscript in possession of the author in which Jack Fitzpatrick recorded his major life events. 2. J.J.R. Croes, “Map of the Northern Portion of the City of New-York, Comprising the 12th Ward and the new 23d and 24th Wards, Recently Annexed Under Chapter 613, Laws of 1873,” State of New York, New York: Croes & Van Winkle, 1874. 3. Church of Our Lady of Mercy, accessed December 21, 2023, https:// ourladyofmercyny.org/. Horseshoer on Webster 37 five years old is less than 1%, but in 1875, almost one-third of children died before their fifth birthday.4 Both Margaret and James died in 1875. Jack and Annie went on to have five more children, all of whom lived to adulthood. By 1883, Jack was in business for himself. That was the year, he noted, that James Smith came to work for him. The Sanborn fire insurance maps (shown below) make it possible to visualize the 2400 block of Webster Avenue at the time.5 There is a two- story building at 2498 Webster Avenue, Jack’s residence. At the rear of 2496 is another two-story building, its long axis parallel to the street, which is likely the shop shown in the picture below. The uniformed men in the picture are likely fireman from Engine Company No. 48, next to 2498 Webster Avenue.6 Next to the firehouse is Our Lady of Mercy church, a former clubhouse of the Tammany Society. A photograph from Jack’s memorabilia shows C. Clinton’s Dry Goods Store at the northern end of the block, on the southwest corner of Webster Avenue and Fordham Road. A little farther north in Bedford Park was Mount St. Ursula Academy, which Jack’s daughter Margaret attended. The school, founded in 1855 and still in existence, is “the oldest continuously operating all-girls Catholic girls’ high school in New York State.”7 4. Aaron O’Neill, “United States: Child Mortality Rate 1800-2020,” Statista, June 21, 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1041693/united-states-all- time-child-mortality-rate/. 5. Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from New York, Bronx, Manhattan, New York, The Library of Congress, accessed December 21, 2023, https:// www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06116_016/. 6. The firehouse in the 2400 block of Webster Avenue collapsed in the 1990s. Engine Company No. 48 today is housed two blocks south at 2417 Webster Avenue. 7. “Mission & History,” The Academy of Mount St. Ursula, accessed December 21, 2023, https://www.amsu.org/who-we-are. 38 MARK GLANDER Jack’s wife, Annie, age 44, died of cancer in 1891, leaving Jack a widower with five children. The oldest child was only 15. Jack remarried in 1897. Jack died just two years later, in January 1899, at age 51. Some excitement followed on his funeral, as noted in his obituary. John H. Fitzpatrick, well known master horseshoer, died at his home on Monday. The funeral took place on Wednesday from the Church of Our Lady of Mercy. Father Brady celebrated a solemn high mass of requiem. Delegations were present from Fordham Council, C.B.L.; Division No. 6 A. O. H. of Fordham and the local branch of the Master Horseshoers’ Association. Interment was in St. Raymonds Ceme- tery. After the requiem mass which was held last Wednes- day over the late J. Fitzpatrick, at the Church of Our Lady of Mercy, charcoal remained in the in- cense burner, and one of the altar boys thought- lessly emptied the holder of its burning coals on the sill of the window, and then went home. Sexton Duffy, who happened to enter the church a short time afterward, together with the janitor, found the basement filled with smoke. A hasty search revealed a fire in the vestry. The men in an engine house of the Fire Department, which is next to the church, were immediately notified, and quenched the flames with a fire extinguisher.8 Only three of Jack’s children lived past 30 years. Tuberculosis was one of the three leading causes of death in the U.S. in the years 1900–1922. It is a contagious disease, easily spread from person to person and even through unpasteurized milk. There 8. From a newspaper clipping, publication unknown, in the possession of the author. Horseshoer on Webster 39 Above top: Jack Fitzpatrick’s shop on Webster Avenue near Fordham Road. Dan Sering, Dan O’Connel, Edward Fitzpatrick, Jack Fitzpatrick, and Jake Trotte, c. 1890, family collection. Courtesy of the author. Above bottom: Clinton’s store at the southwest corner of Fordham Road and Webster Avenue, c. 1885–1890, family collection. Courtesy of the author. 40 MARK GLANDER Above: Section of Sanborn Fire Insurance Map (note 5), showing 2496– 2498 Webster Avenue, Jack Fitzpatrick’s shop and residence, respectively, as a “livery stable” with a second floor. Horseshoer on Webster 41 was no vaccine or effective treatment for it until after World War II. Untreated, half of the people who developed the disease died.9 In October 1912, Jack’s son, John, Jr., died of tuberculosis. One year later, Jack’s youngest daughter Nell and her two youngest children died of tuberculosis. Caroline, the oldest surviving daughter, married a college athletics coach in 1897. They eventually settled in Detroit. They had three children. Caroline died in 1950, age 73. Jack’s first daughter, Margaret, died in infancy. His third daughter, also named Margaret, joined the Sisters of Charity. In 1900, she was teaching at Holy Cross Academy in Manhattan. She died in Haverstraw, New York, in 1940, age 62. The fourth daughter, Elizabeth, graduated from “Female Grammar School No. 64” in 1897 as attested by the diploma issued by the Department of Public Instruction. Three years later, she married the neighborhood milkman, a German immigrant. They had four children. Elizabeth lived most of her life in the area around Fordham where she grew up. She died in 1959, age 78. Jack, both his wives, and all his children except for Caroline were buried in the old section of St. Raymond’s cemetery. 9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ data/dvs/lead1900_98.pdf, March 9, 2009. 42 MARK GLANDER VILLA MARIA ACADEMY: A HISTORY BY JANICE MASTROPIETRO Villa Maria Academy, located at 3335 Country Club Road, is a private, independent, Catholic co-educational elementary school in the Country Club section of The Bronx. The school is owned and operated by the Congregation of Notre Dame. For over a century, the Villa has established a reputation for academic excellence, a robust faith life, and an abiding sense of community. The Villa has been an outstanding member of the academic community of New York City, consistently producing capable, ambitious, well-rounded alumni active in the worlds of business and the arts. I. Founding and Early Days of Villa Maria The history of Villa Maria Academy dates back to 1653 when Marguerite Bourgeoys made the decision to leave the security of her native France to teach in Ville Marie, now called Quebec. As her work grew, others came to join her until, in 1700, she founded the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame. The steadfast aim of the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame was to provide for their pupils a thorough Catholic education, to assist them in developing character and self-reliance, to make of them women of education, refinement, and culture. Villa Maria Academy 43 Over two centuries, St. Marguerite’s teaching order spread throughout Canada. In 1886, the Sisters were invited to teach the young women of St. Jean Baptiste, the Canadian national parish in Manhattan. For the next 40 years, the school was located at 139 East 79th Street. In 1917, St. Jean Baptiste, a “finishing school” teaching social graces, literature, French, German, music, art, and embroidery, was widely recognized as “distinctly above average.” Eventually, the growth of the student body necessitated a move to the Ellis estate in the Country Club section of The Bronx. On August 18, 1927, the school was officially transferred to its current site—eight acres with a private waterfront on Eastchester Bay and luxuriant shrubs and shade trees—and the finishing school became a boarding school for the young women of New York City. On May 17, 1958, Cardinal Spellman presided at the dedication of Hall Marguerite, a new building to accommodate the burgeoning elementary wing. In June 1969, the high school’s last class graduated. After 82 years, Villa Maria Academy became strictly a co-educational elementary school. The first elemen- tary class with boys graduated in 1976. St. Marguerite Bourgeoys was canonized on October 31, 1982. The canonization celebrations were matched by the celebrations in 1986, the school’s centennial year. Thirteen hundred students, parents, alumni, and friends came to share memories, to reminisce, and to rejoice in Villa Maria’s vibrant century. II. Villa Maria Today The Academy is chartered by the University of the State of 44 JANICE MASTROPIETRO New York. The courses of studies are in keeping with the best standard of educational institutions. Diplomas awarded to graduates entitle them to enter the New York Training School for Teachers, or any College in the City or State. Throughout this course, the languages are efficiently taught, and French is given special attention. The Villa Building is for the lower grades and contains fully equipped science and technology labs and music and art studios. A large book and media collection is housed in an elegant library in this building. The Great Hall accommodates school- wide liturgies and events. The Junior High School Building is for junior high school students and includes Hall Marguerite, a communal gathering place for meals and events. The Visitation Center is equipped with a regulation-sized gymnasium that Above: Front view of Villa Maria Academy today, located at 3335 Country Club Road in The Bronx. Courtesy of the author. Villa Maria Academy 45 hosts sports tournaments and community youth programs and doubles as a full-size theater. It also has a quarter-mile track, which makes the school a popular host for track-and-field competitions. Extracurricular activities include the National Junior Honor Society, Student Council, Junior High Drama Club, piano lessons, Chess Club, art classes, basketball, baseball, track and cross country, volleyball, tennis, Math Olympiad, Science Fair, and STEM. In short, Villa Maria continues to carry on the rich legacy of rigorous education and religious and cultural formation bequeathed to the school by St. Marguerite Bourgeoys and the Congregation of Notre Dame. 46 JANICE MASTROPIETRO ABOUT THE AUTHORS MARK NAISON, Professor of African American Studies and History at Fordham University, is the c0-founder with The Bronx County Historical Society of The Bronx African American History Project, one of the largest community-based oral history projects in the nation. Dr. Naison has authored seven books and over 300 articles. ED BELLER is a lifelong Bronx resident. Upon graduation from Hunter College in The Bronx (now Lehman), he began teaching English at Evander Childs High School and later taught in Manhattan. He was very active in the United Federation of Teachers. Dr. Beller earned a doctorate in Sociology at the CUNY Graduate Center in 1983 and has published articles on the history and social foundations of education. MARK GLANDER is a retired government employee and a great- grandson of Jack Fitzpatrick. Stories he heard of his “Horse- shoer” grandfather inspired a life-long interest in family history. He is a graduate of the University of Maryland, where he majored in History, and resides in Silver Spring, Maryland with his wife and cats. JANICE MASTROPIETRO is a lifelong Bronx resident, educator, and principal of Villa Maria Academy. THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTS Jacqueline Kutner, 1993– Robert R. Hall, 1986–1993 Raymond F. Crapo, 1976–1986 Robert Farkas, 1976 Lloyd Ultan, 1971–1976 Ronald Schliessman, 1969–1971 Roger Arcara 1967–1969 Thomas J. Mullins, 1964–1967 George J. Fluhr, 1963–1964 Ray D. Kelly, 1963 Fred E. J. Kracke, 1960–1963 Joseph Duffy, 1958–1960 Dr. Theodore Kazimiroff, 1955–1958 LIFE MEMBERS Steve Baktidy Dr. Elizabeth Beirne Louis H. Blumengarten Adolfo Carrión, Jr. Thomas X. Casey Sam Chernin James Conroy John Dillon Dan Eisenstein Mark Engel Natalie and Robert Esnard Ken Fisher Fordham Hill Owner’s Co. Robert Abrams Jorge L. Batista Hon. Michael Benedetto William Castro Lorraine Cortez-Vazquez Gloria Davis Nino DeSimone Hector Diaz Rubén Díaz, Jr. Hon. Jeffrey Dinowitz Dr. Joseph A. Fernandez Fernando Ferrer Robert Fox Katherine Gleeson Greg Gonzalez David Greco Robert Hall Daniel Hauben Dr. Gary Hermalyn James Houlihan Marsha Horenstein Cecil P. Joseph Marc Lampell Douglas Lazarus Maralyn May Kathleen A. McAuley HONORARY MEMBERS Hon. Carl E. Heastie Hon. Robert T. Johnson Stephen Kaufman Jeff Klein Michael Max Knobbe G. Oliver Koppell Jeffrey Korman Lawrence Levine Michael M. Lippman Anthony Paolercio James J. Periconi Ricardo Oquendo Roberto Ramírez Steven A. Ostrow Alan Parisse Jane Mead Peter Joel Podgor Marilyn and Morris Sopher Elizabeth Stone Henry G. Stroobants Susan Tane Lloyd Ultan Van Courtlandt Village CC Gil Walton Jac Zadrima Hon. Gustavo Rivera Joel Rivera José Rivera José E. Serrano Stanley Simon REVIEWS Garn, Andrew, photographer. New York Art Deco: Birds, Beasts & Blooms. Introduction by Eric P. Nash. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, 2022. 192 pp. ISBN: 9780847872046. $39.95. It is unusual for any book with “New York” in its title to set its sights on any borough but Manhattan, but New York Art Deco breaks the mold to include significant examples of the style in The Bronx, Brooklyn, and Staten Island as well. Only Queens is not represented. Here can be discovered nine significant Art Deco structures in the city’s mainland borough, and not all of them are on the Grand Concourse. Photographer Andrew Garn is known for his fine art and editorial works that have appeared in exhibitions and in books and magazines throughout the world. During the period of the early COVID-19 pandemic, when New York City was in lockdown, he focused his camera on the Art Deco building ornamentation depicting animals, fish, birds, and vegetation. No crowds or traffic interfered with his quest, enabling him to capture close-up views of bas-relief and high-relief sculpture, mosaics, and murals found on building exteriors and in lobbies. In New York Art Deco, they are gloriously reproduced in vivid color, printed on thick, glossy paper. An Introduction provided by Eric P. Nash, who spent 25 years doing research and writing articles for the New York Times and writing books on architecture, provides a brief history of the Reviews 49 development of the Art Deco style from its origins to its various manifestations in combination with Assyrian, Egyptian, Classical, and Mayan motifs. He claims Art Deco had its distant origins in the Art Nouveau style that emerged in France in the 1890s, decades before its historic introduction to the world in the Paris exhibition of decorative arts in 1923. An expression of the sleek look and speed of the machine, Art Deco reached its apogee in New York during the Jazz Age 1920s. This date may be so if one considers only Manhattan as New York. In The Bronx, Art Deco flowered in the era of the Great Depression of the 1930s. There are a few errors found in some of the introductions to each building’s set of photographs. The name of the man who designed the Grand Concourse was Risse, not Riss, and the boulevard is not wider than its model, the Champs Elysées in Paris. It was Horace Ginsbern who co-designed the Park Plaza Apartments on Jerome Avenue, not Horace Ginsberg. These errors are minor, however, compared to the effect of the photographs. Of course, the overwhelming number comes from Manhattan’s office and apartment buildings. Yet, of the book’s opening four pages leading to the title page, the first three are of the lobby mural and exterior mosaic of the Fish Building at 1150 Grand Concourse in The Bronx, which are followed by a fourth page of a bit of decorative sculpture on a building façade at Rockefeller Center in Manhattan. After the Introduction, the photographs are arranged in the order in which each building was constructed. Since the focus of Garn’s photographs is on the ornamentation depicting “Birds, Beasts & Blooms,” the first appearance of such Art Deco decoration in The Bronx is the horses’ heads on the cornice of the building at 101 East 161st Street, erected in 1925. This is only the eighth structure depicted 50 Reviews in the book and the first one outside of Manhattan. Because of Garn’s interest in building detail, there are only a handful of photographs in the book that try to show the entire exterior of any structure. Moreover, none of the edifices that feature simple abstract Art Deco façades are included. Nevertheless, there are advantages to this approach. In the bustle that characterizes life in New York City, people rush past the artistic Art Deco glories that appear on the façades of buildings both famous and obscure. Whether speeding by in a car or rushing by on foot to get to a destination, few take the opportunity to stop and admire these striking works of art that Garn has captured in his photographs. How many people pass by the massive Rainey Memorial Gates at the entrance to the Bronx Zoo on Fordham Road without stopping to examine the intricacies and craftsmanship of sculptor Paul Manship’s Art Deco masterpiece, teeming with all sorts of animal life amid a lush, leafy landscape? With the vivid photographs, any reader can do so in the comfort of home, taking as much time as needed to truly admire a great artist’s work. The same can be said for all of the detailed photographs in New York Art Deco, providing the reader with hours of delight. Lloyd Ultan The Bronx, New York Helmreich, William B. The Bronx Nobody Knows: An Urban Walking Guide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2023. 472 pp. ISBN: 9780691166957. $27.95. Reviews 51 William B. Helmreich, a Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the City College of New York, who passed away of COVID-19 in 2020, has written a rather unique book to be called a “guide” in The Bronx Nobody Knows. It is at once both more and less than that. Nor is it Helmreich’s first attempt at the genre, having produced The New York Nobody Knows and books with similar titles focusing on Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens before taking on The Bronx. He had just about completed the manuscript about the city’s mainland borough when he contracted his fatal illness. The effort was completed by his widow. In this volume, Helmreich asserts that he has walked the length of every street in The Bronx with his wife by his side looking into every nook and cranny seeking to come across the unexpected. He divides The Bronx into 35 neighborhoods to organize his narrative. In most cases the boundaries that he sets are arbitrary since the limits, and even some of the names, of almost all Bronx neighborhoods have not been definitively set. Nevertheless, this organizing principle enables him to create a series of walking tours that can be followed easily by his readers. While Helmreich does refer to the major attractions found in The Bronx and to items of historic significance, he does not dwell on them with any great detail. In his walking tours, he stops for a moment at such a site, provides essential information, and then moves on. He does point out buildings whose architecture attracts him, as well as neighborhood shops and local parks he finds interesting. Occasionally, he is able to obtain entrance into the interior of a building and experience a space that is normally closed to the public, such as the space found beneath the central cupola of the former Daughters of Jacob Home on East 167th Street between Teller and Findlay Avenues. 52 Reviews There he discovers a spectacular domed amphitheater that had served as a synagogue until 1979, still in pristine condition. All of this Helmreich vividly describes in detail that seems to bring his discoveries to life. What separates this volume from the usual guidebook is the author’s encounters with residents, shopkeepers, and passersby he meets during his journeys. His word-to-word transcriptions of each conversation is particularly revealing about the attitudes towards their neighbors, customers, and surroundings. They dispel the outmoded myth of The Bronx, showing that its ethnically and economically diverse people are friendly, open, and hopeful. This is perhaps the most important aspect of Helmreich’s book. In his introduction, the author sums up what he finds are the traits and character of The Bronx. They amount to a great hope among its residents and workers, a fascinating history, the borough’s great beauty, a strong sense of community and friendliness, and its many surprises. It is refreshing to find a volume filled with such truth about the borough. Lloyd Ultan The Bronx, New York Hermalyn, G. Geography of The Bronx. The Bronx, NY: The Bronx County Historical Society, 2023. 126pp. ISBN: 9780941980777. $25.00. Geography of The Bronx is best regarded as a love story. The Reviews 53 author lovingly dedicated years to examining the borough on foot, by motor vehicle, by boat, and through written documents. The Bronx is his life’s passion. He is unshakably and unapologetically a lover of all things Bronx. To be fair, the borough has been overshadowed for too long, and this book is overdue, and Hermalyn, if anyone, is the person for rectifying that. In The Bronx is found the southernmost canal of the Erie Canal System, planned for 112 years, and finally completed in 1939. The Bronx is also the home of Potters Field. Among the million buried there, lie many scarcely remembered veterans dating back to the Civil War. At the other end of the spectrum is Woodlawn Cemetery where, in contrast, some of the most internationally famous jazz musicians have been interred alongside New York’s rich and famous. Physically, The Bronx is a hill country with an elevation of some hills as high as 200 feet. On the western ridge on a two- acre stretch are the columns and busts celebrating the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. The Bronx remembers them all. Ancient history goes way back if you only know where to look. The last Ice Age visited the area, depositing huge boulders and even islands in its wake. One of them, Hart Island, served as an installation site for Nike missiles in the twentieth century. Work on the Bronx River Parkway altered the Bronx River, and now one side of one stretch of the river has moved to Westchester while the other is still in The Bronx. In the 1600s, the area was the homestead for Jonas Bronck, a Swede with a land grant from the Dutch West Indies Company. 54 Reviews Today, the borough is home to millions and, surprisingly, still has room enough for a variety of wildlife. And so it goes. It is all there still to be discovered and uncovered anew. Geography of the Bronx makes a great companion to show you where to look. The book is well illustrated and beautiful enough to be displayed on a coffee table. Douglas Lazarus Middlebury, Vermont Jonnes, Jill. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City. Third edition. Forward by Nilka Martell. New York: Fordham University Press, 2022. 608 pp. ISBN: 9781531501211. $34.95. South Bronx Rising, first published in 1986 as We’re Still Here, is well regarded as a history of The Bronx and its tumultuous twentieth century, where housing abandonment and government disinvestment led to the nadir of The Bronx, with many predicting the outright demise of New York City’s only mainland borough. Jonnes is a journalist by trade, and South Bronx Rising appropriately chronicles and gives voice to the numerous Bronx residents, activists, and grassroots organizations that saved the borough from destruction. The third edition, retitled South Bronx Rising in the second edition released in 2000, focuses on new challenges in the Reviews 55 borough and a rising generation of activists, Bronxites, and community leaders combating the perils of gentrification, “upzoning,” and the old blights of slumlordism and government inaction. While the earlier editions of South Bronx Rising highlight older organizations like the Northwest Bronx Community and Clergy Coalition and their struggles against redlining and exploitative landlords in the 1970s and 1980s, Jonnes now amplifies the twenty-first century struggles of Bronxites worried about gentrification, ecological devastation, and poverty. The upshot of these fears is an increasingly vocal and effective generation of activists, exemplified by people like Nilka Martell, founder of Loving The Bronx and an impassioned advocate for “capping” (i.e., covering the below-ground sections of) the Cross Bronx Expressway as a way to minimize pollution and rectify the sickness traffic pollution has caused in The Bronx’s “Asthma Alley.” Ecological concerns loom large for this new generation of activists. The Bronx River Alliance, a nonprofit founded to restore and combat pollution of the Bronx River, had a herculean task, given the once squalid conditions of the river in the South Bronx. Amazingly, the river has bounced back from industrial pollution due to the efforts of the Alliance and other organizations, who have championed volunteer litter and debris pick-up to save New York City’s only freshwater river. Jonnes shows the fiery debates gentrification has spurred in the borough, contrasting the perspective of groups like South Bronx Unite and CASA (Community Action for Safe Apartments), who view any incipient signs of gentrification as a menace, with a view, championed by former Bronx Borough President Rubén Díaz, Jr., of investment and new business in 56 Reviews The Bronx as an overall boon for all Bronxites. While perhaps only time will tell which vision will most benefit the borough, a dose of skepticism is certainly warranted about the supposed benefits of gentrification in The Bronx, especially given the exorbitant rents charged in new luxury apartment buildings such as “Bankside” along the Harlem River in Mott Haven. The exodus of long-time residents from historic Black neigh- borhoods like Crown Heights and Flatbush in Brooklyn is merely one of a litany of examples of displacement via gentrification. The most common refrain from the excellent interviews Jonnes conducted with Bronxites is an intense and justified fear of economic pressure, as many Bronx residents are rent-burdened, meaning 50 percent or more of their income goes towards rent. In a lengthy afterword on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on The Bronx, Jonnes testifies to the indomitable spirit of The Bronx during a once-in-a-century event. The Bronx had the highest totals of Covid-19 deaths of the five boroughs, 70 percent of its workforce was deemed essential, and it remains the poorest borough in New York City. The unsettling photos of breadlines at soup kitchens in South Bronx Rising evoke the darkest recent days of the borough, but Jonnes sees reasons for optimism. Her rousing conclusion notes the intensification of organizing and civic awareness in the wake of the pandemic. It is this solidarity that Jonnes sees as the greatest asset of The Bronx, one that will allow it to overcome. Roger McCormack The Bronx, New York Reviews 57 BRONX BUSINESS LEADERS OF THE YEAR AWARD Presented to Bronx business leaders who support the humanities and the arts. 2023 Joseph Mawad, Tekniverse, Inc. 2000 2022 Ram Gupta, Chatam Management Co., Inc. 1999 2020 Michael Max Knobbe, BronxNet 2019 Richard Legnini, Bronx Ad 1998 Group 2018 John Calvelli, Bronx Zoo 1997 2017 James H. Alston, McCalls Bronxwood Funeral Home 1996 2016 Steve Baktidy, S&T Auto Body 1995 John Reilly, Fordham-Bedford Housing Corp. Mario Procida, Procida Construction Corp. Veronica M. White, NYC Housing Partnership Dr. Spencer Foreman, Montefiore Medical Center Monroe Lovinger, CPA Gil and Jerry Beautus, Walton Shop Press 2015 Matthew Engel, Langsam 1994 Property Services 2014 Greg Gonzalez, Manhattan 1993 Parking Group 2013 Steve Tisso, Teddy Nissan 1992 2012 Joseph Kelleher, Hutchinson 1991 Metro Center 2011 Adam Green, Rocking the Boat 1990 2010 Anthony Mormile, Hudson Valley Bank 1989 2009 Lenny Caro, Bronx Chamber of Commerce 2008 Katherine Gleeson, Goldman Sachs 1988 2007 Sandra Erickson, Erickson Real Estate 2006 Cecil P. Joseph, McDonald’s 2005 Frank Cassano, New Bronx 1987 Chamber of Commerce 2004 Dart Westphal, Norwood News 2003 James J. Houlihan, Houlihan- Parnes 2002 David Greco, Mike’s Deli & Caterers 2001 Peter Madonia, Madonia William O’Meara, Greentree Restaurant Larry Barazzotto, Soundview Discount Muffler Gail McMillan, Con Edison Susan E. Goldy, ERA Susan Goldy & Co. Mike Nuñez, Bronx Venture Group Mark Engel, Langsam Property Services Carlos Nazario, Metro Beer & Soda Joel Fishman, Nehring Brother Realty Co. Michael Durso, Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank Elias Karmon, EMK Enterprises Brothers Bakery SELECT PUBLICATIONS AND GIFTS OF THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY The below items, and additional publications and gifts, are available for purchase in-person at any of our locations; by mail, through writing to The Bronx County Historical Society at 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, NY 10467; or online, at www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/store. Life in The Bronx Series Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Birth of The Bronx: 1609–1900 $30 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx in the Innocent Years: 1890–1925 $25 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, 1935–1965 $25 Lloyd Ultan, The Beautiful Bronx: 1920–1950 $25 Life in The Bronx, four-volume set $90 History of The Bronx Nicholas DiBrino, History of Morris Park Racecourse $10 Allan S. Gilbert (ed.), Digging The Bronx $25 G. Hermalyn, Geography of The Bronx $25 G. Hermalyn et al., A Historical Sketch of The Bronx, 2nd edition $15 G. Hermalyn and Thomas X. Casey, Bronx Views $12 G. Hermalyn and Anthony Greene, Yankee Stadium: 1923–2008 $22 G. Hermalyn and Robert Kornfeld, Landmarks of The Bronx $15 Kathleen A. McAuley, Westchester Town: Bronx Beginnings $15 Kathleen A. McAuley and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx: Then and Now $22 John McNamara, History in Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names (encyclopedia), 3rd edition $30 John McNamara, McNamara’s Old Bronx $20 Rubio P. Mendez, A History of the Riverdale Yacht Club $20 Michael Miller, Theatres of The Bronx $5 Lloyd Ultan, Blacks in the Colonial Bronx: A Documentary History $18 Lloyd Ultan, The Bronx in the Frontier Era $20 Lloyd Ultan, Legacy of the Revolution $15 Lloyd Ultan, The Northern Borough: A History of The Bronx $28 George Zoebelein, The Bronx: A Struggle for County Government $15 History of New York City Elizabeth Beirne, The Greater New York Centennial $20 Peter Derrick, Tunneling to the Future $20 G. Hermalyn, Morris High School and the Creation of the New York City Public High School System $34 George Lankevich, New York City: A Short History $20 History of New York State G. Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, Hudson’s River $20 Elizabeth Beirne, The Hudson River $20 Douglas Lazarus et al., Re‐inspired: The Erie Canal $20 Roots of the Republic Series George Lankevich, Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court $20 George Lankevich, The First House of Representatives and the Bill of Rights $20 Edward Quinn, The Signers of the Constitution of the United States $20 Edward Quinn, The Signers of the Declaration of Independence $20 Richard Streb, The First Senate of the United States $20 Lloyd Ultan, Presidents of the United States $20 Roots of the Republic Series, six-volume set $99 Educational Material Roger McCormack, The Bronx Geography Workbook $22 Anthony Greene, Annotated Primary Source Documents, vol. 1 $20 Roger McCormack, Annotated Primary Source Documents, vol. 2 $22 Dan Eisenstein, Local History Classroom Resource Guide $15 Lisa Garrison, The South Bronx and the Founding of America $15 G. 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Hermalyn, The Bronx Cookbook $15 Remember The Bronx, Bronx history calendar for 2024 $12 Gifts The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug $8 The Bronx Afghan, washable cotton blanket, 50" x 65" $50 The Bronx River Parkway, c. 1915, poster, 20.5" x 29.5" $20 Edgar Allan Poe coffee mug $8 The Grand Concourse, 1892, poster, 25" x 12" $20 The Bronx Comfort gift set, includes The Bronx Cookbook, The Bronx Afghan, and The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug $60 Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. 60/1–2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, vol. 60, nos. 1–2, 2023 Subject The topic of the resource Hip hop Morrisania (The Bronx, N.Y.) Prohibition Webster Avenue (The Bronx, N.Y.) Fitzpatrick, Jack Music Villa Maria Academy Hip-hop Dance music--New York (State)--New York--20th century--History and criticism Popular music--United States--Latin American influences Prohibition--New York (State)--New York--History (The Bronx, N.Y.) Schultz, Dutch, 1901-1935 Alcohol trafficking--New York (State)--History (The Bronx, N.Y.) Irish Americans--New York (State)--New York--History--19th century Tuberculosis--New York (State)--New York--History--19th century Catholic schools--New York (State)--New York Elementary schools--New York (State)--New York Art deco (Architecture)--New York (State)--New York--Pictorial works New York (N.Y.)--Buildings, structures, etc.--Pictorial works Neighborhoods--New York (State)--New York Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--Social conditions Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--New York (State)--New York--Pictorial works Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--History Description An account of the resource Vol. 60, nos. 1–2 of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, published 2023. Contents: — Mark Naison, "Bronx Soundscape," p. 1 — Ed Beller, "Prohibition in The Bronx," p. 15 — Mark Glander, "A Horseshoer on Webster Avenue," p. 37 — Janice Mastropietro, "Villa Maria Academy," p. 47 — Lloyd Ultan, Review of Garn, New York Art Deco (2022), p. 49 — Lloyd Ultan, Review of Helmreich, The Bronx Nobody Knows (2023), p. 51 — Douglas Lazarus, Review of Hermalyn, Geography of The Bronx (2023), p. 53 — Roger McCormack, Review of Jonnes, South Bronx Rising, 3rd ed. (2022), p. 55 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Naison, Mark Beller, Ed Glander, Mark Mastropietro, Janice Beller, Edward Ultan, Lloyd Lazarus, Douglas McCormack, Roger Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx County Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2023 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource ©2023, The Bronx County Historical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodical Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BCHSJOUR.2023 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/4c4309bc81cd91ee2d4ff1c8b50f65fe.pdf c5f4ddf5c454af733d318cd13683d336 PDF Text Text THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL Volume LIX Numbers 1–2 Spring/Fall 2022 The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL ��The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL Volume LIX Numbers 1–2 Spring/Fall 2022 EDITORIAL BOARD G. Hermalyn Elizabeth Beirne Jacqueline Kutner Patrick Logan Steven Payne Gil Walton Roger Wines © 2022 by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal is published by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. All correspondence should be addressed to 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, New York, 10467. Articles appearing in this Journal are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Periodical Source Index, and Recent Scholarship Online. The Journal and its editors disclaim responsibility for statements made by the contributors. ISSN 0007-2249 Articles in The Bronx County Historical Journal can also be found on EBSCO host research databases and on our website under “Collections.” www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org �THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES Jacqueline Kutner, President Anthony Morante, Vice President Patrick Logan, Treasurer Gil Walton, Secretary Steve Baktidy, Trustee Robert Esnard, Trustee Mei Sei Fong, Trustee Dr. G. Hermalyn, Trustee Joel Podgor, Trustee Lloyd Ultan, Trustee Jac Zadrima, Trustee EX-OFFICIO Hon. Eric Adams Mayor of New York City Hon. Vanessa Gibson Bronx Borough President Hon. Sue Donaghue Commissioner, New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Hon. Laurie Cumbo Commissioner, New York City Department of Cultural Affairs STAFF Dr. G. Hermalyn, Chief Executive Officer Dr. Steven Payne, Director Teresa Brown, Chief Administrative Officer Clarence Addo-Yobo, Museum of Bronx History Senior Interpreter Pastor Crespo, Jr., Research Librarian Roger McCormack, Director of Education Chris Padilla, Bookstore Manager Valerie Blain, Archival Intern Kathleen A. McCauley, Curator Emerita Dr. Mark Naison, Bronx African American History Project Consultant ii �Volume LIX Numbers 1–2 Spring/Fall 2022 CONTENTS A Note from the Editors.......................................................................................................v ARTICLES Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty..................................................1 Edited and introduction by Steven Payne Kingsbridge Vignettes............................................................................................................19 By Richard Baum Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s........................................................................................29 By Robert Weiss A Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters.............................................39 By Mark Naison About the Authors..................................................................................................................44 FROM THE ARCHIVES Afro-Cuban Jazz in The Bronx......................................................................................45 From the David M. Carp Papers on Latin Jazz REVIEWS Cope, Power Hungry (2022)................................................................................................69 By Pastor Crespo, Jr. Sammartino, Freedomland (2022)...................................................................................72 By Roger McCormack iii �ENDOWED FUNDS The Bronx County Historical Society encourages the establishment of named endowment funds. Funds may be created to support the many different programs of The Society or may be established for restricted use. The funds appear permanently on the financial records of the Historical Society in recognition of their ongoing support of its work. Named endowment funds are established for a gift of $5000 or more and once begun, additional contributions may be made at any time. The following funds currently support our work: Astor Fund Bingham Fund Elbaum Fund Fernandez Fund General Board Fund Gordon Fund Gouverneur Morris Fund Halpern Memorial Fund Hermalyn Institute Fund Isabelle Fund Khan Fund Lampell Fund Library Fund Parisse Fund Sander Fund Ultan Fund For further details, contact: Mr. Joel Podgor, CPA Treasurer Emeritus 718-881-8900 �A NOTE FROM THE EDITORS Volume 59 of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal represents a milestone in the history of this storied periodical, which has been published continuously since 1964. In many respects, the COVID-19 pandemic hit The Bronx County Historical Society with a vengeance. Our two historic house museums were closed for the majority of 2020 and the entirety of 2021 and only started to reopen on a limited basis in 2022. Revenue from museum visits, tours, and inperson purchases all experienced a sharp decline and are only beginning to bounce back. Yet on other important fronts, particularly those of collection acquistion, archival processing, and oral history recording, The Society’s activities picked up as never before. The Society recorded over 100 oral histories during these pandemic years across The Bronx African American History Project, The Bronx Latino History Project, and The Bronx Aerosol Arts Documentary Project. The Society acquired 43 new archival collections during this same period, and over 100 of the 163 collections currently housed in The Bronx County Archives were fully processed and inventoried and are now available to researchers and the wider public. This volume of our Journal contains some of the first fruits of these pandemic labors, including an edited oral history collection from the Bronx Latino History Project around the life and legacy of Dr. Evelina Antonetty (1910–1984), a pivotal Bronx human rights activist, and an archival manuscript of a lengthy but groundbreaking study of Afro-Cuban jazz from the David M. Carp papers on Latin jazz in The Bronx County Archives. This volume, while longer than many previous volumes, is meant to highlight the recent work of The Society while motioning towards our ever-expanding role as a world-class center of community-based historical documentation and scholarship. v �ISABELLE HERMALYN BOOK AWARD IN NEW YORK URBAN HISTORY Presented annually to an author of a distinguished work in New York urban history. 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Annotated Primary Source 2009 Documents, vol. 2, Roger McCormack 2008 BASEBALL The New York Game, Anthony Morante Hudson’s River, G. Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, The 2007 Bronx County Historical Society Concrete Jungle, Niles Eldrige 2006 and Sidney Horenstein, University of California Press Digging The Bronx, Alan 2005 Gilbert, The Bronx County Historical Society 2004 The New York Botanical Garden, Gregory Long and Todd A. Forest, Abrams Books 2003 The Bronx Artist Documentary Project, Judith C. Lane and 2002 Daniel Hauben An Irrepressible Conflict, 2001 Jennifer A. Lemak et al., SUNY Press Supreme City, Donald Miller, 2000 Simon & Schuster Humans of New York, 1999 Brandon Stanton, St. Martin's Press The Impeachment of Governor 1998 Salzer, Matthew L. Lifflander, SUNY Press 1997 Freedomland, Robert McLaughlin and Frank Adamo, Arcadia Publishers Band of Union, Gerard T. Koppel, Da Capa Press Manahatta, Eric W. Sanderson, Abrams Books The New York, Westchester & Boston Railway, Herbert Harwood, Indiana University Press Trying Leviathan, D. Graham Burnett, Princeton University Press Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx is Burning, Jonathan Mahler, Ferrar, Strauss & Giroux The Devil’s Own Work, Barnett Schecter, Walker & Co. The Island at the Center of the World, Russell Shorto, Doubleday Capital City, Thomas Kessner, Simon & Schuster Tunneling to the Future, Peter Derrick, NYU Press The Monied Metropolis, Sven Beckert, Cambridge University Press Bronx Accent, Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger, Rutgers Press The Neighborhoods of Brooklyn, John Manbeck and Zella Jones American Metropolis, George Lankevich, NYU Press Elected Public Officials of The Bronx Since 1898, Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx County Historical Society �TITI: AN ORAL HISTORY OF DR. EVELINA ANTONETTY EDITED AND INTRODUCTION BY STEVEN PAYNE I. Introduction Dr. Evelina Antonetty (1922–1984), a proud Bronxite, was among the most prolific human rights activists of the twentieth century. Over the course of more than four decades of activism, Evelina struggled for an end to racial and national discrimination against Puerto Ricans, African Americans, and other racially and nationally oppressed peoples; quality, affordable housing for all; culturally relevant and bilingual public education; full employment with livable wages, especially for youth; robust funding for after-school programs and community centers; healthcare equity; peace and disarmament; and much more. On the occasion of Evelina’s centenary, as part of “Evelina 100,” a week-long celebration of her life and legacy, on Friday, September 16, 2022, The Bronx County Historical Society screened TITI: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty, an edited oral history collection, at Pregones/Puero Rican Travelling Theater in The Bronx. Section 2 of this article provides a brief biography of Evelina to orient readers who might not be as familiar with her work. Section 3 contains a list of narrators included in the edited oral history collection, together with references to the full-length oral histories recorded by the Historical Society for the Bronx Latino History Project and the Bronx African American History Project. Section 4 reproduces the transcript of TITI: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty in its entirety. Although representing only a sampling of the significant oral history collecting that is taking place around Evelina’s life and legacy, the selections transcribed in the final section of this article demonstrate the multi-layered, complex, emotionally laden, and politically significant impact Evelina continues to have among Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 1 �family members, friends, and the wider Bronx community. Although physically absent, Evelina continues to shape the way that The Bronx and its people struggle for and think about a more livable, sustainable present and future. II. Brief Biography of Dr. Evelina Antonetty Dr. Evelina Antonetty (née López) was born on September 19, 1922 in Salinas, Puerto Rico.1 Her mother, Eva Cruz, raised Evelina and her two younger sisters, Lillian and Elba. Evelina’s aunt and uncle, Vicenta and Enrique Godreau, had relocated to New York City in 1923. A decade later, in 1933, they sent for Evelina to live with them. Evelina left Puerto Rico soon after her youngest sister Elba was born, on September 10, 1933. After arriving in New York on El Ponce, Evelina lived with her aunt and uncle in El Barrio until her mother and sisters could join her. This they did two years later, in 1935, and the entire family lived together in successive East Harlem apartments. Vicenta and Enrique—known to most simply as “Godreau”— had already established extensive ties within the community by the time Evelina’s family arrived. Vicenta was a political activist with close ties to the LaGuardia and Roosevelt administrations. Godreau was a music promoter and numbers runner who regularly socialized with the likes of Machito and Tito Puente. Those close to Evelina while she was growing up remember her as actively engaged in transforming the world and her place within it 1 For longer biographical treatments of Dr. Evelina Antonetty, some more reliable than others, see, for example, Nicholasa Mohr, All for the Better (Austin, TX: Steck-Vaughn, 1993); “Guide to the Records of United Bronx Parents, Inc 1966–1989 (Bulk 1970s–1983),” Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, Hunter College, CUNY, 2005 https://centropr-archive.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/faids/ubpf.html; Nélida Pérez, “Antonetty, Evelina López (1922–1984),” pp. 48–49 in Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia (Indiana University Press, 2006); and Nydia Edgecombe, “‘The Hell Lady from the Bronx’ Evelina López Antonetty, el activismo comunitario de una puertorriqueña en la diáspora del Sur del Bronx” (PhD dissertation, El Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y El Caribe, 2018). 2 STEVEN PAYNE �from an early age. One of her friends from childhood, Dolores Roque, remembers a pageant that she and Evelina organized in elementary school in Puerto Rico. It was the largest pageant in the school’s history up to that point.2 In New York City, at the age of sixteen, Evelina joined the Young Communist League, the youth wing of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), a formidable force in the 1940s in progressive, anti-racist, labor, and anti-colonial struggles. Evelina was speaking at mass meetings citywide by the time she was in her late teens. Her youngest sister Elba, for instance, remembers Evelina speaking at a large American Labor Party rally in New York City during the early 1940s in support of the U.S.’s anti-fascist war efforts (as World War II was explicitly characterized at the time). During this rally, as a testament to her ability and reputation, a young Evelina was on the rostrum with Jesús Colón (1901–1974), one of the leading Puerto Rican activists of the day and more than 20 years Evelina’s senior. Evelina also worked very closely with Vito Marcantonio, a progressive Italian politician from East Harlem who built close ties with both Italian and Puerto Rican communities in the neighborhood and around New York. Evelina became a postal worker for a period of time during the war, and it was during these years that she met and married her first husband and moved to Jackson Avenue in The Bronx. Evelina gave birth to her first daughter, Lorraine, in 1943. For a number of years after the war, Evelina worked for District 65 of the Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Union (RWDSU), one of the more militant unions that fell under close scrutiny during the McCarthy era.3 Evelina recruited for the local among Puerto Ricans and other people of color who were still discriminated against in many unions 2 See Section 4 below for the transcription of this story from Dolores Roque’s oral history recorded for the Bronx Latino History Project. 3 District 65 of the RWDSU eventually merged with the United Auto Workers (UAW) and became a local affiliated with that union. For a historical overview of this union, see “Guide to the United Automobile Workers of America, District 65 Records WAG.006,” Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive, Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, NYU, 2019, https://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/ html/tamwag/wag_006/bioghist.html; and Minna P. Ziskind, “Labor Conflict in the Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 3 �at the time. By this point, Evelina’s mother, two sisters, and some of her extended family had also moved to The Bronx, settling nearby on Concord Avenue. During these years, Evelina divorced her first husband and married Donato Antonetty, with whom she had her second daughter, Anita, and her only son Donald. Navigating the public school system with her three children and other parents in the neighborhood convinced Evelina that education advocacy was an urgent and much needed area of struggle, both in The Bronx and citywide. With community and family members, Evelina founded an organization called United Bronx Parents (UBP) in 1965 in order to train Bronx parents to advocate for their children’s language, cultural, and nourishment needs. Additionally, UBP organized bilingual adult education classes, served as a community center, offered a variety of employment and job training opportunities to youth, became involved in local struggles for healthcare justice, and fought for the people of The Bronx in a variety of other ways. UBP quickly grew to become one of New York City’s leading community organizations. By the early 1970s, UBP was distributing two meals a day to thousands of children in all five boroughs for the city’s new free summer breakfast and lunch program. Both through UBP and independently Evelina was deeply engaged in her community. After youth involvement in gangs experienced an uptick in The Bronx during the late 1960s and early 1970s, Evelina began approaching known gang leaders, befriending them, arranging for their employment, and supporting them throughout their rehabilitation. Additionally, Evelina and other community members drew attention to the abhorrent healthcare being provided at Lincoln Hospital and other “ghetto hospitals” (as they were called at the time). She and others, including groups like the Young Lords and Suburbs: Organizing Retail in Metropolitan New York, 1954–1958,” International Labor and Working‐Class History 64 (2003): 55–79. 4 STEVEN PAYNE �the Black Panthers, advocated for community control of these healthcare facilities.4 Evelina also supported Dr. Helen RodríguezTrías (1929–2001) and others at Lincoln Hospital who opposed the appointment of Dr. Antonio Silva, a doctor with a known history of mass sterilization of women in Puerto Rico.5 When the South Bronx and its people were depicted in racist and dehumanizing ways in films like Fort Apache, The Bronx (1981), Evelina hit the streets in protest, always sticking up for her community.6 In short, Evelina was a loving sister, mother, and aunt, a fierce fighter, a mentor to many, an incredibly active and brilliant human being who loved The Bronx, its people, and all oppressed peoples worldwide. III. Oral History Narrators TITI: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty contains selections from the oral histories of the following narrators, alphabetized by last name, all of whom have recorded at least one oral history for either the Bronx Latino History Project or the Bronx African American History Project. References to these oral histories are provided to facilitate further research about the life and legacy of Dr. Evelina Antonetty. ANITA ANTONETTY is the daughter of Evelina and Donato Anto4 For recent treatments of struggles for community control of healthcare facilities in The Bronx, see Rachel Pagones, Acupuncture as Revolution: Suffering, Liberation, and Love (London: Brevis, 2021), especially chs. 1 and 3; and Johanna Fernández, The Young Lords: A Radical History (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020), 271–304. 5 For a general history of mass sterlization campaigns among Puerto Ricans, see Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), 142–161. A biography of Dr. Helen Rodríguez-Trías can be found in Joyce Wilcox, “The Face of Women’s Health: Helen Rodriguez Trias,” American Journal of Public Health (2002): 566–569. 6 See box 1, folder 3, “Committee Against Fort Apache,” The Gelvin Stevenson papers on Arson and Housing Abandonment, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 5 �netty.7 DONALD ANTONETTY is the son of Evelina and Donato Antonetty.8 ELBA CABRERA is the youngest sister of Evelina.9 JOE CONZO, JR. is the grandson of Evelina and the son of Lorraine Montenegro, who was the oldest daughter of Evelina.10 CARINA MONDESIRE is the daughter of Paul Mondesire, the granddaughter of Elba Cabrera, and the great niece of Evelina.11 PAUL MONDESIRE is the younger son of Elba Cabrera and a nephew of Evelina.12 ANTONIO MONDESÍRE-CABRERA is the older son of Elba Cabrera and a nephew of Evelina.13 7 “Oral History of Anita and Donald Antonetty,” April 13, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 8 “Oral History of Anita and Donald Antonetty.” 9 “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 1,” November 16, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 2,” November 30, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 3,” December 6, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 4,” December 14, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 5,” December 22, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 6,” December 28, 2021; interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 10 “Oral History of Joe Conzo, Jr.,” May 9, 2006, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 11 “Oral History of Carina Mondesire,” December 14, 2021, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 12 “Oral History of Paul Mondesire, Part 1,” February 1, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 13 “Oral History of Babá Antonio Mondesire-Cabrera, Part 1,” June 16, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne; “Oral History of Babá Antonio Mondesire-Cabrera, Part 2,” September 22, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne and Pastor Crespo, Jr., The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical 6 STEVEN PAYNE �DOLORES ROQUE is a childhood friend of Evelina who went to elementary school with her in Puerto Rico.14 CLEO SILVERS is a community and labor organizer who was mentored by Evelina as a young activist in the South Bronx in the late 1960s and early 1970s.15 VIVIAN VÁSQUEZ IRIZARRY is an award-winning documentary filmmaker who frequented UBP when she was growing up.16 IV. Transcript of TITI: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty The transcribed oral history collection below is organized into three sections: 1. Evelina’s Life, which includes selected narrations of different aspects of Evelina’s life, from early childhood through adulthood; 2. Evelina’s Struggles, comprised of selected narrations of activist struggles Evelina engaged in from the 1940s until her passing in 1984, with pride of place falling to UBP; and 3. Evelina’s Legacies, which contains selected narrations of the many legacies left behind in Evelina’s wake—from a passion for education to gang rehabilitation to mentoring and inspiring generations of community activists, family members, and Bronxites in general. Society Research Library. 14 “Oral History of Dolores Roque,” February 11, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 15 “Oral History of Cleo Silvers, Part 1,” February 21, 2007; “Oral History of Cleo Silvers, Part 2,” March 12, 2007; interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 16 “Oral History of Vivian Vásquez Irizarry,” February 18, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 7 �1. Evelina’s Life ELBA CABRERA: Well, I came to this country in 1935. My sister Evelina had—I was born, I was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. And the day I was born, Evelina left to come to New York. She actually saw me— she saw my mother giving birth to me. And she said it was the hardest thing for her to leave, to leave her new baby sister. But my aunt [Vicenta Godreau], who had come to New York from Puerto Rico in 1923, had sent for her. And so, she was leaving. And that was actually September 10, 1933 that Evelina came to this country. And she was with my aunt. She landed in the Brooklyn Navy Yards, I think it was. And the boat was the, El Ponce. That was the name of the boat—boat or ship. When, when Evelina came, she went to live at 117th Street, in East Harlem. And it was, I think, off Fifth Avenue, I think. Because, you know, this is all what I’ve heard, you know. I wasn’t around. And so anyway, two years later, my aunt sent for us, sent for me and my mom and Lillian. And we came on the same ship and landed in Brooklyn as well. And we went to live with my aunt, and this was extended family living in Spanish Harlem. ANITA ANTONETTY: Well, how my mother [Evelina Antonetty] and my father [Donato Antonetty] ended up in The Bronx: well, my mother, when, when she came to this country, she lived in El Barrio in Harlem, East Harlem, New York, with her aunt, and then I believe what she told us was that when she, she got married to her first husband, she, they moved to The Bronx. That seemed to be the place people were going, a lot of people were coming to the Bronx, so they were in the South Bronx, Jackson Avenue. So, and then after she divorced her first husband, she and my, my sister Lorraine, were still there in Jackson Avenue. And her mother and her two sisters followed her to the, to The Bronx. That’s Elba 8 STEVEN PAYNE �and Lillian. And they lived on Concord Avenue, which was a block away from Jackson Avenue. My father came later, I think, around ’55 or so, came to New York. And, and his family also had come to, some of them had already come to New York—my aunt Santos and my other aunt Margo, came, came to New York. Santos lived in the same building, Jackson Avenue. Margo lived in Concord as well. So, we had, we had, we had family all around us. There was other friends also that lived [in] Union Avenue: Tini, Carmen. Carmen Muñoz was godmother to Donny. My, my godmother, Celia Avilés, at the time, lived in, in Jackson Avenue, 625 Jackson, [inaudible], too. So, it was a real family neighborhood, you know, besides being blood relatives, we were close to everybody. It was a very mixed neighborhood. It was, you know, Puerto Ricans, African Americans that came from the South. There were others: Irish; Jewish, mostly from, from Russia; and Chinese. There were Chinese people that lived in the neighborhood, too. So, it was a very mixed neighborhood, very working-class neighborhood. PAUL MONDESIRE: So, the anchor of our family was Titi—everybody called her “Titi.” That would be Dr. Evelina Antonetty. Titi and her family, when I was really, really, really young, they lived, I think it was there on Jackson Avenue. The address I’m remembering: 625 Jackson Avenue. But we used to go visit them all the time. We used to visit Aunt Lilly a lot. She and, she and my grandmother lived in the then new Bridge Apartments, there at 111 Wadsworth, in, you know, technically that’s Man-, Washington Heights. The Bridge Apartments at that time were brand, brand new. They, this was before they kind of turned into a sewer, you know, because that, that turned into a very harsh neighborhood. But Aunt Lilly moved out of there before then. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 9 �But, so, we would visit Titi and Aunt Lilly a lot. Lorraine and her kids. I mean, well, Titi was kind of the, she was the fulcrum. So, everybody went to Titi’s house, no matter what. Right? So, you know, holidays were spent going to Titi’s a lot. DOLORES ROQUE: Let me tell you: one time I went to get together, and we tried to make a pageant. And we made a pageant. And I say, “You know what? We’re gonna have Alma.” Alma was a girl, she was very nice, cute, but she had a cross-eye, and was cross-eyed. Her mother was separating from her father. But Titi and me, we decided to make the pageant. And I made the pageant. So, this man, he was a big man with money, like Alma’s father. They worked in the, in the corporation that then built [inaudible]. And this guy came over to me, and he says, “How much money do you need to make my daughter the queen?” The ticket was two cents —two cents, the ticket! Just [to] buy the stuff for the pageant, and, you know, for the—. So, and then we say, “No, we want to have —Alma will be the president.” And I said [to Titi], “You’re gonna be the, the princess.” So, we made the pageant, okay—the teacher doesn't know anything about it. We’re doing everything behind the teacher’s back. But it happened so that was the biggest event the school has, okay? Titi was the princess, and we made Alma the queen. That was Evelina and me in school, okay? They had a garden. And there we had a, they had a teacher. Mostly for the boys. For teaching gardening and stuff like that. And Titi and me went to see how they seed, plant the tomatoes, just to see. We don’t want to do it, but they don’t allow girls. It was only for the boys. We had to do something else. And Titi and me were there looking to see. And then I said, “I can do it.” Titi said, “I can do it.” 10 STEVEN PAYNE �2. Evelina’s Struggles ELBA CABRERA: This [pointing to a photograph] was during World War Two. We used to have rallies for the war effort, and Evelina was one of the main speakers [for an American Labor Party rally] with Jesús Colón, and two other women. And I have a cute story about that. I was, I was about, I don’t know, maybe seven, eight years old. And I was in the audience with Lillian, with my sister Lillian, and all of a sudden, the rains came. And I had this, they had given me like a costume with crepe paper, color, and the rains came, and all this dye came all over me. And I started crying out for Evelina. We used to call her “Titi.” I said, “Titi!” And, and Lillian says, “You can’t, she can’t come down, just stay with me.” But I’ll never forget that day. Above: Dr. Evelina Antonetty, 1980, Frank Espada, photographer, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; acquisition made possible through the Smithsonian Latino Initiatives Pool, administered by the Smithsonian Latino Center. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 11 �PAUL MONDESIRE: I think the most important thing to recall about those years was Titi’s attitude was not by any means necessary. It was by every means necessary, okay? She worked with city, city administrations. She worked with folks that had less than savory reputations in certain places, because that’s what you had to do. But her personal integrity on this was unquestioned. Like I said, she wouldn’t mess around with those SEBCO [South East Bronx Community Organization] people, and they wouldn’t mess around with her. Think about, think about that. The mob wouldn’t f—k with Titi. The mob would not f—k with Titi. And yeah, I said it just like that. Yeah, that’s the kind of powerful person that she was. When she started United Bronx Parents [in 1965], it was first United Bronx Parents, as the, as the, you know, education advocacy organization. Then she started the daycare center, and the daycare center grew into, you know, ultimately serving, you know, all kinds of populations, you know, the, you know, folks that were, you know, recovering from drugs. And later on, when Lorraine was running the organization, she got into helping, you know, creating the women’s shelter. I don’t know as much about the details there. ANITA ANTONETTY: Besides being at Bank Street, after school, we were in United Bronx Parents. And, and since my mother’s consultations moved out of the house, we had to learn how to answer the phone properly. Take messages, all of that. And then in, in, in the office, we, if there was an event going on, and flyers were being run off, we, and we needed to collate material, it was all done by hand, machines, at the time, to do it. So, we were put to work. And we also learned how to sit at the switchboard and transfer calls and all of that. DONALD ANTONETTY: And Elba was the, the office manager. 12 STEVEN PAYNE �ANITA ANTONETTY: The office manager. DONALD ANTONETTY: She was a drill sergeant. ANITA ANTONETTY: She wouldn’t, she wouldn’t take anything from anybody. But we had, we had the run of the place pretty much. But we were in the middle of everything. DONALD ANTONETTY: But we were always expected to work. Always. Matter of fact, my father used to tell us, you know, since this is, you know, since it’s family-run, you’re expected to do more than anybody who was an employee there. Okay. Okay. Always. Always. ANITA ANTONETTY: [Our father] was integral to the operation. DONALD ANTONETTY: He used to translate all the documents into Spanish—like from Spanish to English, or mostly English to Spanish. So, all the, all the materials for the parents organizing, organizing, he would translate it. We always put out everything in English and Spanish. ANITA ANTONETTY: And by hand because it was two dictionaries and two thesauruses, and then just going back and forth. He would spend, spend nights doing that. And then if anything broke, he was fixing it. The machines broke, he would fix them. If, if something had, shelves had to be built, he was building them. But what was good about him is that he was working with people, and especially younger people, and showing them how to do: this is how you measure, this is how you cut, this is how you put it together, and all of that. Estella Rodríguez was the fiscal officer for the organization. She was a good friend. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 13 �DONALD ANTONETTY: She knew where every penny was. ANITA ANTONETTY: She made sure every penny was accounted for. Because in those days, you had to, because otherwise they’d shut you down in a minute. And I, I remember, she, one day her outrage, because they said, you know, they wanted all of the records. The next day, like nine o’clock in the morning, outraged that it was, anything would be wrong, but she made sure everything was right. Every payroll was met. Never, never missed the payroll. DONALD ANTONETTY: They had a great relationship with the banks, a great relationship with the banks. VIVIAN VÁSQUEZ IRIZARRY: Well, the main community center that we were a part of was United Bronx Parents. So, I remember when we were young, we would go to St. Mary’s Park, and, you know, swim in the swimming pool at certain times of the year, but our, my, our main place was UBP. UBP—and, and for a little bit, St. Margaret’s, but not so much—UBP was a place where my sister, my oldest sister, worked year-round. And I worked there as a summer youth employment. But even going before that, you know—and I had not made this link until long afterwards—was that UBP provided free lunch, free breakfast and lunch. And so there were times during the summer where my mother would say, “Okay, go over there and go to 1-, PS 130. And get your lunch and your breakfast, you know, and bring, take—.” So, there were five of us. So, the five of us would go and, and get our sandwiches and our lunch. And you know, it was really great. And, you know, at that time, I don’t think I knew where that was coming from. But then eventually, you know, as I worked for the Summer Youth Employment Program, I think I worked for UBP, summer, maybe three years. And, and you know, we worked, we cleaned up the park and we, we went on trips, and it was the first 14 STEVEN PAYNE �time I think I went to Coney Island. You know, we were exposed to different places throughout the city. We had what I’ll call counseling sessions. At that time, they were called “rap sessions,” you know, where the older employees at UBP, the, the counselors would sit us down and talk to us about what was going on in our lives and, you know, build relationships with us so that I guess we could feel safe. I feel like that was important, you know, looking back, going to a safe place every day in the summer, you know, making friends, having fun, being engaged in, in fun activities, was, was important, was really important to me. DONALD ANTONETTY: But also, when they, you know, they, there was some mass sterilization program going on in Puerto Rico. The one heading that program, when he left there, he went to be the director of Lincoln Hospital. Keep up the “good” work. So, there was a lot of protest about that, a lot organizing about that. ANITA ANTONETTY: And then the stereotypes from Hollywood, so —that’s Fort Apache. That was a big deal, too. We were in the street every single day, every single day. DONALD ANTONETTY: It was the filming crew. One time we saw Paul Newman downtown. We chased him, saying, “Stop the racist movie!” 3. Evelina’s Legacies ANTONIO MONDESIRE-CABRERA: And Titi and Aunt Lilly, through embracing education—education is a universal, when we start understanding other people’s cultures, history, you get past all this stuff. Titi was very much influenced by [Vito] Marcantonio from, from, and LaGuardia, from East Harlem, Italian-American men who had a vision of a larger expanse. She loved Malcolm X. Don Pedro Albizu Campos. So, and of course, Aunt Lilly exposed me to so much. So, I’m trying to say is my formative years were very Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 15 �diverse, very rich, and allowed me—I’m very blessed, man. And I would like, I like to pass that on to people, because we’re living in very testy times now, very testy times. JOE CONZO, JR.: My grandmother never shunned or ran away from any community problems. And yes, there were a lot of gang problems at the time. She took in people like Benji Melendez from the Ghetto Brothers, the president of the Ghetto Brothers, she took in people from the Savage Skulls, all these community people. So, I knew them growing up. She, she involved them in her work and gave them their jobs, gave them jobs. Benji Melendez, you know, who, who had a brigade of, of gang members, who in, you know, a couple of thousand, will tell anybody today how Evelina Antonetty walked into their gang house, pointed them out, and said, “You want a job? Go home, take a bath, shave, and come see me.” And gave him his first job. But that’s how, she—she wasn’t afraid of anybody, because she was doing something for her people, her community. ESPERANZA MARTELL: I began doing activism in The Bronx with, I guess, the, the—’cause I’m trying to really place myself, right? So, in the late, I would say like in the late ’60s. When folks were fighting for community control, bilingual education, and childcare, basically. So, folks like Evelina Antonetty was the leading person in a lot of those struggles. She did a lot of coalition work, and was part of Brown vs. [Board of Education], right? So, you know, I was young, I was in my early 20s, or late teens, and I would come and support actions. CLEO SILVERS: Evelina Antonetty was the leader of United Bronx Parents. She organized all around the South Bronx [for] better education. Now, she had a team of people that worked with her. Ellen Lurie and Kathy Goldman. And Ellen and Kathy did the research. They gave the information to Evelina. She [made it where] parents could understand it and organized around absolute 16 STEVEN PAYNE �conditions inside of the schools, inside of the classrooms—they had information about what was going on inside each classroom. It was one of the most wonderful experiences that I had with Evelina. ELBA CABRERA: The losses for me, you know, my sisters, you know, it’s been really tough. It’s, it’s been a little hard. And especially when I start talking about them. But I have such good, good memories. So yes, so, at any rate, let me, let me backtrack a little bit with Lillian and Evelina, cause it’s important. They, they were my role models. And they, they felt that I, that I could do anything, but I didn’t feel that way. You know, they really, you know, nurtured me and helped me, and I appreciate that till now and forever. So, when Evelina comes to The Bronx now, you know, she’s already, she’s an adult, and she’s very clear as to what’s to be done. So, she gets, you know, she got involved with people, especially when she went to work at the union, too. Because she also was recruiting, recruiting Puerto Rican and other Latinos to work in the industries that they serviced. And she, she was there for quite a few years. I would say something like four years. Before that she had worked in the post office as well. Yeah, during the war. And then she worked at the union. So, you know, she was pretty active in, in her thoughts, you know, because she, she really, you know, I think she was born with, with her knowledge of people and what had to be done, I really do. I don’t think people can learn that, I think it has to come within you, you know, has to be something, your passion. And she had the passion for people. CARINA MONDESIRE: Really, where a lot of the voices [for change] are going to come from are, you know, really, from, like, people like Evelina, you know, who were out here speaking up for us, to make it better. So, I, it’s, maybe I, maybe I [should] just follow in her footsteps and start talking more, you know, but it’s, I don’t know. I guess it’s, it’s like I’ve seen, you know—again, I wasn’t, I wasn’t born Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 17 �for a lot of the struggles that they had to, you know, I wasn’t around a lot of the struggles they had to deal with. So, in a way, I’m ignorant, because I wasn’t, you know, I wasn’t here. And I, you know, I’m lucky enough that, like, my family, you know, for the most part, we haven’t had to have been in the situation where we’re seeing the really hard times that you can face. I mean, the pandemic also showed a lot of that to me. You know, and I, and this is when I started hearing more stories of people struggling. So, I think that like, the hope is that we continue to, I guess, grow, but I don’t know if that’s the right word that I’m looking for. But it’s like we need better, and I—for sure Evelina was on track, and my grandmother [Elba] and Lillian for what they contributed, for sure, are, you know, some of the catalysts for creating that change. And I think we definitely need to keep going, you know. It’s one of those journeys, one of those journeys that doesn’t stop, you know, it’s like we have to keep going, and there’s gonna be a lot of things that we, I guess, face that, you know, are I guess—I guess “adversity,” if that’s the word? And, I mean, I don’t want to say that it’s okay. But that’s a part of it. So, going forward hopefully it’s just better, you know. 18 STEVEN PAYNE �KINGSBRIDGE VIGNETTES BY RICHARD L. BAUM I. Home Number 3P, 225 West 232nd Street—the three-room apartment located in the Kingsbridge section of The Bronx, where I grew up with my parents and two sisters from the late 1940s into 1959, was often without heat in the winter. Cold enough that I slept wearing extra layers of clothing and heavy socks. On many winter mornings, my mother would ritually bang on the steam pipes in the vain hope that the super would see fit to raise the level of heat or repair the errant coal furnace. In 1959, after many years in 3P, we moved up, literally, into apartment 6D, a four-room apartment on the sixth and top floor, at the monthly rate of $100.12, a not inconsequential sum at that time. There had been an earlier opportunity to get a four-room apartment. Some years before, my father left a deposit with the building’s super for an apartment that had become available. Shortly thereafter, during my father’s weekly Gin Rummy card game, he mentioned his imminent move to the other players. Not long after, the super returned the deposit, stating that someone else got the apartment. This person turned out to be Mr. Rogers, an electrician, who had been one of the Gin Rummy players. Our new sixth-floor apartment allowed my parents to move out of the living room into their own bedroom. By this time, we were four souls, as my eldest sister Vilma had married two years earlier. Though Vilma missed the joy of this sunny, spacious apartment, our new living space had disabilities that 3P had not had, and Vilma escaped suffering these. The environmental conditions in this sixth-floor space were more Kingsbridge Vignettes 19 �severe than those in 3P. The new apartment was at the southeast corner of the building and overlooked a large open area that was intersected by the Broadway IRT elevated line. When we first moved in, the sound of the trains running along the track, up and down Broadway, interfered with both my studying and sleeping. After some time, I was able to develop the skill of filtering out the clickity-clack of the subway cars running along the glistening steel tracks. If a train was off schedule, however, its delay caused me to look up from whatever I was doing and anxiously wait for the sound of its approach. It was as if the world was out of balance without the sound of the train’s rhythmic passage occurring on cue. In the summer, the new apartment’s orientation, together with its open windows, allowed a crosswind partially to cool the apartment, which was excessively heated by the tarred roof directly above our apartment’s ceiling. The building’s electrical wiring was insufficient for window air conditioning, which was not yet common. Instead, we augmented the crosswind with a water-fed air conditioner that sat on a stand in the middle of the living room and cooled things a bit but added to the humidity. Despite the crosswind and the airconditioner, summer days in that apartment felt as if one were living in a broiler. The winter brought radically different conditions. Perversely, the refreshing summer crosswind was transformed, even with the windows closed, into a malevolent, howling wind that conspired with the rotten wooden window frames to cause severe freezing conditions in the apartment. It was as if there were no windows at all! Stuffing towels along the edges of the window frames seemed to have no measurable effect. On one particularly cold morning, after I had the courage to stick my head out from under my blanket, I scanned the room through the fog of my breath, and my gaze fell upon a square pane of glass. It 20 RICHARD L. BAUM �was frosted over by Jack, hanging by one corner from a wooden slat, swaying lazily in the breeze. Rather than take the chance that I might knock the pane to the street, I called my father. He casually entered the room while tucking his starched white shirt into his pants, immediately sized up the problem, cinched his belt, and slowly reached for the glass pane. As his fingers closed around the glass, the pane, as if in spite, suddenly slipped. Before he could react, it plummeted to the street six stories below, tumbling, flat-end over flat-end, into the distance. Luckily, it was about 7:15 in the morning, and only one person was on the way to work. To our relief, the pedestrian, who was on the opposite side of the street, did not react to the sound of the glass shattering on the sidewalk. II. Play On school-day afternoons, my friends and I would play in front of our building, which was sandwiched on a steep hill between Broadway on the east and Kingsbridge Avenue on the west. The girls would jump rope (sometimes double-dutch) to the rhythm of sung doggerel, or play Potsy, a variation of Hopscotch, tossing house keys into numbered rectangles chalked onto the sidewalk. The boys devoted their free time either to curb ball or to hide-and-seek. Other kids donned roller skates, consisting of four metal wheels, metal tabs, extending outward from the base of the skate, fitted onto the soles of one’s leather shoes (sneakers would not work) and tightened in place with a key. Every now and again, while we were peacefully engrossed in play, kids from Godwin Terrace, sensing an opportunity, would gather into a mob and run full tilt toward us in an attempt to disrupt our fun. Godwin Terrace was perpendicular to our street and, invariably, we spotted the growing mob and would run into the lobby of our Kingsbridge Vignettes 21 �building, locking the heavy iron and glass door behind us. There came a time when I was fed up and, as the mob galloped down Godwin Terrace towards number 225, I refused to flee, despite the entreaties of my friends cowering in the lobby. Just as my friends slammed the heavy metal door shut, the gang rolled over me, like an ocean storm wave, pummeling me with projectiles from peashooters and zip guns. I was hit in the face but stoically kept my ground, standing upright and facing my tormentors, too small to hit back effectively. III. Halloween Halloween was a particularly risky time to be on neighborhood streets. In 1952, when I was eight, I happened to have an early evening dentist appointment with Dr. Cacecci, whose office was on the northwest corner of Kingsbridge Avenue and 231st Street (in later years it became the community office for Assemblyman Jeffrey Dinowitz). The route to the dentist, south along Kingsbridge Avenue, took me past a row of bushes, directly opposite Naples Terrace, that concealed an empty lot. In late October it was already dark at 5:00 PM at that latitude of The Bronx. The depth of the darkness was compounded since that area of the borough is in a valley formed by the Riverdale Ridge to the west and the Fordham Ridge overlooking Bailey Avenue, east of Broadway. I was alone on the avenue. As I approached the darkened lot, the bushes ominously rustling by the breeze, I was overcome by a sense of foreboding. With images of the headless horseman and Ichabod Crane haunting my thoughts, I increased my pace to get past the shadowy bushes. Forewarned too late by muffled giggling coming from behind the bushes, I was set upon by several boys armed with pastel chalk who proceeded to throw me to the ground. They held me down while they basted me from head to toe, front to back, with purple, green, red, blue, and yellow pastel chalk. Not an inch of 22 RICHARD L. BAUM �my clothing, hair, hands, or face was spared. Satisfied with their handiwork, the boys let me up. Otherwise not worse for the experience, I scurried off to a worse fate at the dentist. IV. Neighbors In about 1951, during the Korean War, a Chinese family, consisting of two parents, a daughter, and a son, moved into the neighborhood, opening a laundry a short distance west of Broadway on the north side of 232nd Street, just as the street began to rise toward Kingsbridge Avenue. I became friendly with the family’s son. On his birthday, soon after the family had moved in, his parents decided to buy him a miniature gas station he had spied in a candy store on the northern side of 231st Street, just east of Kingsbridge Avenue. I was invited to come along with the entire family on their buying expedition. The parents wanted to take the short route to the store that would take them up (i.e., south) along Godwin Terrace and then down a flight of steps to West 231st Street, rather than walking south along the busier Broadway to 231st Street and then west to the candy store. I tried to dissuade them from the Godwin Terrace route, as I was well aware that the kids on Godwin Terrace did not take kindly to outsiders. However, due to the parents’ not taking a child’s concerns seriously, they confidently led our little group along the most logical path. As we passed along Godwin Terrace, I continuously glanced left and right, on the lookout for trouble. The outbound trip turned out to be uneventful. However, the brutes that lived along our route had been alerted by the passage of our defenseless squad. While returning, our small party being distracted by the birthday toy gas station, the “Godwin Terrace Gang,” now organized, pounced. We were forced to flee towards the laundry with projectiles buzzing through the air. It was only upon entering the store that I saw my friend’s mother bleeding profusely from a cut in the fleshy part of her face just below her eye. She was lucky: a Kingsbridge Vignettes 23 �little bit higher and she might have lost that eye. With the assault continuing, I ran from the store in an attempt to get help, but not being successful, I rejoined my friends to share their fate. A few days after the assault, I returned to their store to visit. The store was dark and deserted. Sadly, the Chinese family was gone. V. School Public School 7 is the successor to Grammar School 66. Located at the northwest corner of Church Street and Weber’s Lane, today’s Kingsbridge Avenue and 232nd Street, PS 7 opened for classes on November 11, 1895. This structure was made of what appears to be, to a non-geologist such as myself, reddish-brown sandstone. There was a medieval-looking tower dominating the main entrance. When I attended the school, beginning in 1949, the school had clearly been expanded. There was an enclosed, brick bridge connecting a brick building to the old sandstone structure. The entire complex was raised above street level and accessed by twin staircases leading to two large schoolyards. The school grounds extended from Kingsbridge Avenue west to Corlear Avenue and north to 233rd Street. If one looked carefully, one could see that some doors leading into the school had the word “Girls” inscribed over it, and others were labeled “Boys.” The north yard was the boys’ yard where they lined up every school-day morning waiting for their teachers to lead them to their classrooms. The south yard, known as the girls’ yard, was where the girls lined up for classes. Only the youngest children were intermingled, boys with girls. On rainy or snowy days, we lined up in the indoor yard, the boys on one side and the girls on the other. The indoor space doubled as the hot-lunch room and always had a strong, almost nauseating, smell of oranges and tomato soup. Most children walked home for lunch, since families in which both 24 RICHARD L. BAUM �parents worked were in the minority in the neighborhood. Those few children who could not go home were doomed to eat in that odiferous atmosphere. Sometime in the 1950s the influence of our Puritan past began to wane, and boys and girls were allowed to line up together in the south yard. The north yard was reserved for the upper grades. It was a great thrill when I was finally old enough to be in the north schoolyard. I was fascinated by the large, faded, white circle painted on the north yard’s pavement, with the names of countries printed along its radii. I was instantly attracted to the name Turkey, which I was certain was a bird! To my knowledge, neither teacher nor students ever used this circle, which lay there, mute, like an ancient artifact, its function lost to the ages. Above: View looking northwest to the corner of Kingsbridge Avenue and 230th Street, a couple blocks south of the author’s apartment, 1981. From the AF705–Kingsbridge Avenue–230th St. folder, Photograph Collection, The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. Kingsbridge Vignettes 25 �A fence of black, cast-iron bars stood guard around the perimeter of the school’s two concrete yards. The tip of each bar was shaped into a spike to discourage trespassers. After school and during summer, when the gates were closed, the local kids, myself included, undiscouraged by the quiet threat of the spikes, would confidently climb over the spiked fence to get into the schoolyard in order to play either basketball or stickball. The schoolyard was the site of the sole neighborhood basketball hoops. Stickball could not be played with pitching in the street because the ball would be too easily lost. In the schoolyard, we played stickball by pitching a pink Spalding —pronounced in the local vernacular as “spaldeen”—against a wall which was inscribed with a chalked rectangular strike zone as a backstop. During my earliest years at the school, I learned how to churn butter in Miss Minahan’s class, went on nature walks around the neighborhood, and listened, enthralled, to stories read by my teacher in the quiet of the cool, shady children’s library, then on Kingsbridge Avenue adjacent to St. John’s Church. Each school-day morning I would look forward to arriving at PS 7, a short walk from where I lived, because it was always warm there. After the mid-morning milk break, it was my task to collect and carry the students’ empty waxed cardboard half-pint milk cartons to the basement coal-burning furnace for incineration. The janitor always allowed me to sit on an upturned wooden milk crate placed in front of the furnace’s open door and luxuriate in the warmth of the heat radiating from the glowing orange-red stones of coal that were uniformly spread on the furnace bed. After a few short minutes I had to be on my way back to the classroom, otherwise I would be missed. By three in the afternoon, however, it was a great relief to be crossing Kingsbridge Avenue and heading eastward down the hill towards home. 26 RICHARD L. BAUM �I walked to school with Stanley and Peter. These two boys lived in my building and were my best friends. Each school morning, as we reached Kingsbridge Avenue, a half block from where we lived, we had to wait for the school crossing guard to allow us to cross. The guard, an older boy, wore a broad white belt that wound its way around his waist and diagonally across his chest, and to which was attached an official, gleaming metal badge. The crossing guard was responsible for the safety of children crossing the intersection. One autumn school morning, the raw gusts of wind swirled brittle brown leaves around our feet as the three of us approached the Kingsbridge intersection. The traffic light changed from green to red. The guard dutifully put his arms out to prevent us from crossing. Peter, a sensitive boy, became upset at having his path blocked and began to cry and scream for his mother. He turned and ran hysterically down the long hill toward Broadway, which his mother was approaching after having just left us in front of our building. Peter’s mother, with Peter in tow, walked the two blocks uphill to where Stanley, the crossing-guard, and I were standing, stunned and frozen in place at this unfathomable display. His mother, on reaching us, calmly asked me for an explanation and then, satisfied that nothing untoward had caused Peter’s upset, said goodbye and went on her way, leaving us to finish our trip. Peter later attended MIT and went on to obtain a PhD in Physics from Brown University. One of the most profound lessons I learned at PS 7 occurred on the first day of school, at the start of fifth grade, in the north schoolyard. In a moment of idleness and indiscretion, while waiting on line with the other students to be escorted to our classroom by our new teacher, Miss Scanlon, I puffed up my cheeks! Miss Scanlon took umbrage at the pair of distended organs, distorting the otherwise perfectly straight line of children, and declared that if the culprit did not reveal himself, the entire class would be kept after school. Kingsbridge Vignettes 27 �Mean-spiritedness, pettiness, group responsibility for the acts of individual members of the group, and the threat of peer revenge were the lessons of the day, distasteful lessons that I have not yet forgotten. In the sixth grade, I achieved a score on the Iowa Achievement Exam equivalent to that expected in the tenth grade in English and in the twelfth grade in Mathematics. My teacher, Mrs. Curley, surprised at this result (as was I), called me to her desk in the front of the room and charged me with cheating by copying from Richard C. This was patently absurd. Richard C. was illiterate. At dinner that night, I told my father what had happened in the childish expectation that he would be enraged and defend my honor to the death. However, without raising his head from Life Magazine, and between swallows of his evening fare, he calmly, and with then unappreciated wisdom, advised me to tell the teacher to give me the test again. Mrs. Curley declined his suggestion. At the end of the term the good teacher assuaged her guilt at making a false charge by presenting me with an award, signed by the principal, Carmela Nesi, for the student who improved the most during the school year. At home, I was about to tear up the award when my mother grabbed it from me and kept it for herself for decades. I found it among her papers after she passed away. In respect of her wishes, I have continued to preserve the award. 28 RICHARD L. BAUM �ALLERTON IN THE 1940S AND 1950S BY ROBERT WEISS The time period about which I am writing encompasses the midforties to the mid-fifties. Much of which characterized that period, for the most part, has been swept away by time, never to return.1 I. Streets Allerton Avenue was bordered on either side by perpendicular side streets bearing such names as Mace, Barnes, and Holland. I never knew how these streets were named. To the east, Allerton crossed Boston Road, a very busy road, the crossing of which required pedestrians to take their life into their hands. Walking under the elevated train tracks, heading in a westerly direction, one would encounter Bronx Park, our neighborhood’s lush, flora- and faunafilled boundary. The avenue and perpendicular side streets broke the neighborhood up into blocks. The actual size of the avenue covered an area of about 24 of these rectangular blocks. The whole thing could easily be walked in a relatively short time. Two blocks were divided in half by alleyways. Bordering either side of these dirt roads were the rear entrances of the block’s row houses, gardens, and garages. The alleys also permitted the Allerton Avenue inhabitants to take a mid-block shortcut by car or foot. For us kids, they were our country dirt roads. II. Hanging Around A well-known singing group performed a song entitled “Old Folks,” the lyrics of which paint a vivid picture of elderly people sitting on park benches, enshrouded in oversized overcoats with newspapers 1 This article is excerpted from selections of an unpublished manuscript by the author about his childhood growing up in the Allerton section of The Bronx. Readers interested in obtaining additional selections or the manuscript itself should write to the author at BRRS137@AOL.COM. Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 29 �blowing around tips of high black shoes. These lyrics captured what I would see in my neighborhood on almost any winter’s day. Wooden boxes, however, were more the seat of choice, primarily because of their portability and easy access. These boxes could be strategically positioned in front of neighborhood stores or a sunny avenue spot. The tops of these crude seats were usually covered with newspapers, providing some degree of cleanliness and protection from splinters, the titles of which included: The Daily News, The New York Post, The World Telegram and Sun, The Freiheit, The Daily Worker, The Forverts (The Jewish Forward), The Herald Tribune, The Daily Mirror, or The New York Times. In addition to newspapers, other convenient forms of printed material were drafted into service. Above: Allerton Avenue, looking west from Barnes Avenue, 1993, showing various more recent shops. Although the kosher delis and appetizing stores have disappeared, along with much of the Jewish community in the neighborhood, Allerton Avenue is still lined with stores and restaurants to this day. From the AF19–Allerton Avenue–Barnes Avenue folder, Photograph Collection, The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 30 ROBERT WEISS �These crude seat boxes usually weren’t schlepped home. Rather, they were left behind to provide another elderly person with a place to perch. III. Kosher Deli Then there was the Kosher delicatessen or deli, as it was commonly called. Such delicacies as pastrami, hot dogs, corned beef, mustard, and sauerkraut were available to be ordered by a waiter and eaten off a square table. The waiter would walk up to the table. Usually he was a gray-haired, balding, old guy. He wore a white apron with stains. The waiter was boss. He would look down at you and command, in his heavy accent, “So vot do you vant?” As he reached across the table, distributing metal eating implements, his sleeve would ride up, sometimes exposing numbers across his wrist. At that time, I never knew where he got the number tattoo. Regular hot dogs might be wrapped in two types of casings. One was real cow’s intestine and the other casings were made in a plastics factory. “Specials” were super-duper fat hot dogs. Both hot dogs and “specials” were attached to their own kind by either string or twisted extensions of the casing. This enabled the franks to be hung along with the Kosher salami on the rear wall behind the counter man. Should you decide “take out,” the accompanying deli mustard was stored in a stiff cone-shaped piece of shiny, stiff paper. To release the spicy yellow-brown mustard, the rolled-up tube was squeezed while the tube tip rested on whatever was to be covered. Sour pickles were found on all the tables, which caused the whole joint to wreak of garlic. Kosher salami seemed to contain about thirty percent meat, seventy percent fat. After eating a salami sandwich on rye with mustard, it might be stored in the body for an untold period of time. You were reminded of this by the repeated belching and acidic regurgitation during repetitive garlicky heart-burn episodes. Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 31 �A favorite side dish was something called kishke, the more sophisticated Jewish name for stuffed derma. Kishke was made by stuffing cow’s intestines with some kind of yellowish, grainy, fatty, garlickytype of substance. It was served as fried slices. The casing was eaten along with the stuffing. Again, a health department genius came up with the idea that eating cow intestines was not good for you. Consequently, most kishke factories, like the hot dog factories, replaced the animal intestine with a casing made of plastic. Before consuming the kishke, the plastic had to be peeled off and placed on the side. I am sure that at some time, in some deli somewhere, this plastic caused choking or inadvertently was used as dental floss. In addition to laws preventing the shaking of dust mops and the burning of leaves, and doing away with intestine casings, a law should have been passed stipulating a label to accompany plasticwrapped delicacies. The label would have read: “Warning! Remove the plastic ring before eating the kishke or hot dogs or you run the risk of dying.” Before the lights went out, there would be an old man in a dirty apron standing over the gasping patron making a loud official announcement: “Pay up front.” As previously mentioned, people never gave much thought about eating healthy. If you wanted to see an unhealthy, happy person, go to a Kosher deli and look at the regulars. They often tipped the scale at about 300 pounds. “Spit Puss” owned the only Jewish appetizing store on the avenue. The Legend of Spit Puss originated with the recognition of the accumulation of foamy spit at the corners of his mouth. He never seemed to object to the name. It was almost a form of homey marketing. Spit Puss’s appetizing store was about the size of a large walk-in closet. The outside of the store had windows opaque with filth. If the name of the appetizing store wasn’t written on the front, one would think that an illegal card game was going on the other side of the front wall. 32 ROBERT WEISS �Looking through the front during a hot summer day, I could see old people, the women with their house dresses and the men clutching their wife’s shopping list. The women all had raised fists grasping shopping lists, eagerly trying to push in front of the other 99 patrons. The floor creaked under the load. The place was always wall-to-wall people as the merchandise hung or fell off the rickety shelves. The shelved packages consisted of canned foods, cellophane bags, and bottled liquids. When you walked through the entrance of the store, immediately to your left was something like a counter with glass display cases. Only a limited area of about five feet was used for business transactions. Inside the display cases were such exotic delicacies as smoked sturgeon, smoked carp, lox, pickled herring in sour cream and onions, pickled herring without sour cream, just onions, jars of salmon caviar, smoked white fish, and sable. There was no doubt that the display case contained the body or body parts of dead animals. Some of the smoked fish still had their heads, sunken eyes, gills, mouths including teeth and fins. The guts were removed prior to the smoking process, as viewed through an abdominal slit. Also, occupying space behind the counter sat bulk cream cheese, something called pot cheese, butter, and farmer cheese. Except for the caviar, all others were out of package lying in pans or on clean white pieces of packaging paper. I remember the store, stinking of a pungent fishy, pickley, garlicy odor. No other store on the avenue could claim that distinct stink. The Jewish deli odor was far different from the scent of stinky feet imported from Italy. Spit Puss would yell over the counter, “Vot you vant?” Behind the counter display cases, Spit Puss marched back and forth with his belly polishing the steel molding of the counter as he fulfilled the orders shot at him from the opposite side. The orders were to Spit Puss like a starting gun to a runner. He would run from one section of the counter to the other with a “clop! clop!” sound emanating from the soles of his feet as they struck the wooden floor boards behind the counter. The sharp eyes of Spit Puss’s customers could Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 33 �clearly see what they were ordering. In heavy accents, you could hear, “Dalink, you should slice me quarter pound lox, a nice piece of carp, not the end, the middle, and I vant a small vite fish.” “Dalink, the lox you should give me: Belly, not Novi. It’s too expensive.” “Don’t give me any bleck pieces and the vite fish, not dat vun, da fet vun.” The orders were put on the scale and a price was determined. The items were then wrapped in yellowish white wrapping paper and secured with cellophane tape. They were handed across the counter or placed on top of the display case. “So how moch I owe you?” the customer would yell out. A tally was made by using a pencil, pulled from Spit Puss’s ear. The numbers were scribbled and summed up on the brown paper bag, into which the filled order was to be placed. A monetary exchange, and “Next!” Spit Puss yelled out. Sometimes, this started an all-out war. Mostly, the women would start bellowing phrases such as, “Vot are you doink, it is my toin.” “No it’s not your toin.” “I’m next!” a voice somewhere in the crowd would spring forth from the crowd. “I was here foist,” someone else would yell. A brief skirmish might ensue. In the name of fairness and to break up the log-jam, a small jury would form, providing patrons the opportunity to invest their two cents. “I tink she vus here foist,” an arbitrator would announce. The offended customer would respond with a, “I neva hoid soch a thing!” “Next!” Spit Puss would once again yell out to his audience. He was protected by this no man’s land of counter space and display cases. Spit Puss never got involved in the store wars. Everyone knew where Spit Puss’s appetizing store was located. The whole front of the store and somewhat extending outside was a stink that no other avenue store possessed. On the sidewalk, in front of the store, were these four-foot-high, brown, grungy-looking wooden barrels. One barrel contained very sour pickles, another barrel contained not-so-sour pickles, and the third barrel contained a 34 ROBERT WEISS �powerfully strong, fishy-smelling stuff. Floating in this barrel were what appeared to be rotten fish in an equally putrid looking liquid. This was the schmaltz herring barrel. The last barrel contained madjes herring. The contents of this barrel contained what looked like reddish-colored schmaltz herrings. It had the “fency” name: “Herring in wine sauce.” Eventually, the health department deemed that the outside uncovered barrels were a health hazard. It did make some sense. The fact that they were open to the public made the barrels a target for all kinds of foreign stuff. Should anything be thrown or dropped in, like bird shit, no one would have been the wiser. Spit Puss was now required, by law, to store all barreled products inside closed plastic containers inside the store. The familiar and odd aroma that diffused from the appetizing store and into the neighborhood declined significantly. This was a small price to pay for the fact that the people of our neighborhood, both consumers and just plain “sniffers,” were, once again, saved from some horrific disease. Allerton Avenue was getting safer and safer as a result of these various health regulations. Everything in the Jewish appetizing store took on its unique garlicky odor, including the people who worked there. A good friend, Dave Leher, may he rest in peace, worked all day in an appetizing store. After work, he would drop by our clubroom, of which he was a member. This was usually a pre-shower visit. He wore the same stained apron from work into our subterranean clubroom. The air was unusually close, in that the basement room had no windows. Needless to say, when Dave paid us a visit, he brought with him every possible garlicky, fishy stink that pervaded his workplace. Upon his entrance, the appetizing molecules would release themselves from Dave and diffuse into the surrounding clubroom atmosphere. This would create a great uproar punctuated by a barrage of curses such as, “Dave, get the f—k out of here.” Dave Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 35 �would stand his ground with a self-satisfied toothy grin on his face. We couldn’t decide whether to kick him above ground, rip his clothes off, or put him on a bagel with cream cheese and eat him. IV. Our Bronx Park Oasis We lived close to a New York oasis rivaled only by the forests, fields, streams, and lakes of Central Park in Manhattan. What Central Park was to Manhattan, Bronx Park was, and still is, to The Bronx. All we had to do was walk six blocks west from my apartment house to the Bronx Park perimeter. The park stretches approximately two-thirds the length of The Bronx. The northern part sits close to the borders of suburban Westchester. Southern Bronx Park dipped into what might presently be described as the more congested and industrial area of The Bronx. Most of the buildings consisted of old, pre-war apartment houses interspersed with private homes. Going back in time, the inhabitants were made up of Black, Puerto Rican, Jewish, Italian, and Irish immigrants. Many were poor, lower-middle-, and working-class people. It could be said that Bronx Park was an emerald-green oasis that was divided into three main sections. The northernmost part is Bronx Park proper. Traveling southward, the park included the Botanical Garden, which merged with the Bronx Zoo. The Bronx Zoo had fences that defined its borders. Bronx Park proper and the Botanical Garden had no such barriers of demarcation. Each melded into the other. I could ride my bike and enter without paying a penny through Bronx Park proper and continue “freely” into the Botanical Gardens and finally into the Bronx Zoo. Within park sections, one could find small lakes, large rock outcroppings, caves, streams, a river, swamps, fields, waterfalls, forests, ball fields, playgrounds, bicycle paths, hiking paths and handball courts. Bicycle paths enabled us to gain access to everywhere. 36 ROBERT WEISS �The lakes and the surrounding parkland contained various forms of animal life. Varieties of fish included perch, eels, bass, sunfish, carp, and minnows. Amphibians included frogs and salamanders. Reptiles included varieties of snakes and turtles. Many of these beasts were caught and kept as pets. We frequently saw mammals rushing the leaves such as water rats, musk rats, plain-old rat rats, mice, moles, rabbits, squirrels, and chipmunks, and finally birds, the listing of which would be too numerous. V. The Grand Finale As time moved on, values and behaviors changed frequently. These changes occurred subconsciously. It was after Buzz’s and my high school graduation, when he turned to me and said, “We are getting to be too old to do some of the things we use to do.” After all the sloppy kisses and well wishes finished, we ran home, pulled off our suit, tie, and fancy shirt and replaced them with old jeans, sneakers, and tee shirts. RoRo, the family dog, was leashed, and off to the park we went. We ended up at the bank of the Bronx River. Sitting on the shore, we spotted a muddy and rusted cement bin, the kind construction workers mix cement in. After a moment of planning, we slipped it into the river and each of us, including RoRo, gingerly climbed in. With a stick, we pushed off from shore. Slowly we drifted downstream, for the first time seeing the park from a different vantage point. Here we were, the three of us together, “Rub a dub, dub, three schmucks in a tub.” Suddenly, for some reason, only the golfball-sized brain of the dog understood. RoRo decided to abandon ship. In his enthusiasm to leap, he flipped the cement bin. While on board, a careful balance was maintained. Once the dog left, there was no more careful balance. Buzz and I became a part of the floating wood, leaves, and other debris in the river. It was easy enough to get to shore. The river was never very wide. Climbing onto shore was another matter. The bank was slippery with muddy, grey silt. By the time we reached a solid grassy area, we were soaked, Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 37 �but even worse, we were covered from head to toe with caked mud. Outfitted in our muddy attire, we walked right down the center of Allerton Avenue. It was a spectacle that captured a lot of attention: muddy me, Buzzy, and RoRo. Here we were, high school graduates, looking more like smelly rock people that appeared in an old Flash Gordon movie. It would be impossible for me to describe the expression on Lena and Mom’s face when they confronted the three of us in the street. Lena laughed. Mom, with a serious, straight face asked, “When are you kids going to grow up? You’re too old to be doing this nonsense. Look how filthy you are, and you stink!” 38 ROBERT WEISS �A TRIBUTE TO BOB GUMBS AND HARRIET MCFEETERS BY MARK NAISON I. Bob Gumbs (1939–2022) Bob Gumbs was a brilliant graphic designer and publisher who played a pioneering role in the Black Arts movement in the 1950s and early 1960s, and then 40 years later, played a central role in the creation of The Bronx African American History Project. Brought up on Lymon Place, a small street in the Morrisania section of The Bronx that played an important part in American jazz history because jazz pianists Elmo and Bertha Hope resided there and Thelonious Monk visited regularly, Bob was part of a small group of young Bronxites who sponsored jazz concerts in the borough in the middle of the 1950s to call attention to jazz as an art form of African origin. Even in later years when he moved to Harlem and became a graphic designer whose work highlighted Black history and culture, The Bronx held a special place in his heart, and when he read an article about a Fordham professor who started an oral history project with Black residents of the Patterson Houses, he contacted that professor to urge him to include Morrisania, which he called “The Harlem of The Bronx.” This began a 20-year collaboration that turned The Bronx African American History Project into one of the premier community-based oral history projects in the nation. Bob helped organize over a hundred oral history interviews, participated in scores of community tours, was responsible for landmarking several streets and parks in the Morrisania neighborhood, and collaborated on Before The Fires: An Oral History of African American Life in the Bronx from the 1930s to the 1960s (Fordham University Press, 2016), which transformed the dominant narrative of Bronx history to include Black experiences and perspectives. Bob also appeared on numerous radio and teleA Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters 39 �vision shows highlighting Black contributions to Bronx history, and helped create an exhibit at The Bronx County Historical Society with that as its theme! Finally, at a time when the world honors The Bronx’s role in the creation of hip hop, Bob made sure, through his joyous but relentless activism, that the world also recognized The Bronx’s contribution to jazz from the mid ’40s through the late ’60s, not only as a place where the most important jazz artists of that era performed regularly but also where many of them lived. Bob Gumbs was one of those rare individuals who changed the way people defined themselves and interpreted their own histories. As a creative artist and community historian, he helped people see The Bronx as a site of unparalleled cultural creativity and a true melting pot for peoples of the African Diaspora. The Bronx African American History Project would not have had a fraction of its influence and historic reach without Bob Gumbs’s guidance. He will be sorely missed by family, friends, and all his collaborators in the Black Arts movement and The Bronx African American History Project. II. Harriet McFeeters (1926–2022) Harriet McFeeters was one of The Bronx’s greatest educators and a driving force behind the creation of The Bronx African American History Project. A graduate of Hunter College who lived her entire adult life in her family’s brownstone on 168th Street between Union and Prospect Avenues in the Morrisania section, Harriet was a fixture in Bronx schools for almost 50 years, serving as a teacher, principal, staff developer, and assistant district superintendent. 40 MARK NAISON �Harriet, who was as passionate about learning as she was about teaching and who was deeply committed to the children of The Bronx, left an indelible mark on everyone who encountered her. More than 300 people, most of them fellow educators, came to her 90th birthday celebration several years ago and spoke of her with reverence and affectionate humor, as Harriet was a person who commanded every room she was in. But though Harriet radiated intellect and power, she also was a kind, generous person who created a sense of community among those she worked with, and her friends represented every cultural group in The Bronx. My own connection with Harriet came in the spring of 2003 when we started The Bronx African American History Project. I was put in touch with Harriet by her brother, Jim Pruitt, former director of the Upward Bound Program, who told me that Harriet, who had recently retired, was passionately interested in Bronx African American history and would have a lot to contribute to our research. That proved to be a considerable understatement. Once she discovered what we were trying to do, Harriet literally took command of The Bronx African American History Project’s research on Morrisania, helping us recruit interview subjects, identifying important community institutions, and holding events at her home on 168th Street, where she took a particular interest in the brilliant young research assistants I hired, to whom Harriet became a surrogate grandmother. Along with Bob Gumbs, another brilliant product of the Black Morrisania community, Harriet helped recover the lost history of a Black community in The Bronx, which produced several generations of professionals in a wide number of fields and created as many varieties of popular music as any neighborhood in the United States. It was Harriet who introduced us to Valerie Capers, the great jazz pianist, educator, and composer, whose concerts and performances became a fixture for The Bronx African American History Project’s A Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters 41 �staff, and who alerted us to the significance of St. Augustine Presbyterian Church and its brilliant minister Rev. Edler Hawkins, who mentored so many of the great leaders who came out of Morrisania. Until her health began to falter a few years ago, Harriet was a fixture at The Bronx African American History Project’s conferences, concerts, and interviews at Fordham, where she was as commanding a presence as she was in Bronx public schools. She also made a huge contribution to the Project via our fundraising, both through her individual donations and by encouraging others to contribute. As I write this tribute, with tears in my eyes, I will close with this final comment. Although Harriet’s degrees were in education, not history, and although she spent her life working in public schools, Harriet was as much a historian as any professor working at our most distinguished universities. When I first learned that Morrisania was the community where The Bronx African American History Project should concentrate its research, it was Harriet who told us how the community evolved, who its most important leaders were, which schools and churches we should focus on, and who we should interview. Of the more than 100 interviews we did with Morrisania residents past and present, more than half came through Harriet. Without her guidance, the Project would not have had the fraction of the influence it ultimately attained. We can learn so much from the example Harriet McFeeters set. Harriet was passionately devoted to learning about and teaching Black history. She fought hard to have it included in public school curricula and made it an integral part of her pedagogy. But she did so in a way that drew everyone around her in, insisting that Black history was everyone’s history, that learning it would uplift all who possessed that knowledge and would help people from all backgrounds better understand their American journey. That is one of the reasons why so many teachers who were Jewish, Italian, Irish, 42 MARK NAISON �and Puerto Rican joined their Black fellow educators in paying tribute to Harriet at her 90th birthday celebration. Harriet spread knowledge but she also spread love. She embodied the highest values of The Bronx and its people. She may have passed on, but her spirit lives in the tens of thousands of people she touched as an educator and in the publications and digital archive of The Bronx African American History Project, where Harriet McFeeters’s vision of community history has been brought to life. Above: Members of The Bronx African American History Project at Harriet McFeeters’s family home on East 168th Street in Morrisania, December 2003. Pictured in front row, left to right, are Michelle Tollinici, Harriet PruitMcFeeters, Joyce Tolliver, and Kevin Ross. Pictured in back row, left to right, are Bess Pruitt, Mark Naison, Claude Mangum, Bob Gumbs, Patricia Wright, and Candace Lee. Courtesy of the author. A Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters 43 �ABOUT THE AUTHORS STEVEN PAYNE is Director of The Bronx County Historical Society and social historian whose interests in Bronx history span community activism; underground music and art cultures; organized labor; race, class, and gender; housing struggles, and more. He records oral histories for The Bronx African American History Project, The Bronx Latino History Project, and The Bronx Aerosol Arts Documentary Project. RICHARD BAUM grew up in the Kingsbridge section of The Bronx during the 1950s and 1960s and writes about his experiences growing up in the neighborhood. ROBERT WEISS, who came of age in the Allerton neighborhood of The Bronx during the 1940s and 1950s, has authored an unpublished manuscript about his childhood in Allerton, selections of which are printed here. MARK NAISON, Professor of African American Studies and History at Fordham University, is the c0-founder of The Bronx African American History Project, one of the largest community-based oral history projects in the nation. Dr. Naison has authored seven books and over 300 articles on African American politics, labor history, popular culture, and education policy. �FROM THE ARCHIVES A HISTORY OF AFRO-CUBAN JAZZ IN THE BRONX FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ Editor’s Note: The below piece comes from an untitled, unpublished, and unatributed manuscript included in the David M. Carp papers on Latin Jazz in The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. Slight edits have been made for style and clarity throughout and are indicated by text in [brackets].1 I. Introduction New York City is among the most ethnically diverse places in the entire world. Since it was founded, New York has served as the chief center for immigration in the country, and its population continues to grow and diversify. Without a doubt, the largest percentage of immigrants in New York speaks Spanish. In the borough of The Bronx, Latinos make up half of the population, far more than any other demographic. Latino immigrants have always blessed New York City with their culture and traditions, music and art. The story of Afro-Cuban jazz in Manhattan and The Bronx illustrates the marriage of traditional Latino customs and the native music of New York City. During the early years of the twentieth century, music in Cuba was a 1 A note at the bottom of the manuscript reads: “All information used for this ar- ticle came from interviews from the David Carp Collection, courtesy Bronx County Historical Society. The following interviews were conducted by David Carp unless otherwise noted: Mario Bauzá, 2/8/89; Mario Bauzá, 4/18/91; Willie Colón (undated); José Curbelo, 10/3/93; Graciela Pérez (interviewed by Max Salazar), 5/10/85; Joe Orange, 2/6/99; José Mangual, Jr., 11/8/98; Eddie Palmieri, 8/13/98; Frank Rivera, 6/8/97; Mark Weinstein 11/24/96.” A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 45 �way of life. Parents would teach their children the basics of Cuban music as a birthright. The people of Cuba would take up every street corner, playing congas, timbales, and bongos. Children would buy sheep skins from local markets and stretch them over drums made by hand. Cuba was music. By embracing their African roots, Cubans would distinguish their music from the rest of Latin America by making the terms “Cuban roots music” and “Afro-Cuban music” synonymous. Musicians from the most prestigious conservatories as well as working men and women who relaxed on the street with a conga or djembe—all began to embrace the sounds of Cuban son and danzon. By the 1920s and ’30s, American musical influence would begin to find its way to Cuba. Radio stations from Miami and New Orleans would start to become popular on the island. Music fans would tune into American jazz stations on short-wave radio to try and absorb the latest musical trends. Musicians and music fans would begin to collect records from the United States and remind anyone who ventured north to bring the latest jazz albums back to Cuba. Shortly after, the finest musicians from the most prestigious conservatories and orchestras would slowly [immigrate] to America’s birthplace and home for jazz, New York City. Jazz would never be the same. Cubans, or Afro-Cubans, made a huge impact on American jazz. Jazz had a huge effect on Afro-Cuban musical traditions as well. Before long, a new type of music would emerge and take New York City by storm—Latin jazz. Not exclusively drawing from Cuban musical traditions, Latin jazz would incorporate traditions from all over Latin America and would inspire [traditional] jazz bands to expand their repertoires and include more global sounds. Eventually, the scene was huge. Ballrooms and dance halls like the Palladium and [the] Savoy in Manhattan and the Hunts Point Palace and Tritons Club in The Bronx would serve as key centers for jazz acts from 46 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �Charlie Parker to Tito Puente. Latinos in The Bronx would be affected forever. Following the closing of the Palladium, the major Latin jazz scene would pick up in The Bronx. Kids on the streets would embrace Latin jazz and appreciate the African roots behind it. Bands and orchestras would spring up all over The Bronx, and the borough would soon produce some of the most prominent names of Latin jazz in all of New York City. From a couple of key figures moving from Cuba to New York in the ’30s, through the Palladium era, to Latinos setting up crude drum sets and playing along with the radio, Latin jazz remains a vital part of life for many Latin American immigrants today as well as New Yorkers and music fans. II. Afro‐Cuban Jazz Begins in Cuba: Mario Bauzá, José Curbelo, Graciela Pérez The story of Afro-Cuban jazz in New York begins in Havana. Music was everywhere in the ghettos and crowded streets of Cuba’s capital. Street vendors would line the markets with animal skins for drums, musicians would play on the street, and families would sit on their porch and jam with bongos, congas, and hand drums. Classical forms of Cuban music mixed European instruments with African drums, embracing traditions from both the African slaves and rich Europeans who inhabited the colony of Cuba since it was founded. As years developed, more variations, new instrumentation, and a finer-tuned orchestration would build on the rich foundation of Afro-Cuban traditions. Pioneers like Arsenio Rodríguez would add new elements to traditional Cuban son, like African percussion and A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 47 �syncopation. Eventually, Afro-Cuban music became the music of the people and Cubans were introduced to this tradition at an early age. This is the setting in which Mario Bauzá was raised. Bauzá, who would later become the most important figure in the fusion of Afro-Cuban and American jazz, started in Havana as a child. I tell you how everything happen. I was about five years old. My godfather used to teach the kids in my neighborhood in Cuba solfeggio. And I used to hear the kid try to sing those lesson, good intonation. And they have so much problem. So, one day I said to my godfather, “How come those kids have so much trouble with that lesson.” He say, “How do you know?” I said, “Well I think I know all those lessons.” He said, “You know lessons now?” I said, “Yeah, I think I know.” . . . He said, “I don’t want you to be an ear musician, so I’m gonna get a teacher for you.” So, he got me a teacher, I was in solfeggio for two years. And then I went to the Conservatory and . . . the first instrument they give me was the oboe. I didn’t like it. I heard the man play the clarinet, and I fell in love with the sound he produced. I said, “I would like to play that instrument.” And that’s how I become . . . a clarinet player. With Bauzá learning more and more music, his special ability became more apparent. Bauzá would excel at the Havana Conservatory and began to gain esteem from his colleagues. Soon, his teachers and fellow musicians helped him cultivate his talent. When I was a graduate, the Havana Philharmonic, they need a bass clarinet. And they approach me, I say, “Well, I’m willing to play, but somebody have to buy the instrument.” So, they sent to France for a bass clarinet. So, they brought it, they give it to me and say, “You practice, when you think you ready, let us know.” So, I 48 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �took my bass clarinet home, I start fooling around, it was the same thing, embouchure a little different and sound was kind of peculiar. When I thought I was ready, I came to one of the rehearsals . . . that’s how I (became) a bass clarinet and a clarinet player. Mario Bauzá was not the only person at this time to truly embrace his musical talents. A few years down the line a woman singer would join Bauzá’s Machito Orchestra in New York. Graciela Pérez would sing along with her brother Machito over the unique Afro-Cuban jazz sound Bauzá perfected. Graciela Pérez also began her music career at a young age in Cuba. Her father, an avid musician, would constantly have musicians to his house, and one day Graciela stayed up past her bedtime to enjoy one of them. I was born in Cuba. In Havana, el barrio Jesús María. . . . There were six of us. When I was four years old . . . there was a lot of music and (my father) bring some cantadores en la casa like (vocalist) María Teresa Vera . . . and the other kids in my house are still in bed . . . and then María Teresa Vera sees my finger doing the clave and María Teresa Vera said to my father, “You see, Graciela is going to be a singer.” Pérez’s father was reluctant, at first, to allow Graciela to sing. However, he would continue to inspire his daughter by having more and more musical guests come in and out of the Pérez home. Graciela remembers Septeto Nacional, in particular. Septeto Nacional . . . was to play because my father, the only party (that) was at my house was my mother’s birthday, and at my house was Septeto Nacional. . . . They was in my house, in my neighborhood nobody came then, you know, in that time. In my house was Nacional. As they grew up, Pérez and her brother Machito began to nurture A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 49 �her gift little by little, until she had completely been absorbed by the music. Pérez would sing everywhere she went and join several groups thanks [to] Machito’s familiarity with the local music scene. Still, her father didn’t want her to sing professionally, and Graciela would have to sneak out at nights. One night while working as a delivery man, Pérez’s father recognized the voice coming from a club across the street from where he was working. He was staying over there, and he sees me singing and everybody applauds me. “Ohh, Graciela!” And then (at the house) he don’t say nothing to my mother, to nobody. Then he was waiting when I go hiding, when I go to working and (he said), “I know Chela, she’s singing in Alai de Libre in El Prado because I heard her last night. It’s alright, she sings beautiful.” Graciela Pérez had her father’s blessing and began to truly excel as a singer free from any restrictions. She would travel to South America with Al Anacaona and eventually move to Harlem in the 1930s, where she would meet up with Bauzá and Machito to start the AfroCuban Orchestra. A third key figure in the fusion of Afro-Cuban and American jazz is José Curbelo. Curbelo, who would manage and book Afro-Cuban jazz bands, was among the top performers in New York City during the Palladium Era. Curbelo’s uniquely vibrant sounds would place him in the highest echelon of Latin jazz performers along with Machito, Tito Puente, and Tito Rodríguez. Curbelo, the son of a musician, started as a classically trained pianist and musician in Cuba. I (was) born in Havana, Cuba (on) February 18, 1917. Pedro Menéndez was my teacher, piano teacher in Cuba. He used to be the piano player in my father’s orchestra, at one time. So, he was my private teacher in piano. . . . I went to the school of music in Cuba, to the Academy of 50 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �Music to study. And I had different teachers like in voice and harmony and whatever, you know, different types of technique, et cetera. . . . My father was a fine violinist, he played for the Philharmonic Orchestra in Cuba, first violin. And . . . he was a bandleader, he had his own orchestra where he played all the famous nightclub and supper club and casino in Cuba. . . . I’m talking (about) the late ’20s and the early ’30s. And then he play the most typical Cuban music, with the charanga music that used to be played, what they call in Cuba the “Academias.” . . . The real Cuban music at that time was charanga bands. It’s not with saxophones and trumpets. . . . Cuban music is the charanga sound—violins and flute and rhythm. That is what the real nitty-gritty of the Cuban music is. . . . And it’s really Afro-Cuban music. Because the Negro slaves that came to Cuba from Africa, they brought the rhythm. And in Cuba they put the voicings out, the melody and harmony. . . . But that was, still is, the real Cuban music should be called not salsa [but] Afro-Cuban music. Curbelo would develop into a finely trained musical genius. He began to master the curriculum of the Academy of Music and decided to enter Cuba’s prestigious Molinas Conservatory. Like his contemporary Mario Bauzá, Curbelo became fascinated with new forms of music, in particular American jazz. His understanding and love for music fueled his passion for exploration, and American jazz was exciting and fresh. Curbelo and Bauzá both became obsessed with jazz. In the ’20s I was a very young kid. But I always was a fan, and my favorite music always has been jazz. . . . I find that jazz is the most interesting music that is, as far as popular music is concerned, I love it . . . in Cuba I used to have records from Chick Webb where Mario Bauzá, A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 51 �when he came to United States, he was the first trumpet. Bauzá remembers listening to his favorite American jazz musicians on the radio in Cuba. Duke Ellington used to (broadcast) almost every night from the Cotton Club. And I used to catch that in Havana through short-wave radio. And that music was so fascinating, was so different. All different jazz— completely different. And I always said, “That’s AfricanAmerican music, that’s Africa.” The sound of the music, the way he uses harmony, he give you that color. And I was dying to get into New York. Bauzá would get a taste of the New York jazz scene shortly after, by happenstance. He got his break after going into his favorite music store in Havana and meeting bandleader Antonio Romeu. I used to go practically almost every day. I go to the music store to see what new records came and what piece come. So, when I got there, the head man said, “Mario, I want to try this clarinet that just came out from France, a Buffet Crampon, I want you (to) try.” So, I was practicing clarinet over there, you know, testing the clarinet, and Romeu was there. . . . He said, “You don’t mind play this one with me?” I said, “No.” He said, “But do you know how to transpose from clarinet to—?” I said, “Oh, yeah.” So, I played the danzon with him and he was (amazed). . . . About two weeks later he found my telephone number and called my father. He said, “I would like to take Mario to New York to record with me, my orchestra.” Bauzá went to record with Romeu and his orchestra in New York and was blown away by the live jazz musicianship he encountered. Upon seeing saxophonist Frankie Tumbaur, Bauzá’s attention shifted to a new instrument. He fell in love with the saxophone and 52 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �would take it up immediately upon returning to Cuba. The saxophone would provide an outlet for Bauzá to grow musically, and it provided more opportunities to gain exposure in the Havana music scene. Though it was hard for a dark-skinned musician to find work, Bauzá still managed to make a name for himself. He recalls the racial inequities in Havana at the time. When they heard me play . . . that’s when I got the opportunity to get a first-class job in Havana. Up to then, no, because the average musician on the big-time job over there was white. . . . That country is no different than Mississippi was . . . not much different. We had that problem, still have that problem, and gonna have that problem. . . . So, we are still fighting those problems . . . the only discrimination there in those days when I was a young kid, like you go in the interior of Havana and the colored people walk on . . . one side of the park. Don’t allowed to go on the other side with the white people. That’s the way, you know. You go in the barber shop, you had to go to the Black barber shop. But the trouble with my country is so much mixture. Because after all, how the Cuban race was produced? By Spaniard and African womans. After finally gaining acceptance in the Havana music scene, both Curbelo and Bauzá would look to the future. Each of them saw himself as a jazz musician waiting to break out and creatively explore his musicianship. Both Curbelo and Bauzá decided the only way to truly embrace their passion for music was by going to [the] hottest music spot in the world, the home of jazz, New York City. Everybody talk about Mario, Mario, Mario, clarinet player and saxophone player. So, I said, “Well the next stop gotta be the United States,” come to the Mecca of jazz . . . nothing else I can learn in Cuba. A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 53 �III. Cuba Comes to New York: The Palladium Era Once in the United States, Mario Bauzá’s first order of business was to learn yet another instrument. It was rough because when I got here it was in the heart of the Depression. And I’m lucky that I was, I met Benny Carter and he gave me advice . . . (and) there was another fella that came here on the boat with me with the Don Azpiazu Orchestra by the name of Antonio Machin. . . . So, I used to go into his house every day, to listen to rehearsals, (one day) I say, “I have no problem to play the music the way you want to. . . . I don’t play trumpet, but I think if you buy me a trumpet, I think I can do the job.” So, we went to the pawnshop and bought a cheap trumpet for fifteen bucks or something like that. So, I took it home and I start, I knew the positions and all I had to do was to get some embouchure, and that was that. Said, “Mario, I only got . . . fifteen days to recording.” I said, “Well, you ain’t got nobody. If you give me the opportunity, I think I can do it, otherwise I wouldn’t even talk about it.” So, I start practicing, practicing, practicing, practicing. So finally, we go into the recording. . . . Then I fell in love with the trumpet. And then I figured I had a better chance with the trumpet than I did with the saxophone to join one of those jazz bands. Bauzá quickly became known around jazz circles, and his rise to prominence was fast. First, Bauzá joined the Chick Webb Band, where under the wing of bandleader Chick Webb he would gain a vast knowledge of jazz. Webb opened up doors for Bauzá and introduced him to some of the biggest names in the New York jazz scene. Bauzá played with countless musicians from Webb to Cab Calloway to Ella Fitzgerald. All over New York from the Apollo to 54 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �the Savoy Ballroom, Bauzá spread his love for jazz as he collaborated with a myriad of jazz legends. In addition to the various collaborations that were taking place, another tradition of the era was the Battle of the Bands. Two bands would play the same hall or ballroom and try to show one another up. This is when Afro-Cuban rhythms really stood out, earning Afro-Cubans a reputation for their showmanship. Mario Bauzá remembers battling Benny Goodman in the late 1930s with the Chick Webb Band. The Savoy Ballroom was pack(ed) around five o’clock in the afternoon, they had to close the door. . . . Benny Goodman playe(ed) the first set . . . they close with “Big John Special.” So, Chick say, “What’choo gonna play?” I say, “How about the same number, gonna play ‘Big John Special’ . . . and close with ‘Harlem Conga?’” . . . The battle of music was through in the first set. The band was too powerful for Benny. Benny’s band was too light for that, that and especially with that crowd. When that band hit, it was something else. This period of the 1930s was essential to the birth of Latin jazz music. Pioneers like Bauzá were becoming big names and starting to influence the music scene. By adding elements from their [strong] background in Cuban music, people like Bauzá, Curbelo, Tito Puente, and Tito Rodríguez would usher in a new form of music —Afro-Cuban jazz. In 1940, Bauzá hooked up with his brother-inlaw, Machito, and together they created Machito’s Afro-Cuban Orchestra, along with Graciela Pérez. Despite initial skepticism about the use of the name “Afro-Cuban,” Latinos, Blacks, and even whites would enjoy the music. When I started Machito Orchestra, whole lot of Puerto Rican people reject my music. They say I use bongo and that was a disgrace, that was “nanigo” music, “Negroes A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 55 �from Africa” music. They didn’t go for that. But in the new generation, Puerto Rican born in New York begin to like what I was doin’. Soon there was a huge following for the acts and the premiere venue was Manhattan’s Palladium Ballroom. The Palladium was an important institution that would operate from 1949 to 1966, delighting fans of mambo and jazz alike. Celebrities like Marlon Brando and Bob Hope as well as everyday working-class immigrants would crowd the Palladium. With unparalleled integration, it became the single most important place for Latin jazz music in New York City. The rise of the Palladium marked a turning point in New York’s music scene. Tastes were beginning to change and people were becoming more and more intrigued with the new Afro-Cuban jazz sound. Afro-Cubans were gaining acceptance and earning respect. Along with Afro-Cuban jazz, many of the Latino musicians involved collaborated with American jazz artists. Bauzá himself broke in legend Dizzy Gillespie, with whom he teamed up Machito percussionist Chano Pozo. And then I brought Dizzy into the band. . . . I went and got a hold of Dizzy: “Dizzy, bring your trumpet with a mute. I want you to play anything you want on top of that.” . . . Rhythm crazy. And he can dance. I got a videotape they made in Havana. . . . And when he came out there and dancing, dance a rumba. It’s amazin’! And Dizzy, Dizzy, Dizzy’s, Dizzy all right! Helluva fellow. . . . I love the guy, my son. The language barrier illustrates the connection Afro-Cubans made with American jazz musicians. Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo made terrific music and rose to the top of the jazz world in New York City, but Pozo didn’t speak a word of English. 56 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �You know the only word that Chano (could speak) to Dizzy? “Hundred dollar.” That’s all. Despite the cultural differences and language barrier, Gillespie found a niche in Latin jazz. In 1947, the two were set to perform a number called the “Afro-Cuban Drums Suite” at Carnegie Hall. The show was instrumental in bringing Latin jazz into mainstream awareness. Additionally, Gillespie’s improvisation added a whole new dimension to jazz. Gillespie’s musicianship became the groundwork for later improvisation such as bee bop and the music of greats like Charlie Parker and Miles Davis. By 1950, Machito, Tito Puente, and Tito Rodríguez were among the biggest names in all of New York. Collaborations would continue, and Charlie Parker would get into the act, teaming up with pianist Norman Granz and Bauzá on one of the best examples of Latin jazz, “The Peanut Vendor.” Charlie Parker made a very big impression on Bauzá, and that would lead to partnership on the song “Mango Mangue.” People might think that Charlie Parker play because he was high, or—no, no, no, no. He knew everything he would do in the music, and nobody told him how to do it. That was his own creation, his own mentality, his own approach about music. . . . He says, “Oh man, play anything, let me hear the arrangement.” . . . When we play the arrangement, he say, “I like that.” I said, “But it’s a vocal.” He say, “All you gotta do, when the vocal supposed to be sing, tell ’em ‘don’t sing’ and gimme the cue, I’ll play.” . . . He went through that number like nothing, back to the montuno, and . . . “Oh my goodness!” I say, “this man is a genius!” As Afro-Cuban jazz’s popularity grew, more and more great bandleaders would emerge, and great musicians would flourish in the new form. José Curbelo’s orchestra was one of the bands that A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 57 �benefited the most from the success of the other Afro-Cuban performers. Curbelo’s success came at a time when the music that was originally confined to Harlem began to spread downtown to places like the Palladium and uptown to The Bronx, again thanks to the success of Tito Puente and Tito Rodríguez, but mainly because of Bauzá’s Machito Orchestra. Curbelo explains the phenomenon. That was Machito and his Afro-Cubans . . . because when you hit Broadway you did the biggest, the Broadway show, the Strand Theater, the Capitol Theater, the Paramount Theater. All the big theaters, the big ballrooms, the Roseland, the Arcadia, everything was on Broadway between 42nd, the Astor Roof, and 54th, where the Palladium was. And the first band, Black, to come from El Barrio . . . was a great accomplishment. After Machito broke through to the mainstream, Afro-Cuban jazz exploded. The 1950s saw more and more Afro-Cuban jazz bands sprouting up, and the phenomenon became insanely popular. The Palladium was at its peak as a venue, consistently packing the house to see Tito Puente or Machito. At the height of the Palladium era, people of all races, backgrounds, and ethnicities came together to enjoy the music. IV. The Late Palladium Era: Afro‐Cubans in The Bronx The exposure Afro-Cuban jazz was experiencing affected all of New York, but no borough embraced the tradition like The Bronx. Just over the river from the “Mecca of Jazz,” Harlem, The Bronx served as the next major center for music in New York. At that time, clubs and dance halls in The Bronx would attract the biggest names in Afro-Cuban jazz, mambo, and American jazz. Venues like the Hunts Point Palace, the Tritons Club, and the Rockland Palace would put The Bronx on the map as the place to see Afro-Cuban music. While the main forum was still the Palladium, many people would look no 58 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �further than The Bronx for a quality Afro-Cuban jazz experience. Bronxites would go to have a good time, get down, and listen to some amazing music from the greats. Machito, Tito Puente, José Curbelo (before becoming a manager), Tito Rodríguez, and even Charlie Parker would play at Bronx clubs during the late 1950s. New bands started to come out of the borough as a result of the developing Afro-Cuban jazz scene in The Bronx. Young Bronxites would pack the clubs to get a glimpse of their favorite bands, go home, and try to imitate their sound. Afro-Cuban records were played from every window in every Latino neighborhood in The Bronx, and a new generation of Afro-Cuban jazz lovers would emerge. This new wave of Afro-Cuban jazz buffs would see music any chance they had. Joe Orange, Bronx native and jazz trombonist who played with Herbie Mann and Eddie Palmieri, recalls students at his high school going all the way downtown to see Afro-Cuban music. When I was going to Morris (High School) there was a whole group of kids that used to go to the Palladium and they used to come to school talkin’ about, “Man, last Saturday night at the Palladium. Tito Puente did this and Tito Rodríguez—.” And I (was) kind of like, “Give me a break!” But there was a real strong interest in Latin music. Even the non-musicians, Latin dance was like a craze that was going on you know, ’57, ’58, when I was in high school. The Bronx would serve as a breeding ground for some of the freshest talent in Latin jazz and this was, in part, due to the emergence of Afro-Cuban jazz’s popularity in the latter half of the 1950s. Willie Colón, one of the foremost innovators of Latin music in the late 1960s, remembers going to the Hunts Point Palace when he was thirteen. In those days you had to have a cabaret license, so I had a A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 59 �friend who was older and he had one, (gave) me his and we kind of doctored it up and put my picture in it. . . . I grew a mustache as soon as possible, and I used to smoke cigars to try to look older, you know. I even used to put frosting on my hair sometimes, it must have been pretty pathetic but I got away with it most of the time. And yeah, we used to go to the Hunts Point Palace, which is now like an office building. . . . They would have like fourteen bands and the poster, you know, just looked like a checkerboard, it had so many faces and stuff on it. . . . And you would go in and I think you’d pay something like five dollars, and you’d be able to see twenty something orchestras. . . . There was a big boom at one time. The popularity of the local venues was apparent by the amount of talent that came onto the Afro-Cuban scene in the late 1950s and early ’60s. One of the premiere acts that came from The Bronx at the time was Eddie Palmieri and his conjunto La Perfecta. My mother arrived in New York in 1925, that’s how it all starts. . . . She came here with an uncle and an aunt, and there was another uncle and aunt here. . . . And then my father followed a year later on a boat. . . . In 1926, they married, my brother was born in ’27, and I was born in ’36 . . . on 112th Street . . . between Madison and Park. We moved from there when I was five years old, and then we went right to Kelly Street between Longwood and Intervale, known now and later as the South Bronx. Palmieri’s extended family had also immigrated to The Bronx and would introduce Eddie to music as a child. His uncle had his own traditional band and encouraged Eddie and his older brother Charlie to take up the piano but emphasized the importance of traditional Latin percussion instruments. But Eddie Palmieri was a piano player. A prodigy, Palmieri played Carnegie Hall at the age of eleven. By 60 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �thirteen he had joined up with his uncle, as a percussionist. By the time I was fifteen I sold my timbales back to my uncle, (and) went back on the piano, which I’m still playing to this day. Like Willie Colon, Palmieri also gained a lot of musical knowledge by going to shows in The Bronx. Palmieri attributes his start as a serious pianist to seeing bands and orchestras at Bronx clubs and dance halls in the 1950s. I saw Charlie Parker, and that was at the Rockland Palace. He would get gigs like that because he used to work for a promoter, that was a Black promoter called Cecil Bowen. At the Hunts Point Palace I know I saw Charlie Parker and I didn’t know who he was but I saw rubber bands and band-aids on the saxophone, alto. I saw different groups but my main interest was to try to play the piano. ’Cause I hadn’t been reading music, I was playing timbales with my uncle, folkloric band, and then it was very difficult to get back to reading. Palmieri would get his break in 1955 playing with Eddie Forrestier’s Orchestra and would even play with the legendary Tito Rodríguez for a year before starting La Perfecta in 1961. Palmieri’s orchestra was fresh and new, replacing trumpets with trombones. The innovative La Perfecta became the key attraction in Latin music during the 1960s. By assembling some of the greatest musicians in all of New York, the Bronx-based conjunto was wildly popular and virtually unrivaled for the better part of the decade. To a large degree, the success of La Perfecta was truly a group effort, and the band incorporated one of the most influential musicians in the history of New York, trombonist Barry Rogers. Described as a true “renaissance man,” Rogers came out of a Jewish community in The Bronx and was an avid car mechanic, musician, writer, and most A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 61 �prominently, a lover of all music. Mark Weinstein recalls Barry’s knack at instrumentation well beyond the trombone, including the folkloric double string guitar from Cuba known as the tres. “Barry was a great tres player. Barry was one of the better tres players in the city of New York.” Peers remember the late Barry Rogers spending hours upon hours listening to records and playing music. Rogers’s distinct trombone sound was of paramount importance in the development of Latin music from Afro-Cuban revivalist jazz to salsa. Known for his incessant writing, and re-writing, of charts, almost obsessive personality, and perfectionism, Rogers put all he had into Latin music. When asked about the influence Barry Rogers had on him, Eddie Palmieri remembers Rogers’s uniqueness. Those trombones, when they used to get into a riff behind the flute they don’t stop, and then Barry just takes off and keeps going and we just kept pushing and pushing, and that instrument is not an instrument to be able to do that with and they did it. . . . (I remember) his preparation, his musical knowledge, of all different kinds of music. With Rogers’s innovation and virtuosity with the trombone and Eddie Palmieri leading the band behind the piano, La Perfecta soon found themselves playing with the greats. Eddie Palmieri remembers the circumstances in which he played alongside legends at the Palladium. Oh, Machito, Tito Rodríguez, Tito Puente, La Perfecta dealt with each and every one one-on-one. No quarter taken. There was four sets, you did sixteen sets a week at the Palladium for 72 dollars, before taxes. . . . They had lost their liquor license and now they gave me 90 engagements, so once they give you the 90 engagements, then anybody that wants to book you out would have to 62 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �pay more and that was the deal, you know, and José Curbelo handled that pretty well. La Perfecta continued to thrive during the 1960s and played all over New York City, from the ritziest hotels to the local clubs of The Bronx. La Perfecta illustrates a rich history of music in The Bronx. While the music scene had always been big in places like Morrisania and Hunts Point, La Perfecta was one of the first real successful jazz bands to come out of The Bronx during the era. Mark Weinstein, second trombonist (with Barry Rogers) remembers playing in different clubs all over New York City. You couldn’t buy a second microphone, man! I mean the Hunts Point Palace, I don’t think they owned two microphones . . . and the trombone players would sweat, sweat blood. . . . Barry would catch the edge of the microphone by pointin’ his trombone towards (it). But because we were always playing during the montunos, the singer was in the way. . . . The Hunts Point was one of the bigger rooms, there were a couple other places. . . . The Palladium was a great room—Palladium was the best room to play, I loved the Palladium. . . . We played Birdland a couple of times, I mean then we’d have microphones. La Perfecta’s popularity soared in the ’60s. New Yorkers identified with both the jazz sound and the Latin roots. La Perfecta would draw from many musical traditions to form their unique sound. Mark Weinstein remembers The Bronx as one of the hottest spots for Afro-Cuban music. It was Cuban revivalist. I mean the amazing thing about playing with Eddie’s band was playing Latin music for people of Latino heritage, and this was basically the A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 63 �cultural revival that occurred at the Triton Club, I mean the Triton Club was the center of it . . . in The Bronx, Southern Boulevard, right next door to the Hunts Point Palace. . . . And the model of the trombone improvisation came from the way . . . the soloist would play against the trumpets. But then Barry extended that. That was the model. In 1966, La Perfecta played the Palladium for its final show. The Palladium Era had officially ended, but Latin music would continue to gain steam up in The Bronx. V. The Bronx and Latin Jazz: The 1950s, 1960s, and Beyond With the Palladium closed and other Manhattan dance halls following suit, Latin music still thrived in one place. The Bronx was now the center for Latin jazz in New York and would become a hotbed for talent. The biggest names in Latin music were coming from The Bronx because communities were raising their kids on music. The Bronx in the ’50s and ’60s was rich in musical traditions from all over Latin America, and residents would expose different types of music to one another. Vibrant neighborhoods like Hunts Point, Morrisania, and Longwood became a breeding ground for musical talent. The public schools provided instruments for students, neighbors sat on their stoops and jammed, and Latin and jazz music blared from every street corner. Frank Rivera was a resident of the Longwood community in the ’50s and ’60s and remembers the neighborhood as well as developing a love for dancing. It was real nice and everybody knew everybody in the neighborhood. . . . Some of ’em became teachers and musicians like Joe Loco, he lived in the corner by the drugstore . . . when we went to (PS) 42, that’s when they started to open the school at night and that’s when we 64 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �started to have parties and dancing. . . . At that time it was more like they call “mambo”—mambo, not salsa like they call it now. Joe Orange, a longtime resident of Morrisania, remembers hearing music all over The Bronx when he was growing up. I was always hearing it. . . . I was always around it. My brother played conga. And there were all these bands, over at PS 99 they used talent shows. . . . You know, bands in junior high and high school, there were Latin bands all around me. . . . They used to have a place up in The Bronx on Boston Road that was really a great place for jam sessions when I was a kid. I was in high school and I would go in and listen . . . right where Boston and Prospect Avenue meet, and it was down in this little basement and I would sneak in there . . . it wasn’t open for very long but it was very popular. Orange contributes the large number of musicians who came out of The Bronx to a surrounding culture that nourished young musicians and helped to develop the talents of the community residents. I think the programs in the public schools had a lot to do with it. I started in (PS) 40, most of us started in 40 or one of those junior high schools. . . . PS 99 had that afterschool community center. We used to have talent shows once a week, some great things came through those talent shows! Because of the rich cultural environment, young kids on the street would aspire for musical greatness. Latinos and African Americans would all embrace the various sounds of Latin music, thanks to the diversity of The Bronx, and lively musicians would surface all over the borough. Willie Colón was one such musician. A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 65 �The South Bronx in the ’50s . . . was exactly like a town in Puerto Rico or any other Latin American country. . . . There were domino games on the sidewalks and there were bembes, which is a group of guys playing congas . . . and we’d sing choruses and maybe some of the hit songs of the day. From that upbringing, Colón embraced both Puerto Rican and Cuban son, and became a trombonist in his own band. Mark Weinstein attributes youth interest in Latin music to the popularity of Barry Rogers. There was LeBron Brothers and there was Willie Colón, I mean both Barry and I were very, very arrogant about what was happening with the trombone. ’Cause both of us had come to Latin music from very rich trombone traditions whereas all the kids who were comin’ up had learned to play trombone by listening to Barry essentially. Regardless of who influenced him, Willie Colón was a young upstart trombonist and he teamed up with a beautiful voice, [a] soñero named Héctor Lavoe. The two delighted fans with songs like trombone anthem with a Panamanian sound “La Murga,” or with the album El Malo, named after the persona Colón would embrace as a rough kid from The Bronx. Ushering the newly dubbed “boogaloo” style, El Malo and Lavoe would travel all over the world with their exciting, trombone-driven sound until Lavoe unfortunately fell victim to heroin and began showing up late for gigs and acting out. In 1973, Colón was forced to fire Lavoe, ending their six-year partnership. Colón would continue to write and record music, and his name became synonymous with salsa music. Colón has written socially conscious songs like “El General” and “Si La Ves,” has sold over 30 66 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ �million records worldwide, and has amassed fifteen gold and five platinum records since his humble beginning in The Bronx. VI. One Last Word From the start in Cuba, through the coalescence with jazz in Manhattan, to the popularization in The Bronx, Afro-Cuban and Latin jazz has become one of the most important cultural phenomena in the history of New York. The various musical forms from Cuba, Puerto Rico, Panama, and other Caribbean nations illustrate the diversity of the city. The story of Afro-Cuban music’s popularity in New York is a microcosm of all the wonderful things that make the city uniquely diverse. The way this music was embraced by native New Yorkers as well as [more recent] immigrants is an amazing tribute to the capital of the world, New York. Musical geniuses brought their incredibly well-trained and knowledgeable background to New York, where they mixed with the native population of jazz musicians, and history was made. The importance of The Bronx in all of this cannot be emphasized enough. It’s because of the borough’s love for Latin music that other musical forms could thrive and be introduced. The music served as a familiar reminder that The Bronx was a place for all people from all over the world. Though many, like Mario Bauzá, detest the term “Latin jazz,” the music itself tells the important story of two cultures merging to form great art. A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 67 �BRONX BUSINESS LEADERS OF THE YEAR AWARD Presented to Bronx business leaders who support the humanities and the arts. 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 Ram Gupta, Chatam 2000 Management Co., Inc. Michael Max Knobbe, BronxNet 1999 Richard Legnini, Bronx Ad Group 1998 John Calvelli, Bronx Zoo James H. Alston, McCalls 1997 Bronxwood Funeral Home Steve Baktidy, S&T Auto Body 1996 Shop 1995 Matthew Engel, Langsam Property Services Greg Gonzalez, Manhattan Parking Group Steve Tisso, Teddy Nissan Joseph Kelleher, Hutchinson Metro Center Adam Green, Rocking the Boat Anthony Mormile, Hudson Valley Bank Lenny Caro, Bronx Chamber of Commerce Katherine Gleeson, Goldman Sachs Sandra Erickson, Erickson Real Estate Cecil P. Joseph, McDonald’s Frank Cassano, New Bronx Chamber of Commerce Dart Westphal, Norwood News James J. Houlihan, HoulihanParnes David Greco, Mike’s Deli & Caterers Peter Madonia, Madonia Brothers Bakery 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 John Reilly, Fordham-Bedford Housing Corp. Mario Procida, Procida Construction Corp. Veronica M. White, NYC Housing Partnership Dr. Spencer Foreman, Montefiore Medical Center Monroe Lovinger, CPA Gil and Jerry Beautus, Walton Press William O’Meara, Greentree Restaurant Larry Barazzoto, Soundview Discount Muffler Gail McMillan, Con Edison Susan E. Goldy, ERA Susan Goldy & Co. Mike Nuñez, Bronx Venture Group Mark Engel, Langsam Property Services Carlos Nazario, Metro Beer & Soda Joel Fishman, Nehring Brother Realty Co. Michael Durso, Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank Elias Karmon, EMK Enterprises �REVIEWS Cope, Suzanne. Power Hungry: Women of the Black Panther Party and Freedom Summer and Their Fight to Feed a Movement. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2022. 304 pp. ISBN: 9781641604529. $27.99. Suzanne Cope’s expertly written, extensively researched book chronicles the Civil Rights Movement in the United States through the lived experiences of two unacknowledged Black women champions of the movement, Aylene Quin and Cleo Silvers. Cope is a writer, professor, narrative journalist, and scholar. She earned a PhD in Adult Learning from Lesley University in Cambridge, Massachusetts and is currently a Clinical Assistant Professor at New York University, where she is a “food studies scholar with a focus on food as a tool for social and political change.” Cope’s work illuminates the stories of “unsung leaders . . . mainly women of color who are left out of history,” individuals who “elevate women’s work” through their uses of food as a “political tool.” Cope does a magnificent job at presenting this historical survey of the Civil Rights Movement in an easy-to-read manner that metaphorically transplants the reader to a stool at Aylene Quin’s food counter. In 22 short and detailed chapters, Power Hungry recounts the dual narratives of Aylene Quin’s community organizing and voter rights’ activism out of her McComb, Mississippi restaurant and tavern South of the Border during the Freedom Summer of 1964, on the one hand, and Cleo Silvers’s organizing in the South Bronx, first through VISTA1 and then with the Black Panther Party shortly after the start of the New York Chapter’s Children’s Free Breakfast Program in 1969, on the other. Cope argues that the two womens’ significance to the Civil Rights Movement is not reflected accurate1 VISTA: Volunteers in Service to America, part of President Johnson’s AntiPoverty program and predecesser to today’s AmeriCorps. Cope, Power Hungry 69 �ly in the historical record, in which such activity as cooking, if included at all, occurs as footnotes. As a tribute to the scholars whose research has inspired and informed her own work, Cope provides the bibliographical citations preceding her prologue. Aylene Quin, or “Mama Quin” as she was affectionately known in her community of McComb, Mississippi, was a pivotal figure in the local and state-wide civil rights and voter registration efforts. Power Hungry vividly recounts Mama Quin’s story through the events of 1961 leading up to the Freedom Summer of 1964 and beyond. The book captures Mama Quin’s personal sacrifices in preparing and delivering meals to activists jailed, in one case for attempting to stage a sit-in at the McComb Woolworth’s food counter and in another for participating in a high school walk-out and march to the County Hall. Although a visible staple of the community, Mama Quin even took part in the latter as a show of support, alongside her daughter Jacqueline. Cope details the many other civil rights actions supported by Mama Quin, like holding secret meetings of the local Black middle-class and business people at her restaurant (who would arrive in the back of delivery trucks) and feeding civil rights workers, such as the SNCC Freedom Riders, and the community at large. 2 Cope describes Mama Quin’s efforts at feeding civil rights activists and the wider community as “community building, done around the kitchen tables rather than on the front lines.” As Cope emphasizes, Mama Quin’s independent “financial means,” as a self-employed business owner, gave her the ability to support the movement without direct consequence to her employment status (which was not the case with many others). Cope introduces Cleo Silvers in chapter 4. She affably details Cleo’s beginnings in her hometown of Philadelphia while growing up enjoying Sunday meals at her grandmother’s house. The experience of social gatherings around meals influenced Cleo’s love for what 2 SNCC: The Student Non-Violenct Coordinating Committee, one of the leading student groups of the Civil Rights Movement. 70 PASTOR CRESPO, JR. �Cope describes as “culinary diplomacy.” Cope expounds on the myriad ways that Cleo hosted and prepared gatherings around food at her apartment in the South Bronx (and elsewhere over the years), not only to garner financial support for the Black Panther Party but as a mentoring tool for what Cleo called her “Black and Brown cadre.” Cope cogently presents the lessons that Aylene Quin and Cleo Silvers provide as the “power of community organizing” and “the power of food to help create community among activists and local people.” At the same time, Cope takes care to ensure that the reader understands Cleo’s accomplishments in the contexts of navigating patriarchy within the Black Panther Party, on the one hand, and enduring extensive FBI efforts to “neutralize and destroy” the Party’s leaders and the brutality of local law enforcement, on the other. As Cope eloquently posits, “This is the insidious nature of white supremacy, particularly when it infiltrates every nook and cranny of governmental power.” Drawing attention to Mama Quin’s context in Mississippi, Cope warns also of the terroristic lengths white supremacy is willing to go to maintain a racist system—drive-by shootings, drive-by bombings, firebombs, and economic sanctions. Power Hun‐ gry is a testament to the strength and perseverance of countless unknown, unrecognized, and uncredited African American women leaders and their use of varied foodways to build and feed the community. This is an absolutely captivating book that is a must read. Pastor Crespo, Jr. The Bronx, New York Cope, Power Hungry 71 �Sammartino, Annemarie. Freedomland: Co‐Op City and The Story of New York. Ithaca/London: Three Hills/Cornell University Press, 2022. 320 pp. ISBN: 9781501716430. $32.95. As its title suggests, Freedomland: Co‐Op City and the Story of New York frames the history of Co-op City, the largest cooperative housing development in the U.S., as a microcosm of wider twentiethcentury New York City history. Co-Op City was constructed at the end of the 1960s in the far reaches of the northeast Bronx, carved out of swampland along the Hutchinson River. The title derives from the ill-fated amusement park, Freedomland, which during the first half of the 1960s occupied a portion of the land on which Co-Op City was built. At the same time, the title evokes the promise of Co-Op City: a place where affordable housing and a cohesive community life would be available to residents without necessitating a move to the suburbs. Here was a place where working- and middle-class New Yorkers could flourish and share in the American dream of home-own-ership. The cooperative housing movement in New York City, of which Coop City was a part, emerged in the early twentieth century among progressive Jewish and other trade unionists. Tenants, or “cooperators,” would purchase equity shares in an apartment upon move-in and would receive the amount back, plus interest, when vacating the apartment. Early cooperative housing in New Yorkwith pronounced leftwing influence such as the Allerton Coops in The Bronx had some of the first racially integrated housing in New York City. Other cooperatives had a less than stellar record in this regard, and this is a part of the story of Co-op City as well. Co-Op City was built by the United Housing Foundation (UHF), a nonmarket housing corporation known for cooperative projects like 72 ROGER MCCORMACK �the Amalgamated Housing Co-operative in The Bronx, opened in 1927, and Rochdale Village in Queens, opened in 1963. Co-op City, whose first apartments opened in 1968, provided middle-income housing at a time when many middle-class New Yorkers had decamped for the suburbs. All of these UHF developments served as crucibles for the inexorable demographic and economic changes buffeting New York City in the second half of the twentieth century —not least because in the late 1960s the UHF was mandated by the state to conform to non-discriminatory housing policies. Racial integration was not without tension in these developments, particularly as the original goals of the cooperative movement lost their luster amid rising crime and the racialized perception among many that an influx of Blacks and Puerto Ricans to Co-Op City heralded the demise of the neighborhood in the late 1970s and 1980s. According to Sammartino, however, Co-Op City never succumbed to New York’s vituperative racial politics to the same extent as Rochdale Village did, with the latter coming apart over busing and integration in the 1970s. UHF initially stressed a homogenously middle-class community at Co-op City and refused to jettison the middle-income requirement to appeal to more Blacks and Latinos, who were on average employed in jobs that paid them less for comparable work done by whites and experienced higher rates of unemployment. The approach of UHF created tension with prominent city agencies and Mayor Lindsay’s administration, which advocated—at least on paper—various policies to uplift Black and Latino populations in the 1960s. According to Sammartino, the common socio-economic level of Co-Op City nourished racial integration, subduing racial tension and rancor at a time when such tensions were high elsewhere in New York. Sammartino argues for Co-Op City’s unusual role within New York City: problems found in the rest of the city, though perceptible in Co-Op City, were diminished by the middle-class character of the development and the ideology of the “cooperators” or residents of Co-Op City, stressing, Sammartino, Freedomland 73 �as it did, shared ownership and the diminution of the profit motive in real estate. Other critics of Co-Op City at the time drew attention to its “Towers in the park” model. Towering residential skyscrapers, these critics argued, contributed to urban alienation and malaise. In this telling, Co-Op City would never be able to achieve a spontaneous community. Architectural and urban planners—chief among them Jane Jacobs—celebrated the community life of old, smaller-scale neighborhoods and were quick to denounce massive urban development projects like Co-Op City. Sammartino argues that this portrayal of Co-Op City was false, citing a number of anecdotes from her own life and from other residents highlighting the robustness of community in Co-Op City. Community life was, in fact, celebrated by people of varying ethnicities and backgrounds, most notably Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, who moved to Co-Op City as a young girl. Here, Sammartino probably overstates her thesis. While her anecdotes of vibrant community life in Co-Op City are nonetheless true, the development to this day remains isolated from the rest of The Bronx and New York City (many plans for a subway line to Co-Op City have proved abortive), making the development convenient primarily for automobile drivers. Sammartino masterfully describes the ethos of the cooperative’s founders, the United Housing Foundation, and their utopian aims for cooperative housing, desiring nothing less than a wholesale reevaluation of how New Yorkers envisioned housing. She is also unsparing in detailing the corruption of the Mitchell-Lama program (and probably the UHF) and the enormous cost overruns during the construction of Co-Op City, overruns eventually paid for by increases in “carrying charges,” or rents, by the development’s residents. The increase in carrying charges and resentment towards the UHF’s 74 ROGER MCCORMACK �perceived corruption culminated in the rent strike of 1975–1976, the longest and largest so far in U.S. history. Led by the bombastic labor organizer Charles Rosen—dubbed by the Village Voice “the Lenin of the North Bronx”—Co-Op City cooperators eventually gained board control of Co-Op City but remained bedeviled by the same financial problems the UHF faced. The strike destroyed the UHF: it would never build another cooperative housing complex after the imbroglios involved in the construction and maintenance of Co-Op City. Here, Sammartino uses the example of Co-Op City to chart the history of New York’s social welfare apparatus, where robust funding was provided for education, housing, and a variety of other urban programs in the 1930s and 1940s. By the 1970s, this model was in desuetude. Instead, the ruling governing philosophy became “neoliberalism,” which Sammartino defines as market-based solutions to urban problems, and austerity, encapsulated by the federal government’s refusal to bail out New York City during the fiscal crisis of the 1970s (and symbolized by the New York Post’s famous headline, “Ford to New York—Drop Dead!”). Co-Op City, though, founded just prior to the high-water point of these policies in New York City, offered a rival conception of housing, with its roots in the social welfare model of the 1930s and ’40s and the tenant activism of the Lower East Side and The Bronx of this same era. Initially a safe-haven for Jews leaving once prosperous ethnic neighborhoods in the West Bronx, Co-Op City was widely seen as part of The Bronx and yet distinct from older neighborhoods not only because of its far-flung location and towering skyscrapers but also because of the absence of crime and urban blight. Complicating narratives of white flight and twentieth-century urban histories, Sammartino argues against Co-Op City as having a decisive destructive impact on the west Bronx. According to a standard narrative, Co-Op City exacerbated white flight from west Bronx neighborhoods and was one of the main contributors to urban decay in the borough. But, Professor Sammartino notes, many Jewish Sammartino, Freedomland 75 �residents of the Grand Concourse had already left for the suburbs of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut before the construction of Co-Op City was finished in 1968. In her view, Co-Op City simply reinforced a social trend already underway. The book also benefits from Sammartino’s measured appraisal of the reasons for the Jewish exodus from the west Bronx. Many previously storied west Bronx neighborhoods had begun to experience decreases in city services and overall building maintenance, and new arrivals to Co-Op City cited actual crimes and a perceived decline in their old neighborhoods. For a time, Co-Op City was seen as an escape from such blight. Unlike many other scholars of this period, however, Sammartino is similarly careful to weigh the largely manufactured fears of white residents of an increase in crime in Co-Op City in the 1980s and 1990s. Sammartino concludes her commendable volume with a paean to Co-Op City’s multicultural identity, even as demographics in the development have shifted, and to its continued existence as a middle-class neighborhood for newer populations of Bronxites. Roger McCormack The Bronx, New York 76 ROGER MCCORMACK �SELECT PUBLICATIONS AND GIFTS OF THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY The below items, and additional publications and gifts, are available for purchase in-person at any of our locations; by mail, through writing to The Bronx County Historical Society at 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, NY 10467; or online, at www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/store. Life in The Bronx Series Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Birth of The Bronx: 1609–1900 $30.00 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx in the Innocent Years: $25.00 1890–1925 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, $25.00 1935–1965 Lloyd Ultan, The Beautiful Bronx: 1920–1950 $25.00 Life in The Bronx, four-volume set $90.00 History of The Bronx Nicholas DiBrino, History of Morris Park Racecourse $10.00 Allan S. Gilbert (ed.), Digging The Bronx $25.00 G. Hermalyn et al., A Historical Sketch of The Bronx, 2nd edition $15.00 G. Hermalyn and Thomas X. Casey, Bronx Views $12.00 G. Hermalyn and Anthony Greene, Yankee Stadium: 1923–2008 $22.00 G. Hermalyn and Robert Kornfeld, Landmarks of The Bronx $15.00 Kathleen A. McAuley, Westchester Town: Bronx Beginnings $15.00 Kathleen A. McAuley and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx: Then and Now $22.00 John McNamara, History in Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names (encyclopedia), 3rd edition $30.00 John McNamara, McNamara’s Old Bronx $20.00 Rubio P. Mendez, A History of the Riverdale Yacht Club $20.00 Michael Miller, Theatres of The Bronx $5.00 �Lloyd Ultan, Blacks in the Colonial Bronx: A Documentary History $18.00 Lloyd Ultan, The Bronx in the Frontier Era $20.00 Lloyd Ultan, Legacy of the Revolution $15.00 Lloyd Ultan, The Northern Borough: A History of The Bronx $28.00 George Zoebelein, The Bronx: A Struggle for County Government $15.00 History of New York City Elizabeth Beirne, The Greater New York Centennial $20.00 Peter Derrick, Tunneling to the Future $20.00 G. Hermalyn, Morris High School and the Creation of the New York City Public High School System $34.00 George Lankevich, New York City: A Short History $20.00 Lawrence Stelter, By the El: Third Avenue and Its El at Mid‐Century $20.00 History of New York State G. Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, Hudson’s River $20.00 Elizabeth Beirne, The Hudson River $20.00 Douglas Lazars et al., Re‐inspired: The Erie Canal $20.00 Roots of the Republic Series George Lankevich, Chief Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court $20.00 George Lankevich, The First House of Representatives and $20.00 the Bill of Rights Edward Quinn, The Signers of the Constitution of the United States $20.00 Edward Quinn, The Signers of the Declaration of Independence $20.00 Richard Streb, The First Senate of the United States $20.00 Lloyd Ultan, Presidents of the United States $20.00 Roots of the Republic Series, six-volume set $99.00 Educational Material Anthony Greene, Annotated Primary Source Documents, vol. 1 $20.00 Roger McCormack, Annotated Primary Source Documents, vol. 2 $22.00 Dan Eisenstein, Local History Classroom Resource Guide $15.00 �Lisa Garrison, The South Bronx and the Founding of America $15.00 G. Hermalyn, The Study and Writing of History $20.00 Samuel Hopkins, West Farms Local History Curriculum Guide $15.00 Alonso Serrano, Latin Bicentennial, comic book $5.00 The Bronx County Historical Society Journal Back issues of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 1963–2021, are available for purchase for $15.00 an issue, excepting special issues like the Centennial of The Bronx issue, available for purchase for $20.00. Research Center Dominick Caldiero et al., Newspaper Titles of The Bronx $15.00 G. Hermalyn, Publications and Other Media of The Bronx County Historical Society Since 1955 $5.00 G. Hermalyn et al., The Bronx in Print $10.00 G. Hermalyn et al., Education and Culture in The Bronx $20.00 G. Hermalyn and Laura Tosi, Genealogy of The Bronx $10.00 Kathleen A. McAuley, A Guide to the Collections of The Bronx County Archives $20.00 Laura Tosi et al., Ethnic Groups in The Bronx $20.00 Laura Tosi et al., Index to The Sheet Map Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society $20.00 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Elected Public Officials of The Bronx Since 1898 $15.00 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Atlas Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society $10.00 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Microfilm/Microfiche Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society $10.00 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Media Collection $10.00 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Video Collection $10.00 �Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, a documentary on DVD $20.00 Elizabeth Beirne, Poems and Tales of Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham $20.00 Kathleen A. McAuley, Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham $15.00 Special Interest Peter Derrick and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx Cookbook $15.00 Remember The Bronx, Bronx history calendar for 2023 $12.00 Gifts The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug $7.95 The Bronx Afghan, washable cotton blanket, 50" x 65" $50.00 The Bronx River Parkway, c. 1915, poster, 20.5" x 29.5" $20.00 Edgar Allan Poe coffee mug The Grand Concourse, 1892, poster, 25" x 12" $7.95 $20.00 The Bronx Comfort gift set, includes The Bronx Cookbook, the Bronx Afghan, and The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug $60.00 �THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTS Jacqueline Kutner, 1993– Robert R. Hall, 1986–1993 Raymond F. Crapo, 1976–1986 Robert Farkas, 1976 Lloyd Ultan, 1971–1976 Ronald Schliessman, 1969–1971 Roger Arcara 1967–1969 Thomas J. Mullins, 1964–1967 George J. Fluhr, 1963–1964 Ray D. Kelly, 1963 Fred E. J. Kracke, 1960–1963 Joseph Duffy, 1958–1960 Dr. Theodore Kazimiroff, 1955–1958 LIFE MEMBERS Dr. Elizabeth Beirne Louis H. Blumegarten Adolfo Carrión Sam Chermin James Conroy Dorothy Curran John Dillon Dan Eisenstein Mark Engel Natalie and Robert Esnard Ken Fisher Fordham Hill Owner’s Co. Katherine Gleeson Greg Gonzalez David Greco Robert Hall Daniel Hauben Dr. Gary Hermalyn James Houlihan Marsha Horenstein Dr. Reintraut E. Jonsson Cecil P. Joseph Joseph Kelleher Mark Lampell Douglas Lazarus Maralyn May Kathleen A. McAuley Steven A. Ostrow Alan Parisse Jane Mead Peter Joel Podgor Steve Baktidy Marilyn and Morris Sopher Elizabeth Stone Henry G. Stroobants Susan Tane Lloyd Ultan Van Courtlandt Village CC Jac Zadrima HONORARY MEMBERS Robert Abrams Jorge L. Batista Michael Benedetto Lorraine Cortez-Vazquez Gloria Davis Hector Diaz Ruben Díaz, Jr. Jeffrey Dinowitz Eliot Engel Carmen Fariña Dr. Joseph A. Fernandez Fernando Ferrer George Friedman Robert T. Johnson Stephen Kaufman Jeff Klein Joel I. Klein G. Oliver Koppell Jeffrey Korman Lawrence Levine Harold O. Levy Michael M. Lippman James J. Periconi Ricardo Oquendo Nathan Quinoñes Roberto Ramírez Carl E. Heastie Lee Holtzman Gustavo Rivera Joel Rivera José Rivera Ninfa Segarra José E. Serrano Stanley Simon Thomas Sobol ��THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 3309 Bainbridge Avenue The Bronx, New York 10467 718-881-8900 www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org The publication of this volume was made possible, in part, through the generous support of The National Realty Club Foundation. The Bronx County Historical Society is supported through funds and services provided by: New York City Department of Cultural Affairs New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Historic House Trust of New York City New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation The Bronx Delegation of the New York City Council The Office of the President of the Borough of The Bronx The Bronx Delegation of the New York State Assembly The Bronx Delegation of the New York State Senate The H. W. Wilson Foundation The Astor Fund The Isabelle Fund The Elbaum Fund The Ultan Fund The Lucius N. Littauer Foundation The S. Hermalyn Institute The New Yankee Stadium Community Benefits Fund, Inc. The Susan Tane Foundation The New York Public Library The New York Community Trust The National Realty Club Foundation �THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL Volume LIX Numbers 1–2 Spring/Fall 2022 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx County Historical Society Journal Description An account of the resource The repository for digital editions of the full run of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 1962–present, the premier publication on Bronx history and culture. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bronx County Historical Society Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx County Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966–present Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource © The Bronx County Historical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodical Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BCHSJOUR Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL Volume LIX Numbers 1–2 Spring/Fall 2022 EDITORIAL BOARD G. Hermalyn Elizabeth Beirne Jacqueline Kutner Patrick Logan Steven Payne Gil Walton Roger Wines © 2022 by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal is published by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. All correspondence should be addressed to 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, New York, 10467. Articles appearing in this Journal are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Periodical Source Index, and Recent Scholarship Online. The Journal and its editors disclaim responsibility for statements made by the contributors. ISSN 0007-2249 Articles in The Bronx County Historical Journal can also be found on EBSCO host research databases and on our website under “Collections.” www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES Jacqueline Kutner, President Patrick Logan, Treasurer Steve Baktidy, Trustee Mei Sei Fong, Trustee Joel Podgor, Trustee Jac Zadrima, Trustee Hon. Eric Adams Mayor of New York City Hon. Sue Donaghue Commissioner, New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Dr. G. Hermalyn, Chief Executive Officer Dr. Steven Payne, Director Teresa Brown, Chief Administrative Officer Clarence Addo-Yobo, Museum of Bronx History Senior Interpreter Pastor Crespo, Jr., Research Librarian Roger McCormack, Director of Education Chris Padilla, Bookstore Manager Valerie Blain, Archival Intern Kathleen A. McCauley, Curator Emerita Dr. Mark Naison, Bronx African American History Project Consultant Anthony Morante, Vice President Gil Walton, Secretary Robert Esnard, Trustee Dr. G. Hermalyn, Trustee Lloyd Ultan, Trustee EX-OFFICIO Hon. Vanessa Gibson Bronx Borough President Hon. Laurie Cumbo Commissioner, New York City Department of Cultural Affairs STAFF ii Volume LIX Numbers 1–2 Spring/Fall 2022 CONTENTS A Note from the Editors.......................................................................................................v ARTICLES Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty..................................................1 Edited and introduction by Steven Payne Kingsbridge Vignettes............................................................................................................19 By Richard Baum Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s........................................................................................29 By Robert Weiss A Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters.............................................39 By Mark Naison About the Authors..................................................................................................................44 FROM THE ARCHIVES Afro-Cuban Jazz in The Bronx......................................................................................45 From the David M. Carp Papers on Latin Jazz REVIEWS Cope, Power Hungry (2022)................................................................................................69 By Pastor Crespo, Jr. Sammartino, Freedomland (2022)...................................................................................72 By Roger McCormack iii ENDOWED FUNDS The Bronx County Historical Society encourages the esta- blishment of named endowment funds. Funds may be created to support the many different pro- grams of The Society or may be established for restricted use. The funds appear permanently on the financial records of the Historical Society in recognition of their ongoing su- pport of its work. Named endowment funds are established for a gift of $5000 or more and once begun, additional con- tributions may be made at any time. The following funds currently Astor Fund Bingham Fund Elbaum Fund Fernandez Fund General Board Fund Gordon Fund Gouverneur Morris Fund Halpern Memorial Fund support our work: Hermalyn Institute Fund Isabelle Fund Khan Fund Lampell Fund Library Fund Parisse Fund Sander Fund Ultan Fund For further details, contact: Mr. Joel Podgor, CPA Treasurer Emeritus 718-881-8900 A NOTE FROM THE EDITORS Volume 59 of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal represents a milestone in the history of this storied periodical, which has been published continuously since 1964. In many respects, the COVID-19 pandemic hit The Bronx County Historical Society with a ven- geance. Our two historic house museums were closed for the ma- jority of 2020 and the entirety of 2021 and only started to reopen on a limited basis in 2022. Revenue from museum visits, tours, and in- person purchases all experienced a sharp decline and are only beginning to bounce back. Yet on other important fronts, particularly those of collection acquistion, archival processing, and oral history recording, The Society’s activities picked up as never before. The Society recorded over 100 oral histories during these pandemic years across The Bronx African American History Project, The Bronx Latino History Project, and The Bronx Aerosol Arts Documentary Project. The Society acquired 43 new archival collec- tions during this same period, and over 100 of the 163 collections currently housed in The Bronx County Archives were fully processed and inventoried and are now available to researchers and the wider public. This volume of our Journal contains some of the first fruits of these pandemic labors, including an edited oral history collection from the Bronx Latino History Project around the life and legacy of Dr. Evelina Antonetty (1910–1984), a pivotal Bronx human rights activist, and an archival manuscript of a lengthy but ground- breaking study of Afro-Cuban jazz from the David M. Carp papers on Latin jazz in The Bronx County Archives. This volume, while longer than many previous volumes, is meant to highlight the recent work of The Society while motioning towards our ever-expanding role as a world-class center of community-based historical docu- mentation and scholarship. v ISABELLE HERMALYN BOOK AWARD IN NEW YORK URBAN HISTORY Presented annually to an author of a distinguished work in New York urban history. 2022 Annotated Primary Source 2009 Documents, vol. 2, Roger McCormack 2008 2021 BASEBALL The New York Game, Anthony Morante 2020 Hudson’s River, G. Hermalyn and Sidney Horenstein, The 2007 Bronx County Historical Society 2019 Concrete Jungle, Niles Eldrige 2006 and Sidney Horenstein, University of California Press 2018 Digging The Bronx, Alan 2005 Gilbert, The Bronx County Historical Society 2004 2017 The New York Botanical Garden, Gregory Long and Todd A. Forest, Abrams Books 2003 2016 The Bronx Artist Documentary Project, Judith C. Lane and 2002 Daniel Hauben 2015 An Irrepressible Conflict, 2001 Jennifer A. Lemak et al., SUNY Press 2014 Supreme City, Donald Miller, 2000 Simon & Schuster 2013 Humans of New York, 1999 Brandon Stanton, St. Martin's Press 2012 The Impeachment of Governor 1998 Salzer, Matthew L. Lifflander, SUNY Press 1997 2011 Freedomland, Robert McLaughlin and Frank Adamo, Arcadia Publishers 2010 Band of Union, Gerard T. Manahatta, Eric W. Sanderson, Abrams Books The New York, Westchester & Boston Railway, Herbert Harwood, Indiana University Press Trying Leviathan, D. Graham Burnett, Princeton University Press Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx is Burning, Jonathan Mahler, Ferrar, Strauss & Giroux The Devil’s Own Work, Barnett Schecter, Walker & Co. The Island at the Center of the World, Russell Shorto, Doubleday Capital City, Thomas Kessner, Simon & Schuster Tunneling to the Future, Peter Derrick, NYU Press The Monied Metropolis, Sven Beckert, Cambridge University Press Bronx Accent, Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger, Rutgers Press The Neighborhoods of Brooklyn, John Manbeck and Zella Jones American Metropolis, George Lankevich, NYU Press Elected Public Officials of The Bronx Since 1898, Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx County Historical Society Koppel, Da Capa Press TITI: AN ORAL HISTORY OF DR. EVELINA ANTONETTY EDITED AND INTRODUCTION BY STEVEN PAYNE I. Introduction Dr. Evelina Antonetty (1922–1984), a proud Bronxite, was among the most prolific human rights activists of the twentieth century. Over the course of more than four decades of activism, Evelina struggled for an end to racial and national discrimination against Puerto Ricans, African Americans, and other racially and nationally oppressed peoples; quality, affordable housing for all; culturally relevant and bilingual public education; full employment with livable wages, especially for youth; robust funding for after-school programs and community centers; healthcare equity; peace and disarmament; and much more. On the occasion of Evelina’s cen- tenary, as part of “Evelina 100,” a week-long celebration of her life and legacy, on Friday, September 16, 2022, The Bronx County Historical Society screened TITI: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty, an edited oral history collection, at Pregones/Puero Rican Travelling Theater in The Bronx. Section 2 of this article provides a brief biography of Evelina to orient readers who might not be as familiar with her work. Section 3 contains a list of narrators included in the edited oral history collection, together with references to the full-length oral histories recorded by the Historical Society for the Bronx Latino History Project and the Bronx African American History Project. Section 4 reproduces the transcript of TITI: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty in its entirety. Although representing only a sampling of the significant oral his- tory collecting that is taking place around Evelina’s life and legacy, the selections transcribed in the final section of this article demonstrate the multi-layered, complex, emotionally laden, and politically significant impact Evelina continues to have among Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 1 family members, friends, and the wider Bronx community. Although physically absent, Evelina continues to shape the way that The Bronx and its people struggle for and think about a more livable, sustainable present and future. II. Brief Biography of Dr. Evelina Antonetty Dr. Evelina Antonetty (née López) was born on September 19, 1922 in Salinas, Puerto Rico.1 Her mother, Eva Cruz, raised Evelina and her two younger sisters, Lillian and Elba. Evelina’s aunt and uncle, Vi- centa and Enrique Godreau, had relocated to New York City in 1923. A decade later, in 1933, they sent for Evelina to live with them. Evelina left Puerto Rico soon after her youngest sister Elba was born, on September 10, 1933. After arriving in New York on El Ponce, Evelina lived with her aunt and uncle in El Barrio until her mother and sisters could join her. This they did two years later, in 1935, and the entire family lived together in successive East Harlem apart- ments. Vicenta and Enrique—known to most simply as “Godreau”— had already established extensive ties within the community by the time Evelina’s family arrived. Vicenta was a political activist with close ties to the LaGuardia and Roosevelt administrations. Godreau was a music promoter and numbers runner who regularly socialized with the likes of Machito and Tito Puente. Those close to Evelina while she was growing up remember her as actively engaged in transforming the world and her place within it 1 For longer biographical treatments of Dr. Evelina Antonetty, some more reliable than others, see, for example, Nicholasa Mohr, All for the Better (Austin, TX: Steck-Vaughn, 1993); “Guide to the Records of United Bronx Parents, Inc 1966–1989 (Bulk 1970s–1983),” Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, Hunter College, CUNY, 2005 https://centropr-archive.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/faids/ubpf.html; Nélida Pé- rez, “Antonetty, Evelina López (1922–1984),” pp. 48–49 in Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia (Indiana University Press, 2006); and Nydia Edgecombe, “‘The Hell Lady from the Bronx’ Evelina López Antonetty, el activismo comunitario de una puertorriqueña en la diáspora del Sur del Bronx” (PhD dissertation, El Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y El Caribe, 2018). 2 STEVEN PAYNE from an early age. One of her friends from childhood, Dolores Roque, remembers a pageant that she and Evelina organized in ele- mentary school in Puerto Rico. It was the largest pageant in the school’s history up to that point.2 In New York City, at the age of sixteen, Evelina joined the Young Communist League, the youth wing of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA), a formidable force in the 1940s in progressive, anti-racist, labor, and anti-colonial struggles. Evelina was speaking at mass meetings citywide by the time she was in her late teens. Her youngest sister Elba, for instance, remembers Evelina speaking at a large American Labor Party rally in New York City during the early 1940s in support of the U.S.’s anti-fascist war efforts (as World War II was explicitly characterized at the time). During this rally, as a testament to her ability and reputation, a young Evelina was on the rostrum with Jesús Colón (1901–1974), one of the leading Puerto Rican activists of the day and more than 20 years Evelina’s senior. Evelina also worked very closely with Vito Marcantonio, a progressive Italian politician from East Harlem who built close ties with both Italian and Puerto Rican communities in the neighborhood and around New York. Evelina became a postal worker for a period of time during the war, and it was during these years that she met and married her first husband and moved to Jackson Avenue in The Bronx. Evelina gave birth to her first daughter, Lorraine, in 1943. For a number of years after the war, Evelina worked for District 65 of the Retail, Whole- sale, and Department Store Union (RWDSU), one of the more militant unions that fell under close scrutiny during the McCarthy era.3 Evelina recruited for the local among Puerto Ricans and other people of color who were still discriminated against in many unions 2 See Section 4 below for the transcription of this story from Dolores Roque’s oral history recorded for the Bronx Latino History Project. 3 District 65 of the RWDSU eventually merged with the United Auto Workers (UAW) and became a local affiliated with that union. For a historical overview of this union, see “Guide to the United Automobile Workers of America, District 65 Records WAG.006,” Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archive, Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, NYU, 2019, https://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/ html/tamwag/wag_006/bioghist.html; and Minna P. Ziskind, “Labor Conflict in the Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 3 at the time. By this point, Evelina’s mother, two sisters, and some of her extended family had also moved to The Bronx, settling nearby on Concord Avenue. During these years, Evelina divorced her first husband and married Donato Antonetty, with whom she had her second daughter, Anita, and her only son Donald. Navigating the public school system with her three children and other parents in the neighborhood convinced Evelina that education advocacy was an urgent and much needed area of struggle, both in The Bronx and citywide. With community and family members, Evelina founded an organi- zation called United Bronx Parents (UBP) in 1965 in order to train Bronx parents to advocate for their children’s language, cultural, and nourishment needs. Additionally, UBP organized bilingual adult education classes, served as a community center, offered a variety of employment and job training opportunities to youth, became in- volved in local struggles for healthcare justice, and fought for the people of The Bronx in a variety of other ways. UBP quickly grew to become one of New York City’s leading community organi- zations. By the early 1970s, UBP was distributing two meals a day to thousands of children in all five boroughs for the city’s new free summer breakfast and lunch program. Both through UBP and independently Evelina was deeply engaged in her community. After youth involvement in gangs experienced an uptick in The Bronx during the late 1960s and early 1970s, Evelina began approaching known gang leaders, befriending them, arranging for their employment, and supporting them throughout their rehabilitation. Additionally, Evelina and other community members drew attention to the abhorrent healthcare being provided at Lincoln Hospital and other “ghetto hospitals” (as they were called at the time). She and others, including groups like the Young Lords and Suburbs: Organizing Retail in Metropolitan New York, 1954–1958,” International Labor and Working‐Class History 64 (2003): 55–79. 4 STEVEN PAYNE the Black Panthers, advocated for community control of these healthcare facilities.4 Evelina also supported Dr. Helen Rodríguez- Trías (1929–2001) and others at Lincoln Hospital who opposed the appointment of Dr. Antonio Silva, a doctor with a known history of mass sterilization of women in Puerto Rico.5 When the South Bronx and its people were depicted in racist and dehumanizing ways in films like Fort Apache, The Bronx (1981), Evelina hit the streets in protest, always sticking up for her community.6 In short, Evelina was a loving sister, mother, and aunt, a fierce fighter, a mentor to many, an incredibly active and brilliant human being who loved The Bronx, its people, and all oppressed peoples worldwide. III. Oral History Narrators TITI: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty contains selections from the oral histories of the following narrators, alphabetized by last name, all of whom have recorded at least one oral history for either the Bronx Latino History Project or the Bronx African American History Project. References to these oral histories are pro- vided to facilitate further research about the life and legacy of Dr. Evelina Antonetty. ANITA ANTONETTY is the daughter of Evelina and Donato Anto- 4 For recent treatments of struggles for community control of healthcare facilities in The Bronx, see Rachel Pagones, Acupuncture as Revolution: Suffering, Liberation, and Love (London: Brevis, 2021), especially chs. 1 and 3; and Johanna Fernández, The Young Lords: A Radical History (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2020), 271–304. 5 For a general history of mass sterlization campaigns among Puerto Ricans, see Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), 142–161. A biography of Dr. Helen Rodríguez-Trías can be found in Joyce Wilcox, “The Face of Women’s Health: Helen Rodriguez Trias,” American Journal of Public Health (2002): 566–569. 6 See box 1, folder 3, “Committee Against Fort Apache,” The Gelvin Stevenson papers on Arson and Housing Abandonment, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 5 netty.7 DONALD ANTONETTY is the son of Evelina and Donato Antonetty.8 ELBA CABRERA is the youngest sister of Evelina.9 JOE CONZO, JR. is the grandson of Evelina and the son of Lorraine Montenegro, who was the oldest daughter of Evelina.10 CARINA MONDESIRE is the daughter of Paul Mondesire, the grand- daughter of Elba Cabrera, and the great niece of Evelina.11 PAUL MONDESIRE is the younger son of Elba Cabrera and a nephew of Evelina.12 ANTONIO MONDESÍRE-CABRERA is the older son of Elba Cabrera and a nephew of Evelina.13 7 “Oral History of Anita and Donald Antonetty,” April 13, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 8 “Oral History of Anita and Donald Antonetty.” 9 “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 1,” November 16, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 2,” November 30, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 3,” December 6, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 4,” December 14, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 5,” December 22, 2021; “Oral History of Elba Cabrera, Part 6,” December 28, 2021; interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 10 “Oral History of Joe Conzo, Jr.,” May 9, 2006, interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx African American History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 11 “Oral History of Carina Mondesire,” December 14, 2021, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 12 “Oral History of Paul Mondesire, Part 1,” February 1, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 13 “Oral History of Babá Antonio Mondesire-Cabrera, Part 1,” June 16, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne; “Oral History of Babá Antonio Mondesire-Cabrera, Part 2,” September 22, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne and Pastor Crespo, Jr., The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical 6 STEVEN PAYNE DOLORES ROQUE is a childhood friend of Evelina who went to elementary school with her in Puerto Rico.14 CLEO SILVERS is a community and labor organizer who was men- tored by Evelina as a young activist in the South Bronx in the late 1960s and early 1970s.15 VIVIAN VÁSQUEZ IRIZARRY is an award-winning documentary filmmaker who frequented UBP when she was growing up.16 IV. Transcript of TITI: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty The transcribed oral history collection below is organized into three sections: 1. Evelina’s Life, which includes selected narrations of different aspects of Evelina’s life, from early childhood through adulthood; 2. Evelina’s Struggles, comprised of selected narrations of activist struggles Evelina engaged in from the 1940s until her passing in 1984, with pride of place falling to UBP; and 3. Evelina’s Legacies, which contains selected narrations of the many legacies left behind in Evelina’s wake—from a passion for education to gang rehabilitation to mentoring and inspiring generations of community activists, family members, and Bronxites in general. Society Research Library. 14 “Oral History of Dolores Roque,” February 11, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 15 “Oral History of Cleo Silvers, Part 1,” February 21, 2007; “Oral History of Cleo Silvers, Part 2,” March 12, 2007; interviewed by Mark Naison, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 16 “Oral History of Vivian Vásquez Irizarry,” February 18, 2022, interviewed by Steven Payne, The Bronx Latino History Project, The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 7 1. Evelina’s Life ELBA CABRERA: Well, I came to this country in 1935. My sister Evelina had—I was born, I was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. And the day I was born, Evelina left to come to New York. She actually saw me— she saw my mother giving birth to me. And she said it was the hardest thing for her to leave, to leave her new baby sister. But my aunt [Vicenta Godreau], who had come to New York from Puerto Rico in 1923, had sent for her. And so, she was leaving. And that was actually September 10, 1933 that Evelina came to this country. And she was with my aunt. She landed in the Brooklyn Navy Yards, I think it was. And the boat was the, El Ponce. That was the name of the boat—boat or ship. When, when Evelina came, she went to live at 117th Street, in East Harlem. And it was, I think, off Fifth Avenue, I think. Because, you know, this is all what I’ve heard, you know. I wasn’t around. And so anyway, two years later, my aunt sent for us, sent for me and my mom and Lillian. And we came on the same ship and landed in Brooklyn as well. And we went to live with my aunt, and this was extended family living in Spanish Harlem. ANITA ANTONETTY: Well, how my mother [Evelina Antonetty] and my father [Donato Antonetty] ended up in The Bronx: well, my mother, when, when she came to this country, she lived in El Barrio in Harlem, East Harlem, New York, with her aunt, and then I believe what she told us was that when she, she got married to her first husband, she, they moved to The Bronx. That seemed to be the place people were going, a lot of people were coming to the Bronx, so they were in the South Bronx, Jackson Avenue. So, and then after she divorced her first husband, she and my, my sister Lorraine, were still there in Jackson Avenue. And her mother and her two sisters followed her to the, to The Bronx. That’s Elba 8 STEVEN PAYNE and Lillian. And they lived on Concord Avenue, which was a block away from Jackson Avenue. My father came later, I think, around ’55 or so, came to New York. And, and his family also had come to, some of them had already come to New York—my aunt Santos and my other aunt Margo, came, came to New York. Santos lived in the same building, Jackson Avenue. Margo lived in Concord as well. So, we had, we had, we had family all around us. There was other friends also that lived [in] Union Avenue: Tini, Carmen. Carmen Muñoz was godmother to Donny. My, my godmother, Celia Avilés, at the time, lived in, in Jackson Avenue, 625 Jackson, [inaudible], too. So, it was a real family neighborhood, you know, besides being blood relatives, we were close to everybody. It was a very mixed neighborhood. It was, you know, Puerto Ricans, African Americans that came from the South. There were others: Irish; Jewish, mostly from, from Russia; and Chinese. There were Chinese people that lived in the neighborhood, too. So, it was a very mixed neighborhood, very working-class neighborhood. PAUL MONDESIRE: So, the anchor of our family was Titi—everybody called her “Titi.” That would be Dr. Evelina Antonetty. Titi and her family, when I was really, really, really young, they lived, I think it was there on Jackson Avenue. The address I’m remembering: 625 Jackson Avenue. But we used to go visit them all the time. We used to visit Aunt Lilly a lot. She and, she and my grandmother lived in the then new Bridge Apartments, there at 111 Wadsworth, in, you know, technically that’s Man-, Washington Heights. The Bridge Apartments at that time were brand, brand new. They, this was before they kind of turned into a sewer, you know, because that, that turned into a very harsh neighborhood. But Aunt Lilly moved out of there before then. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 9 But, so, we would visit Titi and Aunt Lilly a lot. Lorraine and her kids. I mean, well, Titi was kind of the, she was the fulcrum. So, everybody went to Titi’s house, no matter what. Right? So, you know, holidays were spent going to Titi’s a lot. DOLORES ROQUE: Let me tell you: one time I went to get together, and we tried to make a pageant. And we made a pageant. And I say, “You know what? We’re gonna have Alma.” Alma was a girl, she was very nice, cute, but she had a cross-eye, and was cross-eyed. Her mother was separating from her father. But Titi and me, we decided to make the pageant. And I made the pageant. So, this man, he was a big man with money, like Alma’s father. They worked in the, in the corporation that then built [inaudible]. And this guy came over to me, and he says, “How much money do you need to make my daughter the queen?” The ticket was two cents —two cents, the ticket! Just [to] buy the stuff for the pageant, and, you know, for the—. So, and then we say, “No, we want to have —Alma will be the president.” And I said [to Titi], “You’re gonna be the, the princess.” So, we made the pageant, okay—the teacher doesn't know anything about it. We’re doing everything behind the teacher’s back. But it happened so that was the biggest event the school has, okay? Titi was the princess, and we made Alma the queen. That was Evelina and me in school, okay? They had a garden. And there we had a, they had a teacher. Mostly for the boys. For teaching gardening and stuff like that. And Titi and me went to see how they seed, plant the tomatoes, just to see. We don’t want to do it, but they don’t allow girls. It was only for the boys. We had to do something else. And Titi and me were there looking to see. And then I said, “I can do it.” Titi said, “I can do it.” 10 STEVEN PAYNE 2. Evelina’s Struggles ELBA CABRERA: This [pointing to a photograph] was during World War Two. We used to have rallies for the war effort, and Evelina was one of the main speakers [for an American Labor Party rally] with Jesús Colón, and two other women. And I have a cute story about that. I was, I was about, I don’t know, maybe seven, eight years old. And I was in the audience with Lillian, with my sister Lillian, and all of a sudden, the rains came. And I had this, they had given me like a costume with crepe paper, color, and the rains came, and all this dye came all over me. And I started crying out for Evelina. We used to call her “Titi.” I said, “Titi!” And, and Lillian says, “You can’t, she can’t come down, just stay with me.” But I’ll never forget that day. Above: Dr. Evelina Antonetty, 1980, Frank Espada, photographer, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; acquisition made possible through the Smithsonian Latino Initiatives Pool, administered by the Smithsonian Latino Center. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 11 PAUL MONDESIRE: I think the most important thing to recall about those years was Titi’s attitude was not by any means necessary. It was by every means necessary, okay? She worked with city, city administrations. She worked with folks that had less than savory reputations in certain places, because that’s what you had to do. But her personal integrity on this was unquestioned. Like I said, she wouldn’t mess around with those SEBCO [South East Bronx Community Organization] people, and they wouldn’t mess around with her. Think about, think about that. The mob wouldn’t f—k with Titi. The mob would not f—k with Titi. And yeah, I said it just like that. Yeah, that’s the kind of powerful person that she was. When she started United Bronx Parents [in 1965], it was first United Bronx Parents, as the, as the, you know, education advocacy organization. Then she started the daycare center, and the daycare center grew into, you know, ultimately serving, you know, all kinds of populations, you know, the, you know, folks that were, you know, recovering from drugs. And later on, when Lorraine was running the organization, she got into helping, you know, creating the women’s shelter. I don’t know as much about the details there. ANITA ANTONETTY: Besides being at Bank Street, after school, we were in United Bronx Parents. And, and since my mother’s con- sultations moved out of the house, we had to learn how to answer the phone properly. Take messages, all of that. And then in, in, in the office, we, if there was an event going on, and flyers were being run off, we, and we needed to collate material, it was all done by hand, machines, at the time, to do it. So, we were put to work. And we also learned how to sit at the switchboard and transfer calls and all of that. DONALD ANTONETTY: And Elba was the, the office manager. 12 STEVEN PAYNE ANITA ANTONETTY: The office manager. DONALD ANTONETTY: She was a drill sergeant. ANITA ANTONETTY: She wouldn’t, she wouldn’t take anything from anybody. But we had, we had the run of the place pretty much. But we were in the middle of everything. DONALD ANTONETTY: But we were always expected to work. Always. Matter of fact, my father used to tell us, you know, since this is, you know, since it’s family-run, you’re expected to do more than any- body who was an employee there. Okay. Okay. Always. Always. ANITA ANTONETTY: [Our father] was integral to the operation. DONALD ANTONETTY: He used to translate all the documents into Spanish—like from Spanish to English, or mostly English to Spanish. So, all the, all the materials for the parents organizing, organizing, he would translate it. We always put out everything in English and Spanish. ANITA ANTONETTY: And by hand because it was two dictionaries and two thesauruses, and then just going back and forth. He would spend, spend nights doing that. And then if anything broke, he was fixing it. The machines broke, he would fix them. If, if something had, shelves had to be built, he was building them. But what was good about him is that he was working with people, and especially younger people, and showing them how to do: this is how you measure, this is how you cut, this is how you put it together, and all of that. Estella Rodríguez was the fiscal officer for the organization. She was a good friend. Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 13 DONALD ANTONETTY: She knew where every penny was. ANITA ANTONETTY: She made sure every penny was accounted for. Because in those days, you had to, because otherwise they’d shut you down in a minute. And I, I remember, she, one day her outrage, because they said, you know, they wanted all of the records. The next day, like nine o’clock in the morning, outraged that it was, anything would be wrong, but she made sure everything was right. Every payroll was met. Never, never missed the payroll. DONALD ANTONETTY: They had a great relationship with the banks, a great relationship with the banks. VIVIAN VÁSQUEZ IRIZARRY: Well, the main community center that we were a part of was United Bronx Parents. So, I remember when we were young, we would go to St. Mary’s Park, and, you know, swim in the swimming pool at certain times of the year, but our, my, our main place was UBP. UBP—and, and for a little bit, St. Margaret’s, but not so much—UBP was a place where my sister, my oldest sister, worked year-round. And I worked there as a summer youth employment. But even going before that, you know—and I had not made this link until long afterwards—was that UBP provided free lunch, free breakfast and lunch. And so there were times during the summer where my mother would say, “Okay, go over there and go to 1-, PS 130. And get your lunch and your breakfast, you know, and bring, take—.” So, there were five of us. So, the five of us would go and, and get our sandwiches and our lunch. And you know, it was really great. And, you know, at that time, I don’t think I knew where that was coming from. But then eventually, you know, as I worked for the Summer Youth Employment Program, I think I worked for UBP, summer, maybe three years. And, and you know, we worked, we cleaned up the park and we, we went on trips, and it was the first 14 STEVEN PAYNE time I think I went to Coney Island. You know, we were exposed to different places throughout the city. We had what I’ll call counseling sessions. At that time, they were called “rap sessions,” you know, where the older employees at UBP, the, the counselors would sit us down and talk to us about what was going on in our lives and, you know, build relationships with us so that I guess we could feel safe. I feel like that was important, you know, looking back, going to a safe place every day in the summer, you know, making friends, having fun, being engaged in, in fun activities, was, was important, was really important to me. DONALD ANTONETTY: But also, when they, you know, they, there was some mass sterilization program going on in Puerto Rico. The one heading that program, when he left there, he went to be the director of Lincoln Hospital. Keep up the “good” work. So, there was a lot of protest about that, a lot organizing about that. ANITA ANTONETTY: And then the stereotypes from Hollywood, so —that’s Fort Apache. That was a big deal, too. We were in the street every single day, every single day. DONALD ANTONETTY: It was the filming crew. One time we saw Paul Newman downtown. We chased him, saying, “Stop the racist movie!” 3. Evelina’s Legacies ANTONIO MONDESIRE-CABRERA: And Titi and Aunt Lilly, through embracing education—education is a universal, when we start understanding other people’s cultures, history, you get past all this stuff. Titi was very much influenced by [Vito] Marcantonio from, from, and LaGuardia, from East Harlem, Italian-American men who had a vision of a larger expanse. She loved Malcolm X. Don Pedro Albizu Campos. So, and of course, Aunt Lilly exposed me to so much. So, I’m trying to say is my formative years were very Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 15 diverse, very rich, and allowed me—I’m very blessed, man. And I would like, I like to pass that on to people, because we’re living in very testy times now, very testy times. JOE CONZO, JR.: My grandmother never shunned or ran away from any community problems. And yes, there were a lot of gang problems at the time. She took in people like Benji Melendez from the Ghetto Brothers, the president of the Ghetto Brothers, she took in people from the Savage Skulls, all these community people. So, I knew them growing up. She, she involved them in her work and gave them their jobs, gave them jobs. Benji Melendez, you know, who, who had a brigade of, of gang members, who in, you know, a couple of thousand, will tell anybody today how Evelina Antonetty walked into their gang house, pointed them out, and said, “You want a job? Go home, take a bath, shave, and come see me.” And gave him his first job. But that’s how, she—she wasn’t afraid of anybody, because she was doing something for her people, her community. ESPERANZA MARTELL: I began doing activism in The Bronx with, I guess, the, the—’cause I’m trying to really place myself, right? So, in the late, I would say like in the late ’60s. When folks were fighting for community control, bilingual education, and childcare, basically. So, folks like Evelina Antonetty was the leading person in a lot of those struggles. She did a lot of coalition work, and was part of Brown vs. [Board of Education], right? So, you know, I was young, I was in my early 20s, or late teens, and I would come and support actions. CLEO SILVERS: Evelina Antonetty was the leader of United Bronx Parents. She organized all around the South Bronx [for] better education. Now, she had a team of people that worked with her. Ellen Lurie and Kathy Goldman. And Ellen and Kathy did the research. They gave the information to Evelina. She [made it where] parents could understand it and organized around absolute 16 STEVEN PAYNE conditions inside of the schools, inside of the classrooms—they had information about what was going on inside each classroom. It was one of the most wonderful experiences that I had with Evelina. ELBA CABRERA: The losses for me, you know, my sisters, you know, it’s been really tough. It’s, it’s been a little hard. And especially when I start talking about them. But I have such good, good memories. So yes, so, at any rate, let me, let me backtrack a little bit with Lillian and Evelina, cause it’s important. They, they were my role models. And they, they felt that I, that I could do anything, but I didn’t feel that way. You know, they really, you know, nurtured me and helped me, and I appreciate that till now and forever. So, when Evelina comes to The Bronx now, you know, she’s already, she’s an adult, and she’s very clear as to what’s to be done. So, she gets, you know, she got involved with people, especially when she went to work at the union, too. Because she also was recruiting, recruiting Puerto Rican and other Latinos to work in the industries that they serviced. And she, she was there for quite a few years. I would say something like four years. Before that she had worked in the post office as well. Yeah, during the war. And then she worked at the union. So, you know, she was pretty active in, in her thoughts, you know, because she, she really, you know, I think she was born with, with her knowledge of people and what had to be done, I really do. I don’t think people can learn that, I think it has to come within you, you know, has to be something, your passion. And she had the passion for people. CARINA MONDESIRE: Really, where a lot of the voices [for change] are going to come from are, you know, really, from, like, people like Evelina, you know, who were out here speaking up for us, to make it better. So, I, it’s, maybe I, maybe I [should] just follow in her footsteps and start talking more, you know, but it’s, I don’t know. I guess it’s, it’s like I’ve seen, you know—again, I wasn’t, I wasn’t born Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty 17 for a lot of the struggles that they had to, you know, I wasn’t around a lot of the struggles they had to deal with. So, in a way, I’m ignorant, because I wasn’t, you know, I wasn’t here. And I, you know, I’m lucky enough that, like, my family, you know, for the most part, we haven’t had to have been in the situation where we’re seeing the really hard times that you can face. I mean, the pandemic also showed a lot of that to me. You know, and I, and this is when I started hearing more stories of people struggling. So, I think that like, the hope is that we continue to, I guess, grow, but I don’t know if that’s the right word that I’m looking for. But it’s like we need better, and I—for sure Evelina was on track, and my grandmother [Elba] and Lillian for what they contributed, for sure, are, you know, some of the catalysts for creating that change. And I think we definitely need to keep going, you know. It’s one of those journeys, one of those journeys that doesn’t stop, you know, it’s like we have to keep going, and there’s gonna be a lot of things that we, I guess, face that, you know, are I guess—I guess “adversity,” if that’s the word? And, I mean, I don’t want to say that it’s okay. But that’s a part of it. So, going forward hopefully it’s just better, you know. 18 STEVEN PAYNE KINGSBRIDGE VIGNETTES BY RICHARD L. BAUM I. Home Number 3P, 225 West 232nd Street—the three-room apartment located in the Kingsbridge section of The Bronx, where I grew up with my parents and two sisters from the late 1940s into 1959, was often without heat in the winter. Cold enough that I slept wearing extra layers of clothing and heavy socks. On many winter mornings, my mother would ritually bang on the steam pipes in the vain hope that the super would see fit to raise the level of heat or repair the errant coal furnace. In 1959, after many years in 3P, we moved up, literally, into apartment 6D, a four-room apartment on the sixth and top floor, at the monthly rate of $100.12, a not inconsequential sum at that time. There had been an earlier opportunity to get a four-room apartment. Some years before, my father left a deposit with the building’s super for an apartment that had become available. Shortly thereafter, during my father’s weekly Gin Rummy card game, he mentioned his imminent move to the other players. Not long after, the super returned the deposit, stating that someone else got the apartment. This person turned out to be Mr. Rogers, an electrician, who had been one of the Gin Rummy players. Our new sixth-floor apartment allowed my parents to move out of the living room into their own bedroom. By this time, we were four souls, as my eldest sister Vilma had married two years earlier. Though Vilma missed the joy of this sunny, spacious apartment, our new living space had disabilities that 3P had not had, and Vilma escaped suffering these. The environmental conditions in this sixth-floor space were more Kingsbridge Vignettes 19 severe than those in 3P. The new apartment was at the southeast corner of the building and overlooked a large open area that was intersected by the Broadway IRT elevated line. When we first moved in, the sound of the trains running along the track, up and down Broadway, interfered with both my studying and sleeping. After some time, I was able to develop the skill of filtering out the clickity-clack of the subway cars running along the glistening steel tracks. If a train was off schedule, however, its delay caused me to look up from whatever I was doing and anxiously wait for the sound of its approach. It was as if the world was out of balance without the sound of the train’s rhythmic passage occurring on cue. In the summer, the new apartment’s orientation, together with its open windows, allowed a crosswind partially to cool the apartment, which was excessively heated by the tarred roof directly above our apartment’s ceiling. The building’s electrical wiring was insufficient for window air conditioning, which was not yet common. Instead, we augmented the crosswind with a water-fed air conditioner that sat on a stand in the middle of the living room and cooled things a bit but added to the humidity. Despite the crosswind and the air- conditioner, summer days in that apartment felt as if one were living in a broiler. The winter brought radically different conditions. Perversely, the refreshing summer crosswind was transformed, even with the win- dows closed, into a malevolent, howling wind that conspired with the rotten wooden window frames to cause severe freezing con- ditions in the apartment. It was as if there were no windows at all! Stuffing towels along the edges of the window frames seemed to have no measurable effect. On one particularly cold morning, after I had the courage to stick my head out from under my blanket, I scanned the room through the fog of my breath, and my gaze fell upon a square pane of glass. It 20 RICHARD L. BAUM was frosted over by Jack, hanging by one corner from a wooden slat, swaying lazily in the breeze. Rather than take the chance that I might knock the pane to the street, I called my father. He casually entered the room while tucking his starched white shirt into his pants, immediately sized up the problem, cinched his belt, and slowly reached for the glass pane. As his fingers closed around the glass, the pane, as if in spite, suddenly slipped. Before he could react, it plummeted to the street six stories below, tumbling, flat-end over flat-end, into the distance. Luckily, it was about 7:15 in the morning, and only one person was on the way to work. To our relief, the pedestrian, who was on the opposite side of the street, did not react to the sound of the glass shattering on the sidewalk. II. Play On school-day afternoons, my friends and I would play in front of our building, which was sandwiched on a steep hill between Broadway on the east and Kingsbridge Avenue on the west. The girls would jump rope (sometimes double-dutch) to the rhythm of sung doggerel, or play Potsy, a variation of Hopscotch, tossing house keys into numbered rectangles chalked onto the sidewalk. The boys devoted their free time either to curb ball or to hide-and-seek. Other kids donned roller skates, consisting of four metal wheels, metal tabs, extending outward from the base of the skate, fitted onto the soles of one’s leather shoes (sneakers would not work) and tightened in place with a key. Every now and again, while we were peacefully engrossed in play, kids from Godwin Terrace, sensing an opportunity, would gather into a mob and run full tilt toward us in an attempt to disrupt our fun. Godwin Terrace was perpendicular to our street and, invariably, we spotted the growing mob and would run into the lobby of our Kingsbridge Vignettes 21 building, locking the heavy iron and glass door behind us. There came a time when I was fed up and, as the mob galloped down Godwin Terrace towards number 225, I refused to flee, despite the entreaties of my friends cowering in the lobby. Just as my friends slammed the heavy metal door shut, the gang rolled over me, like an ocean storm wave, pummeling me with projectiles from peashooters and zip guns. I was hit in the face but stoically kept my ground, standing upright and facing my tormentors, too small to hit back effectively. III. Halloween Halloween was a particularly risky time to be on neighborhood streets. In 1952, when I was eight, I happened to have an early evening dentist appointment with Dr. Cacecci, whose office was on the northwest corner of Kingsbridge Avenue and 231st Street (in later years it became the community office for Assemblyman Jeffrey Dinowitz). The route to the dentist, south along Kingsbridge Avenue, took me past a row of bushes, directly opposite Naples Terrace, that concealed an empty lot. In late October it was already dark at 5:00 PM at that latitude of The Bronx. The depth of the darkness was compounded since that area of the borough is in a valley formed by the Riverdale Ridge to the west and the Fordham Ridge overlooking Bailey Avenue, east of Broadway. I was alone on the avenue. As I approached the darkened lot, the bushes ominously rustling by the breeze, I was overcome by a sense of foreboding. With images of the headless horseman and Ichabod Crane haunting my thoughts, I increased my pace to get past the shadowy bushes. Forewarned too late by muffled giggling coming from behind the bushes, I was set upon by several boys armed with pastel chalk who proceeded to throw me to the ground. They held me down while they basted me from head to toe, front to back, with purple, green, red, blue, and yellow pastel chalk. Not an inch of 22 RICHARD L. BAUM my clothing, hair, hands, or face was spared. Satisfied with their handiwork, the boys let me up. Otherwise not worse for the experience, I scurried off to a worse fate at the dentist. IV. Neighbors In about 1951, during the Korean War, a Chinese family, consisting of two parents, a daughter, and a son, moved into the neighborhood, opening a laundry a short distance west of Broadway on the north side of 232nd Street, just as the street began to rise toward Kingsbridge Avenue. I became friendly with the family’s son. On his birthday, soon after the family had moved in, his parents decided to buy him a miniature gas station he had spied in a candy store on the northern side of 231st Street, just east of Kingsbridge Avenue. I was invited to come along with the entire family on their buying expedition. The parents wanted to take the short route to the store that would take them up (i.e., south) along Godwin Terrace and then down a flight of steps to West 231st Street, rather than walking south along the busier Broadway to 231st Street and then west to the candy store. I tried to dissuade them from the Godwin Terrace route, as I was well aware that the kids on Godwin Terrace did not take kindly to outsiders. However, due to the parents’ not taking a child’s concerns seriously, they confidently led our little group along the most logical path. As we passed along Godwin Terrace, I con- tinuously glanced left and right, on the lookout for trouble. The outbound trip turned out to be uneventful. However, the brutes that lived along our route had been alerted by the passage of our defenseless squad. While returning, our small party being distracted by the birthday toy gas station, the “Godwin Terrace Gang,” now organized, pounced. We were forced to flee towards the laundry with projectiles buzzing through the air. It was only upon entering the store that I saw my friend’s mother bleeding profusely from a cut in the fleshy part of her face just below her eye. She was lucky: a Kingsbridge Vignettes 23 little bit higher and she might have lost that eye. With the assault continuing, I ran from the store in an attempt to get help, but not being successful, I rejoined my friends to share their fate. A few days after the assault, I returned to their store to visit. The store was dark and deserted. Sadly, the Chinese family was gone. V. School Public School 7 is the successor to Grammar School 66. Located at the northwest corner of Church Street and Weber’s Lane, today’s Kingsbridge Avenue and 232nd Street, PS 7 opened for classes on November 11, 1895. This structure was made of what appears to be, to a non-geologist such as myself, reddish-brown sandstone. There was a medieval-looking tower dominating the main entrance. When I attended the school, beginning in 1949, the school had clearly been expanded. There was an enclosed, brick bridge con- necting a brick building to the old sandstone structure. The entire complex was raised above street level and accessed by twin staircases leading to two large schoolyards. The school grounds extended from Kingsbridge Avenue west to Corlear Avenue and north to 233rd Street. If one looked carefully, one could see that some doors leading into the school had the word “Girls” inscribed over it, and others were labeled “Boys.” The north yard was the boys’ yard where they lined up every school-day morning waiting for their teachers to lead them to their classrooms. The south yard, known as the girls’ yard, was where the girls lined up for classes. Only the youngest children were intermingled, boys with girls. On rainy or snowy days, we lined up in the indoor yard, the boys on one side and the girls on the other. The indoor space doubled as the hot-lunch room and always had a strong, almost nauseating, smell of oranges and tomato soup. Most children walked home for lunch, since families in which both 24 RICHARD L. BAUM parents worked were in the minority in the neighborhood. Those few children who could not go home were doomed to eat in that odiferous atmosphere. Sometime in the 1950s the influence of our Puritan past began to wane, and boys and girls were allowed to line up together in the south yard. The north yard was reserved for the upper grades. It was a great thrill when I was finally old enough to be in the north schoolyard. I was fascinated by the large, faded, white circle painted on the north yard’s pavement, with the names of countries printed along its radii. I was instantly attracted to the name Turkey, which I was certain was a bird! To my knowledge, neither teacher nor students ever used this circle, which lay there, mute, like an ancient artifact, its function lost to the ages. Above: View looking northwest to the corner of Kingsbridge Avenue and 230th Street, a couple blocks south of the author’s apartment, 1981. From the AF705–Kingsbridge Avenue–230th St. folder, Photograph Collection, The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. Kingsbridge Vignettes 25 A fence of black, cast-iron bars stood guard around the perimeter of the school’s two concrete yards. The tip of each bar was shaped into a spike to discourage trespassers. After school and during summer, when the gates were closed, the local kids, myself included, undiscouraged by the quiet threat of the spikes, would confidently climb over the spiked fence to get into the schoolyard in order to play either basketball or stickball. The schoolyard was the site of the sole neighborhood basketball hoops. Stickball could not be played with pitching in the street because the ball would be too easily lost. In the schoolyard, we played stickball by pitching a pink Spalding —pronounced in the local vernacular as “spaldeen”—against a wall which was inscribed with a chalked rectangular strike zone as a backstop. During my earliest years at the school, I learned how to churn butter in Miss Minahan’s class, went on nature walks around the neigh- borhood, and listened, enthralled, to stories read by my teacher in the quiet of the cool, shady children’s library, then on Kingsbridge Avenue adjacent to St. John’s Church. Each school-day morning I would look forward to arriving at PS 7, a short walk from where I lived, because it was always warm there. After the mid-morning milk break, it was my task to collect and carry the students’ empty waxed cardboard half-pint milk cartons to the basement coal-burning furnace for incineration. The janitor always allowed me to sit on an upturned wooden milk crate placed in front of the furnace’s open door and luxuriate in the warmth of the heat radiating from the glowing orange-red stones of coal that were uniformly spread on the furnace bed. After a few short minutes I had to be on my way back to the classroom, otherwise I would be missed. By three in the afternoon, however, it was a great relief to be crossing Kingsbridge Avenue and heading eastward down the hill towards home. 26 RICHARD L. BAUM I walked to school with Stanley and Peter. These two boys lived in my building and were my best friends. Each school morning, as we reached Kingsbridge Avenue, a half block from where we lived, we had to wait for the school crossing guard to allow us to cross. The guard, an older boy, wore a broad white belt that wound its way around his waist and diagonally across his chest, and to which was attached an official, gleaming metal badge. The crossing guard was responsible for the safety of children crossing the intersection. One autumn school morning, the raw gusts of wind swirled brittle brown leaves around our feet as the three of us approached the Kingsbridge intersection. The traffic light changed from green to red. The guard dutifully put his arms out to prevent us from crossing. Peter, a sensitive boy, became upset at having his path blocked and began to cry and scream for his mother. He turned and ran hysterically down the long hill toward Broadway, which his mother was approaching after having just left us in front of our building. Peter’s mother, with Peter in tow, walked the two blocks uphill to where Stanley, the crossing-guard, and I were standing, stunned and frozen in place at this unfathomable display. His mo- ther, on reaching us, calmly asked me for an explanation and then, satisfied that nothing untoward had caused Peter’s upset, said goodbye and went on her way, leaving us to finish our trip. Peter later attended MIT and went on to obtain a PhD in Physics from Brown University. One of the most profound lessons I learned at PS 7 occurred on the first day of school, at the start of fifth grade, in the north school- yard. In a moment of idleness and indiscretion, while waiting on line with the other students to be escorted to our classroom by our new teacher, Miss Scanlon, I puffed up my cheeks! Miss Scanlon took umbrage at the pair of distended organs, distorting the otherwise perfectly straight line of children, and declared that if the culprit did not reveal himself, the entire class would be kept after school. Kingsbridge Vignettes 27 Mean-spiritedness, pettiness, group responsibility for the acts of individual members of the group, and the threat of peer revenge were the lessons of the day, distasteful lessons that I have not yet forgotten. In the sixth grade, I achieved a score on the Iowa Achievement Exam equivalent to that expected in the tenth grade in English and in the twelfth grade in Mathematics. My teacher, Mrs. Curley, surprised at this result (as was I), called me to her desk in the front of the room and charged me with cheating by copying from Richard C. This was patently absurd. Richard C. was illiterate. At dinner that night, I told my father what had happened in the childish expectation that he would be enraged and defend my honor to the death. However, without raising his head from Life Magazine, and between swallows of his evening fare, he calmly, and with then unappreciated wisdom, advised me to tell the teacher to give me the test again. Mrs. Curley declined his suggestion. At the end of the term the good teacher assuaged her guilt at making a false charge by presenting me with an award, signed by the principal, Carmela Nesi, for the student who improved the most during the school year. At home, I was about to tear up the award when my mother grabbed it from me and kept it for herself for decades. I found it among her papers after she passed away. In respect of her wishes, I have continued to preserve the award. 28 RICHARD L. BAUM ALLERTON IN THE 1940S AND 1950S BY ROBERT WEISS The time period about which I am writing encompasses the mid- forties to the mid-fifties. Much of which characterized that period, for the most part, has been swept away by time, never to return.1 I. Streets Allerton Avenue was bordered on either side by perpendicular side streets bearing such names as Mace, Barnes, and Holland. I never knew how these streets were named. To the east, Allerton crossed Boston Road, a very busy road, the crossing of which required pedestrians to take their life into their hands. Walking under the elevated train tracks, heading in a westerly direction, one would encounter Bronx Park, our neighborhood’s lush, flora- and fauna- filled boundary. The avenue and perpendicular side streets broke the neighborhood up into blocks. The actual size of the avenue covered an area of about 24 of these rectangular blocks. The whole thing could easily be walked in a relatively short time. Two blocks were divided in half by alleyways. Bordering either side of these dirt roads were the rear entrances of the block’s row houses, gardens, and garages. The alleys also permitted the Allerton Avenue inhabitants to take a mid-block shortcut by car or foot. For us kids, they were our country dirt roads. II. Hanging Around A well-known singing group performed a song entitled “Old Folks,” the lyrics of which paint a vivid picture of elderly people sitting on park benches, enshrouded in oversized overcoats with newspapers 1 This article is excerpted from selections of an unpublished manuscript by the author about his childhood growing up in the Allerton section of The Bronx. Readers interested in obtaining additional selections or the manuscript itself should write to the author at BRRS137@AOL.COM. Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 29 blowing around tips of high black shoes. These lyrics captured what I would see in my neighborhood on almost any winter’s day. Wooden boxes, however, were more the seat of choice, primarily because of their portability and easy access. These boxes could be strategically positioned in front of neighborhood stores or a sunny avenue spot. The tops of these crude seats were usually covered with newspapers, providing some degree of cleanliness and protection from splinters, the titles of which included: The Daily News, The New York Post, The World Telegram and Sun, The Freiheit, The Daily Worker, The Forverts (The Jewish Forward), The Herald Tribune, The Daily Mirror, or The New York Times. In addition to newspapers, other convenient forms of printed material were drafted into service. Above: Allerton Avenue, looking west from Barnes Avenue, 1993, showing various more recent shops. Although the kosher delis and appetizing stores have disappeared, along with much of the Jewish community in the neighborhood, Allerton Avenue is still lined with stores and restaurants to this day. From the AF19–Allerton Avenue–Barnes Avenue folder, Photograph Collection, The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. 30 ROBERT WEISS These crude seat boxes usually weren’t schlepped home. Rather, they were left behind to provide another elderly person with a place to perch. III. Kosher Deli Then there was the Kosher delicatessen or deli, as it was commonly called. Such delicacies as pastrami, hot dogs, corned beef, mustard, and sauerkraut were available to be ordered by a waiter and eaten off a square table. The waiter would walk up to the table. Usually he was a gray-haired, balding, old guy. He wore a white apron with stains. The waiter was boss. He would look down at you and command, in his heavy accent, “So vot do you vant?” As he reached across the table, distributing metal eating implements, his sleeve would ride up, sometimes exposing numbers across his wrist. At that time, I never knew where he got the number tattoo. Regular hot dogs might be wrapped in two types of casings. One was real cow’s intestine and the other casings were made in a plastics factory. “Specials” were super-duper fat hot dogs. Both hot dogs and “specials” were attached to their own kind by either string or twisted extensions of the casing. This enabled the franks to be hung along with the Kosher salami on the rear wall behind the counter man. Should you decide “take out,” the accompanying deli mustard was stored in a stiff cone-shaped piece of shiny, stiff paper. To release the spicy yellow-brown mustard, the rolled-up tube was squeezed while the tube tip rested on whatever was to be covered. Sour pickles were found on all the tables, which caused the whole joint to wreak of garlic. Kosher salami seemed to contain about thirty percent meat, seventy percent fat. After eating a salami sandwich on rye with mustard, it might be stored in the body for an untold period of time. You were reminded of this by the repeated belching and acidic regurgitation during repetitive garlicky heart-burn episodes. Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 31 A favorite side dish was something called kishke, the more sophis- ticated Jewish name for stuffed derma. Kishke was made by stuffing cow’s intestines with some kind of yellowish, grainy, fatty, garlicky- type of substance. It was served as fried slices. The casing was eaten along with the stuffing. Again, a health department genius came up with the idea that eating cow intestines was not good for you. Consequently, most kishke factories, like the hot dog factories, replaced the animal intestine with a casing made of plastic. Before consuming the kishke, the plastic had to be peeled off and placed on the side. I am sure that at some time, in some deli somewhere, this plastic caused choking or inadvertently was used as dental floss. In addition to laws preventing the shaking of dust mops and the burning of leaves, and doing away with intestine casings, a law should have been passed stipulating a label to accompany plastic- wrapped delicacies. The label would have read: “Warning! Remove the plastic ring before eating the kishke or hot dogs or you run the risk of dying.” Before the lights went out, there would be an old man in a dirty apron standing over the gasping patron making a loud official announcement: “Pay up front.” As previously mentioned, people never gave much thought about eating healthy. If you wanted to see an unhealthy, happy person, go to a Kosher deli and look at the regulars. They often tipped the scale at about 300 pounds. “Spit Puss” owned the only Jewish appetizing store on the avenue. The Legend of Spit Puss originated with the recognition of the accumulation of foamy spit at the corners of his mouth. He never seemed to object to the name. It was almost a form of homey mar- keting. Spit Puss’s appetizing store was about the size of a large walk-in closet. The outside of the store had windows opaque with filth. If the name of the appetizing store wasn’t written on the front, one would think that an illegal card game was going on the other side of the front wall. 32 ROBERT WEISS Looking through the front during a hot summer day, I could see old people, the women with their house dresses and the men clutching their wife’s shopping list. The women all had raised fists grasping shopping lists, eagerly trying to push in front of the other 99 patrons. The floor creaked under the load. The place was always wall-to-wall people as the merchandise hung or fell off the rickety shelves. The shelved packages consisted of canned foods, cellophane bags, and bottled liquids. When you walked through the entrance of the store, immediately to your left was something like a counter with glass display cases. Only a limited area of about five feet was used for business transactions. Inside the display cases were such exotic delicacies as smoked sturgeon, smoked carp, lox, pickled her- ring in sour cream and onions, pickled herring without sour cream, just onions, jars of salmon caviar, smoked white fish, and sable. There was no doubt that the display case contained the body or body parts of dead animals. Some of the smoked fish still had their heads, sunken eyes, gills, mouths including teeth and fins. The guts were removed prior to the smoking process, as viewed through an abdominal slit. Also, occupying space behind the counter sat bulk cream cheese, something called pot cheese, butter, and farmer cheese. Except for the caviar, all others were out of package lying in pans or on clean white pieces of packaging paper. I remember the store, stinking of a pungent fishy, pickley, garlicy odor. No other store on the avenue could claim that distinct stink. The Jewish deli odor was far different from the scent of stinky feet imported from Italy. Spit Puss would yell over the counter, “Vot you vant?” Behind the counter display cases, Spit Puss marched back and forth with his belly polishing the steel molding of the counter as he fulfilled the orders shot at him from the opposite side. The orders were to Spit Puss like a starting gun to a runner. He would run from one section of the counter to the other with a “clop! clop!” sound emanating from the soles of his feet as they struck the wooden floor boards behind the counter. The sharp eyes of Spit Puss’s customers could Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 33 clearly see what they were ordering. In heavy accents, you could hear, “Dalink, you should slice me quarter pound lox, a nice piece of carp, not the end, the middle, and I vant a small vite fish.” “Dalink, the lox you should give me: Belly, not Novi. It’s too expensive.” “Don’t give me any bleck pieces and the vite fish, not dat vun, da fet vun.” The orders were put on the scale and a price was determined. The items were then wrapped in yellowish white wrapping paper and secured with cellophane tape. They were handed across the counter or placed on top of the display case. “So how moch I owe you?” the customer would yell out. A tally was made by using a pencil, pulled from Spit Puss’s ear. The numbers were scribbled and summed up on the brown paper bag, into which the filled order was to be placed. A monetary exchange, and “Next!” Spit Puss yelled out. Sometimes, this started an all-out war. Mostly, the women would start bellowing phrases such as, “Vot are you doink, it is my toin.” “No it’s not your toin.” “I’m next!” a voice somewhere in the crowd would spring forth from the crowd. “I was here foist,” someone else would yell. A brief skirmish might ensue. In the name of fairness and to break up the log-jam, a small jury would form, providing patrons the opportunity to invest their two cents. “I tink she vus here foist,” an arbitrator would announce. The offended customer would respond with a, “I neva hoid soch a thing!” “Next!” Spit Puss would once again yell out to his audience. He was protected by this no man’s land of counter space and display cases. Spit Puss never got involved in the store wars. Everyone knew where Spit Puss’s appetizing store was located. The whole front of the store and somewhat extending outside was a stink that no other avenue store possessed. On the sidewalk, in front of the store, were these four-foot-high, brown, grungy-looking wooden barrels. One barrel contained very sour pickles, another barrel contained not-so-sour pickles, and the third barrel contained a 34 ROBERT WEISS powerfully strong, fishy-smelling stuff. Floating in this barrel were what appeared to be rotten fish in an equally putrid looking liquid. This was the schmaltz herring barrel. The last barrel contained madjes herring. The contents of this barrel contained what looked like reddish-colored schmaltz herrings. It had the “fency” name: “Herring in wine sauce.” Eventually, the health department deemed that the outside uncovered barrels were a health hazard. It did make some sense. The fact that they were open to the public made the barrels a target for all kinds of foreign stuff. Should anything be thrown or dropped in, like bird shit, no one would have been the wiser. Spit Puss was now required, by law, to store all barreled products inside closed plastic containers inside the store. The familiar and odd aroma that diffused from the appetizing store and into the neighborhood declined significantly. This was a small price to pay for the fact that the people of our neighborhood, both consumers and just plain “sniffers,” were, once again, saved from some horrific disease. Allerton Avenue was getting safer and safer as a result of these various health regulations. Everything in the Jewish appetizing store took on its unique garlicky odor, including the people who worked there. A good friend, Dave Leher, may he rest in peace, worked all day in an appetizing store. After work, he would drop by our clubroom, of which he was a member. This was usually a pre-shower visit. He wore the same stained apron from work into our subterranean clubroom. The air was unusually close, in that the basement room had no windows. Needless to say, when Dave paid us a visit, he brought with him every possible garlicky, fishy stink that pervaded his workplace. Upon his entrance, the appetizing molecules would release themselves from Dave and diffuse into the surrounding clubroom atmosphere. This would create a great uproar punctuated by a barrage of curses such as, “Dave, get the f—k out of here.” Dave Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 35 would stand his ground with a self-satisfied toothy grin on his face. We couldn’t decide whether to kick him above ground, rip his clothes off, or put him on a bagel with cream cheese and eat him. IV. Our Bronx Park Oasis We lived close to a New York oasis rivaled only by the forests, fields, streams, and lakes of Central Park in Manhattan. What Central Park was to Manhattan, Bronx Park was, and still is, to The Bronx. All we had to do was walk six blocks west from my apartment house to the Bronx Park perimeter. The park stretches approximately two-thirds the length of The Bronx. The northern part sits close to the borders of suburban Westchester. Southern Bronx Park dipped into what might presently be described as the more congested and industrial area of The Bronx. Most of the buildings consisted of old, pre-war apartment houses interspersed with private homes. Going back in time, the inhabitants were made up of Black, Puerto Rican, Jewish, Italian, and Irish immigrants. Many were poor, lower-middle-, and working-class people. It could be said that Bronx Park was an emerald-green oasis that was divided into three main sections. The northernmost part is Bronx Park proper. Traveling southward, the park included the Botanical Garden, which merged with the Bronx Zoo. The Bronx Zoo had fences that defined its borders. Bronx Park proper and the Botanical Garden had no such barriers of demarcation. Each melded into the other. I could ride my bike and enter without paying a penny through Bronx Park proper and continue “freely” into the Botanical Gardens and finally into the Bronx Zoo. Within park sections, one could find small lakes, large rock outcroppings, caves, streams, a river, swamps, fields, waterfalls, forests, ball fields, playgrounds, bicycle paths, hiking paths and handball courts. Bicycle paths en- abled us to gain access to everywhere. 36 ROBERT WEISS The lakes and the surrounding parkland contained various forms of animal life. Varieties of fish included perch, eels, bass, sunfish, carp, and minnows. Amphibians included frogs and salamanders. Reptiles included varieties of snakes and turtles. Many of these beasts were caught and kept as pets. We frequently saw mammals rushing the leaves such as water rats, musk rats, plain-old rat rats, mice, moles, rabbits, squirrels, and chipmunks, and finally birds, the listing of which would be too numerous. V. The Grand Finale As time moved on, values and behaviors changed frequently. These changes occurred subconsciously. It was after Buzz’s and my high school graduation, when he turned to me and said, “We are getting to be too old to do some of the things we use to do.” After all the sloppy kisses and well wishes finished, we ran home, pulled off our suit, tie, and fancy shirt and replaced them with old jeans, sneakers, and tee shirts. RoRo, the family dog, was leashed, and off to the park we went. We ended up at the bank of the Bronx River. Sitting on the shore, we spotted a muddy and rusted cement bin, the kind construction workers mix cement in. After a moment of planning, we slipped it into the river and each of us, including RoRo, gingerly climbed in. With a stick, we pushed off from shore. Slowly we drif- ted downstream, for the first time seeing the park from a different vantage point. Here we were, the three of us together, “Rub a dub, dub, three schmucks in a tub.” Suddenly, for some reason, only the golfball-sized brain of the dog understood. RoRo decided to ab- andon ship. In his enthusiasm to leap, he flipped the cement bin. While on board, a careful balance was maintained. Once the dog left, there was no more careful balance. Buzz and I became a part of the floating wood, leaves, and other debris in the river. It was easy enough to get to shore. The river was never very wide. Climbing onto shore was another matter. The bank was slippery with muddy, grey silt. By the time we reached a solid grassy area, we were soaked, Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s 37 but even worse, we were covered from head to toe with caked mud. Outfitted in our muddy attire, we walked right down the center of Allerton Avenue. It was a spectacle that captured a lot of attention: muddy me, Buzzy, and RoRo. Here we were, high school graduates, looking more like smelly rock people that appeared in an old Flash Gordon movie. It would be impossible for me to describe the expression on Lena and Mom’s face when they confronted the three of us in the street. Lena laughed. Mom, with a serious, straight face asked, “When are you kids going to grow up? You’re too old to be doing this nonsense. Look how filthy you are, and you stink!” 38 ROBERT WEISS A TRIBUTE TO BOB GUMBS AND HARRIET MCFEETERS BY MARK NAISON I. Bob Gumbs (1939–2022) Bob Gumbs was a brilliant graphic designer and publisher who played a pioneering role in the Black Arts movement in the 1950s and early 1960s, and then 40 years later, played a central role in the creation of The Bronx African American History Project. Brought up on Lymon Place, a small street in the Morrisania section of The Bronx that played an important part in American jazz history because jazz pianists Elmo and Bertha Hope resided there and Thelonious Monk visited regularly, Bob was part of a small group of young Bronxites who sponsored jazz concerts in the borough in the middle of the 1950s to call attention to jazz as an art form of African origin. Even in later years when he moved to Harlem and became a graphic designer whose work highlighted Black history and culture, The Bronx held a special place in his heart, and when he read an article about a Fordham professor who started an oral history project with Black residents of the Patterson Houses, he contacted that professor to urge him to include Morrisania, which he called “The Harlem of The Bronx.” This began a 20-year collaboration that turned The Bronx African American History Project into one of the premier community-based oral history projects in the nation. Bob helped organize over a hun- dred oral history interviews, participated in scores of community tours, was responsible for landmarking several streets and parks in the Morrisania neighborhood, and collaborated on Before The Fires: An Oral History of African American Life in the Bronx from the 1930s to the 1960s (Fordham University Press, 2016), which transformed the dominant narrative of Bronx history to include Black experiences and perspectives. Bob also appeared on numerous radio and tele- A Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters 39 vision shows highlighting Black contributions to Bronx history, and helped create an exhibit at The Bronx County Historical Society with that as its theme! Finally, at a time when the world honors The Bronx’s role in the creation of hip hop, Bob made sure, through his joyous but relentless activism, that the world also recognized The Bronx’s contribution to jazz from the mid ’40s through the late ’60s, not only as a place where the most important jazz artists of that era performed regularly but also where many of them lived. Bob Gumbs was one of those rare individuals who changed the way people defined themselves and interpreted their own histories. As a creative artist and community historian, he helped people see The Bronx as a site of unparalleled cultural creativity and a true melting pot for peoples of the African Diaspora. The Bronx African American History Project would not have had a fraction of its influence and historic reach without Bob Gumbs’s guidance. He will be sorely missed by family, friends, and all his collaborators in the Black Arts movement and The Bronx African American History Project. II. Harriet McFeeters (1926–2022) Harriet McFeeters was one of The Bronx’s greatest educators and a driving force behind the creation of The Bronx African American History Project. A graduate of Hunter College who lived her entire adult life in her family’s brownstone on 168th Street between Union and Prospect Avenues in the Morrisania section, Harriet was a fixture in Bronx schools for almost 50 years, serving as a teacher, principal, staff developer, and assistant district superintendent. 40 MARK NAISON Harriet, who was as passionate about learning as she was about teaching and who was deeply committed to the children of The Bronx, left an indelible mark on everyone who encountered her. More than 300 people, most of them fellow educators, came to her 90th birthday celebration several years ago and spoke of her with reverence and affectionate humor, as Harriet was a person who commanded every room she was in. But though Harriet radiated intellect and power, she also was a kind, generous person who created a sense of community among those she worked with, and her friends represented every cultural group in The Bronx. My own connection with Harriet came in the spring of 2003 when we started The Bronx African American History Project. I was put in touch with Harriet by her brother, Jim Pruitt, former director of the Upward Bound Program, who told me that Harriet, who had recently retired, was passionately interested in Bronx African American history and would have a lot to contribute to our research. That proved to be a considerable understatement. Once she dis- covered what we were trying to do, Harriet literally took command of The Bronx African American History Project’s research on Morrisania, helping us recruit interview subjects, identifying important community institutions, and holding events at her home on 168th Street, where she took a particular interest in the brilliant young research assistants I hired, to whom Harriet became a surrogate grandmother. Along with Bob Gumbs, another brilliant product of the Black Morrisania community, Harriet helped recover the lost history of a Black community in The Bronx, which produced several generations of professionals in a wide number of fields and created as many varieties of popular music as any neighborhood in the United States. It was Harriet who introduced us to Valerie Capers, the great jazz pianist, educator, and composer, whose concerts and performances became a fixture for The Bronx African American History Project’s A Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters 41 staff, and who alerted us to the significance of St. Augustine Presbyterian Church and its brilliant minister Rev. Edler Hawkins, who mentored so many of the great leaders who came out of Morrisania. Until her health began to falter a few years ago, Harriet was a fixture at The Bronx African American History Project’s conferences, concerts, and interviews at Fordham, where she was as commanding a presence as she was in Bronx public schools. She also made a huge contribution to the Project via our fundraising, both through her individual donations and by encouraging others to contribute. As I write this tribute, with tears in my eyes, I will close with this final comment. Although Harriet’s degrees were in education, not history, and although she spent her life working in public schools, Harriet was as much a historian as any professor working at our most distinguished universities. When I first learned that Morrisania was the community where The Bronx African American History Project should concentrate its research, it was Harriet who told us how the community evolved, who its most important leaders were, which schools and churches we should focus on, and who we should interview. Of the more than 100 interviews we did with Morrisania residents past and present, more than half came through Harriet. Without her guidance, the Project would not have had the fraction of the influence it ultimately attained. We can learn so much from the example Harriet McFeeters set. Harriet was passionately devoted to learning about and teaching Black history. She fought hard to have it included in public school curricula and made it an integral part of her pedagogy. But she did so in a way that drew everyone around her in, insisting that Black history was everyone’s history, that learning it would uplift all who possessed that knowledge and would help people from all back- grounds better understand their American journey. That is one of the reasons why so many teachers who were Jewish, Italian, Irish, 42 MARK NAISON and Puerto Rican joined their Black fellow educators in paying tribute to Harriet at her 90th birthday celebration. Harriet spread knowledge but she also spread love. She embodied the highest values of The Bronx and its people. She may have passed on, but her spirit lives in the tens of thousands of people she touched as an educator and in the publications and digital archive of The Bronx African American History Project, where Harriet McFeeters’s vision of community history has been brought to life. Above: Members of The Bronx African American History Project at Harriet McFeeters’s family home on East 168th Street in Morrisania, December 2003. Pictured in front row, left to right, are Michelle Tollinici, Harriet Pruit- McFeeters, Joyce Tolliver, and Kevin Ross. Pictured in back row, left to right, are Bess Pruitt, Mark Naison, Claude Mangum, Bob Gumbs, Patricia Wright, and Candace Lee. Courtesy of the author. A Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters 43 ABOUT THE AUTHORS STEVEN PAYNE is Director of The Bronx County Historical Society and social historian whose interests in Bronx history span commu- nity activism; underground music and art cultures; organized labor; race, class, and gender; housing struggles, and more. He records oral histories for The Bronx African American History Project, The Bronx Latino History Project, and The Bronx Aerosol Arts Docu- mentary Project. RICHARD BAUM grew up in the Kingsbridge section of The Bronx during the 1950s and 1960s and writes about his experiences growing up in the neighborhood. ROBERT WEISS, who came of age in the Allerton neighborhood of The Bronx during the 1940s and 1950s, has authored an unpublished manuscript about his childhood in Allerton, selections of which are printed here. MARK NAISON, Professor of African American Studies and History at Fordham University, is the c0-founder of The Bronx African American History Project, one of the largest community-based oral history projects in the nation. Dr. Naison has authored seven books and over 300 articles on African American politics, labor history, popular culture, and education policy. FROM THE ARCHIVES A HISTORY OF AFRO-CUBAN JAZZ IN THE BRONX FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ Editor’s Note: The below piece comes from an untitled, unpublished, and unatributed manuscript included in the David M. Carp papers on Latin Jazz in The Bronx County Archives at The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library. Slight edits have been made for style and clarity throughout and are indicated by text in [brackets].1 I. Introduction New York City is among the most ethnically diverse places in the entire world. Since it was founded, New York has served as the chief center for immigration in the country, and its population continues to grow and diversify. Without a doubt, the largest percentage of immigrants in New York speaks Spanish. In the borough of The Bronx, Latinos make up half of the population, far more than any other demographic. Latino immigrants have always blessed New York City with their culture and traditions, music and art. The story of Afro-Cuban jazz in Manhattan and The Bronx illustrates the marriage of traditional Latino customs and the native music of New York City. During the early years of the twentieth century, music in Cuba was a 1 A note at the bottom of the manuscript reads: “All information used for this ar- ticle came from interviews from the David Carp Collection, courtesy Bronx County Historical Society. The following interviews were conducted by David Carp unless otherwise noted: Mario Bauzá, 2/8/89; Mario Bauzá, 4/18/91; Willie Colón (undated); José Curbelo, 10/3/93; Graciela Pérez (interviewed by Max Salazar), 5/10/85; Joe Orange, 2/6/99; José Mangual, Jr., 11/8/98; Eddie Palmieri, 8/13/98; Frank Rivera, 6/8/97; Mark Weinstein 11/24/96.” A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 45 way of life. Parents would teach their children the basics of Cuban music as a birthright. The people of Cuba would take up every street corner, playing congas, timbales, and bongos. Children would buy sheep skins from local markets and stretch them over drums made by hand. Cuba was music. By embracing their African roots, Cubans would distinguish their music from the rest of Latin America by making the terms “Cuban roots music” and “Afro-Cuban music” synonymous. Musicians from the most prestigious conservatories as well as working men and wo- men who relaxed on the street with a conga or djembe—all began to embrace the sounds of Cuban son and danzon. By the 1920s and ’30s, American musical influence would begin to find its way to Cuba. Radio stations from Miami and New Orleans would start to become popular on the island. Music fans would tune into American jazz stations on short-wave radio to try and absorb the latest musical trends. Musicians and music fans would begin to collect records from the United States and remind anyone who ven- tured north to bring the latest jazz albums back to Cuba. Shortly after, the finest musicians from the most prestigious conservatories and orchestras would slowly [immigrate] to America’s birthplace and home for jazz, New York City. Jazz would never be the same. Cubans, or Afro-Cubans, made a huge impact on American jazz. Jazz had a huge effect on Afro-Cuban musical traditions as well. Before long, a new type of music would emerge and take New York City by storm—Latin jazz. Not exclusively drawing from Cuban musical traditions, Latin jazz would incorporate traditions from all over Latin America and would inspire [traditional] jazz bands to expand their repertoires and include more global sounds. Eventually, the scene was huge. Ballrooms and dance halls like the Palladium and [the] Savoy in Manhattan and the Hunts Point Palace and Tritons Club in The Bronx would serve as key centers for jazz acts from 46 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ Charlie Parker to Tito Puente. Latinos in The Bronx would be af- fected forever. Following the closing of the Palladium, the major Latin jazz scene would pick up in The Bronx. Kids on the streets would embrace Latin jazz and appreciate the African roots behind it. Bands and orchestras would spring up all over The Bronx, and the borough would soon produce some of the most prominent names of Latin jazz in all of New York City. From a couple of key figures moving from Cuba to New York in the ’30s, through the Palladium era, to Latinos setting up crude drum sets and playing along with the radio, Latin jazz remains a vital part of life for many Latin American immigrants today as well as New Yorkers and music fans. II. Afro‐Cuban Jazz Begins in Cuba: Mario Bauzá, José Curbelo, Graciela Pérez The story of Afro-Cuban jazz in New York begins in Havana. Music was everywhere in the ghettos and crowded streets of Cuba’s capital. Street vendors would line the markets with animal skins for drums, musicians would play on the street, and families would sit on their porch and jam with bongos, congas, and hand drums. Classical forms of Cuban music mixed European instruments with African drums, embracing traditions from both the African slaves and rich Europeans who inhabited the colony of Cuba since it was founded. As years developed, more variations, new instrumentation, and a finer-tuned orchestration would build on the rich foundation of Afro-Cuban traditions. Pioneers like Arsenio Rodríguez would add new elements to traditional Cuban son, like African percussion and A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 47 syncopation. Eventually, Afro-Cuban music became the music of the people and Cubans were introduced to this tradition at an early age. This is the setting in which Mario Bauzá was raised. Bauzá, who would later become the most important figure in the fusion of Afro-Cuban and American jazz, started in Havana as a child. I tell you how everything happen. I was about five years old. My godfather used to teach the kids in my neighborhood in Cuba solfeggio. And I used to hear the kid try to sing those lesson, good intonation. And they have so much problem. So, one day I said to my godfather, “How come those kids have so much trouble with that lesson.” He say, “How do you know?” I said, “Well I think I know all those lessons.” He said, “You know lessons now?” I said, “Yeah, I think I know.” . . . He said, “I don’t want you to be an ear musician, so I’m gonna get a teacher for you.” So, he got me a teacher, I was in solfeggio for two years. And then I went to the Conservatory and . . . the first instrument they give me was the oboe. I didn’t like it. I heard the man play the clarinet, and I fell in love with the sound he produced. I said, “I would like to play that instrument.” And that’s how I become . . . a clarinet player. With Bauzá learning more and more music, his special ability became more apparent. Bauzá would excel at the Havana Conservatory and began to gain esteem from his colleagues. Soon, his teachers and fellow musicians helped him cultivate his talent. When I was a graduate, the Havana Philharmonic, they need a bass clarinet. And they approach me, I say, “Well, I’m willing to play, but somebody have to buy the instrument.” So, they sent to France for a bass clarinet. So, they brought it, they give it to me and say, “You practice, when you think you ready, let us know.” So, I 48 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ took my bass clarinet home, I start fooling around, it was the same thing, embouchure a little different and sound was kind of peculiar. When I thought I was ready, I came to one of the rehearsals . . . that’s how I (became) a bass clarinet and a clarinet player. Mario Bauzá was not the only person at this time to truly embrace his musical talents. A few years down the line a woman singer would join Bauzá’s Machito Orchestra in New York. Graciela Pérez would sing along with her brother Machito over the unique Afro-Cuban jazz sound Bauzá perfected. Graciela Pérez also began her music ca- reer at a young age in Cuba. Her father, an avid musician, would constantly have musicians to his house, and one day Graciela stayed up past her bedtime to enjoy one of them. I was born in Cuba. In Havana, el barrio Jesús María. . . . There were six of us. When I was four years old . . . there was a lot of music and (my father) bring some cantadores en la casa like (vocalist) María Teresa Vera . . . and the other kids in my house are still in bed . . . and then María Teresa Vera sees my finger doing the clave and María Teresa Vera said to my father, “You see, Graciela is going to be a singer.” Pérez’s father was reluctant, at first, to allow Graciela to sing. However, he would continue to inspire his daughter by having more and more musical guests come in and out of the Pérez home. Graciela remembers Septeto Nacional, in particular. Septeto Nacional . . . was to play because my father, the only party (that) was at my house was my mother’s birthday, and at my house was Septeto Nacional. . . . They was in my house, in my neighborhood nobody came then, you know, in that time. In my house was Nacional. As they grew up, Pérez and her brother Machito began to nurture A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 49 her gift little by little, until she had completely been absorbed by the music. Pérez would sing everywhere she went and join several groups thanks [to] Machito’s familiarity with the local music scene. Still, her father didn’t want her to sing professionally, and Graciela would have to sneak out at nights. One night while working as a delivery man, Pérez’s father recognized the voice coming from a club across the street from where he was working. He was staying over there, and he sees me singing and everybody applauds me. “Ohh, Graciela!” And then (at the house) he don’t say nothing to my mother, to nobody. Then he was waiting when I go hiding, when I go to working and (he said), “I know Chela, she’s singing in Alai de Libre in El Prado because I heard her last night. It’s alright, she sings beautiful.” Graciela Pérez had her father’s blessing and began to truly excel as a singer free from any restrictions. She would travel to South America with Al Anacaona and eventually move to Harlem in the 1930s, where she would meet up with Bauzá and Machito to start the Afro- Cuban Orchestra. A third key figure in the fusion of Afro-Cuban and American jazz is José Curbelo. Curbelo, who would manage and book Afro-Cuban jazz bands, was among the top performers in New York City during the Palladium Era. Curbelo’s uniquely vibrant sounds would place him in the highest echelon of Latin jazz performers along with Machito, Tito Puente, and Tito Rodríguez. Curbelo, the son of a musician, started as a classically trained pianist and musician in Cuba. I (was) born in Havana, Cuba (on) February 18, 1917. Pedro Menéndez was my teacher, piano teacher in Cuba. He used to be the piano player in my father’s orchestra, at one time. So, he was my private teacher in piano. . . . I went to the school of music in Cuba, to the Academy of 50 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ Music to study. And I had different teachers like in voice and harmony and whatever, you know, different types of technique, et cetera. . . . My father was a fine violinist, he played for the Philharmonic Orchestra in Cuba, first violin. And . . . he was a bandleader, he had his own or- chestra where he played all the famous nightclub and supper club and casino in Cuba. . . . I’m talking (about) the late ’20s and the early ’30s. And then he play the most typical Cuban music, with the charanga music that used to be played, what they call in Cuba the “Academias.” . . . The real Cuban music at that time was charanga bands. It’s not with saxophones and trump- ets. . . . Cuban music is the charanga sound—violins and flute and rhythm. That is what the real nitty-gritty of the Cuban music is. . . . And it’s really Afro-Cuban music. Because the Negro slaves that came to Cuba from Africa, they brought the rhythm. And in Cuba they put the voicings out, the melody and harmony. . . . But that was, still is, the real Cuban music should be called not salsa [but] Afro-Cuban music. Curbelo would develop into a finely trained musical genius. He began to master the curriculum of the Academy of Music and decided to enter Cuba’s prestigious Molinas Conservatory. Like his contemporary Mario Bauzá, Curbelo became fascinated with new forms of music, in particular American jazz. His understanding and love for music fueled his passion for exploration, and American jazz was exciting and fresh. Curbelo and Bauzá both became obsessed with jazz. In the ’20s I was a very young kid. But I always was a fan, and my favorite music always has been jazz. . . . I find that jazz is the most interesting music that is, as far as popular music is concerned, I love it . . . in Cuba I used to have records from Chick Webb where Mario Bauzá, A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 51 when he came to United States, he was the first trumpet. Bauzá remembers listening to his favorite American jazz musicians on the radio in Cuba. Duke Ellington used to (broadcast) almost every night from the Cotton Club. And I used to catch that in Havana through short-wave radio. And that music was so fascinating, was so different. All different jazz— completely different. And I always said, “That’s African- American music, that’s Africa.” The sound of the music, the way he uses harmony, he give you that color. And I was dying to get into New York. Bauzá would get a taste of the New York jazz scene shortly after, by happenstance. He got his break after going into his favorite music store in Havana and meeting bandleader Antonio Romeu. I used to go practically almost every day. I go to the music store to see what new records came and what piece come. So, when I got there, the head man said, “Mario, I want to try this clarinet that just came out from France, a Buffet Crampon, I want you (to) try.” So, I was prac- ticing clarinet over there, you know, testing the clarinet, and Romeu was there. . . . He said, “You don’t mind play this one with me?” I said, “No.” He said, “But do you know how to transpose from clarinet to—?” I said, “Oh, yeah.” So, I played the danzon with him and he was (amazed). . . . About two weeks later he found my tele- phone number and called my father. He said, “I would like to take Mario to New York to record with me, my orchestra.” Bauzá went to record with Romeu and his orchestra in New York and was blown away by the live jazz musicianship he encountered. Upon seeing saxophonist Frankie Tumbaur, Bauzá’s attention shifted to a new instrument. He fell in love with the saxophone and 52 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ would take it up immediately upon returning to Cuba. The sax- ophone would provide an outlet for Bauzá to grow musically, and it provided more opportunities to gain exposure in the Havana music scene. Though it was hard for a dark-skinned musician to find work, Bauzá still managed to make a name for himself. He recalls the racial inequities in Havana at the time. When they heard me play . . . that’s when I got the op- portunity to get a first-class job in Havana. Up to then, no, because the average musician on the big-time job ov- er there was white. . . . That country is no different than Mississippi was . . . not much different. We had that prob- lem, still have that problem, and gonna have that prob- lem. . . . So, we are still fighting those problems . . . the only discrimination there in those days when I was a young kid, like you go in the interior of Havana and the colored people walk on . . . one side of the park. Don’t allowed to go on the other side with the white people. That’s the way, you know. You go in the barber shop, you had to go to the Black barber shop. But the trouble with my country is so much mixture. Because after all, how the Cuban race was produced? By Spaniard and African womans. After finally gaining acceptance in the Havana music scene, both Curbelo and Bauzá would look to the future. Each of them saw himself as a jazz musician waiting to break out and creatively explore his musicianship. Both Curbelo and Bauzá decided the only way to truly embrace their passion for music was by going to [the] hottest music spot in the world, the home of jazz, New York City. Everybody talk about Mario, Mario, Mario, clarinet player and saxophone player. So, I said, “Well the next stop gotta be the United States,” come to the Mecca of jazz . . . nothing else I can learn in Cuba. A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 53 III. Cuba Comes to New York: The Palladium Era Once in the United States, Mario Bauzá’s first order of business was to learn yet another instrument. It was rough because when I got here it was in the heart of the Depression. And I’m lucky that I was, I met Benny Carter and he gave me advice . . . (and) there was another fella that came here on the boat with me with the Don Azpiazu Orchestra by the name of Antonio Machin. . . . So, I used to go into his house every day, to listen to rehearsals, (one day) I say, “I have no problem to play the music the way you want to. . . . I don’t play trumpet, but I think if you buy me a trumpet, I think I can do the job.” So, we went to the pawnshop and bought a cheap trumpet for fifteen bucks or something like that. So, I took it home and I start, I knew the positions and all I had to do was to get some em- bouchure, and that was that. Said, “Mario, I only got . . . fifteen days to recording.” I said, “Well, you ain’t got nobody. If you give me the opportunity, I think I can do it, otherwise I wouldn’t even talk about it.” So, I start practicing, practicing, practicing, practicing. So finally, we go into the recording. . . . Then I fell in love with the trumpet. And then I figured I had a better chance with the trumpet than I did with the saxophone to join one of those jazz bands. Bauzá quickly became known around jazz circles, and his rise to prominence was fast. First, Bauzá joined the Chick Webb Band, where under the wing of bandleader Chick Webb he would gain a vast knowledge of jazz. Webb opened up doors for Bauzá and introduced him to some of the biggest names in the New York jazz scene. Bauzá played with countless musicians from Webb to Cab Calloway to Ella Fitzgerald. All over New York from the Apollo to 54 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ the Savoy Ballroom, Bauzá spread his love for jazz as he collaborated with a myriad of jazz legends. In addition to the various collaborations that were taking place, another tradition of the era was the Battle of the Bands. Two bands would play the same hall or ballroom and try to show one another up. This is when Afro-Cuban rhythms really stood out, earning Afro-Cubans a reputation for their showmanship. Mario Bauzá re- members battling Benny Goodman in the late 1930s with the Chick Webb Band. The Savoy Ballroom was pack(ed) around five o’clock in the afternoon, they had to close the door. . . . Benny Goodman playe(ed) the first set . . . they close with “Big John Special.” So, Chick say, “What’choo gonna play?” I say, “How about the same number, gonna play ‘Big John Special’ . . . and close with ‘Harlem Conga?’” . . . The battle of music was through in the first set. The band was too powerful for Benny. Benny’s band was too light for that, that and especially with that crowd. When that band hit, it was something else. This period of the 1930s was essential to the birth of Latin jazz music. Pioneers like Bauzá were becoming big names and starting to influence the music scene. By adding elements from their [strong] background in Cuban music, people like Bauzá, Curbelo, Tito Puente, and Tito Rodríguez would usher in a new form of music —Afro-Cuban jazz. In 1940, Bauzá hooked up with his brother-in- law, Machito, and together they created Machito’s Afro-Cuban Orchestra, along with Graciela Pérez. Despite initial skepticism about the use of the name “Afro-Cuban,” Latinos, Blacks, and even whites would enjoy the music. When I started Machito Orchestra, whole lot of Puerto Rican people reject my music. They say I use bongo and that was a disgrace, that was “nanigo” music, “Negroes A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 55 from Africa” music. They didn’t go for that. But in the new generation, Puerto Rican born in New York begin to like what I was doin’. Soon there was a huge following for the acts and the premiere venue was Manhattan’s Palladium Ballroom. The Palladium was an important institution that would operate from 1949 to 1966, delighting fans of mambo and jazz alike. Celebrities like Marlon Brando and Bob Hope as well as everyday working-class immigrants would crowd the Palladium. With unparalleled integration, it be- came the single most important place for Latin jazz music in New York City. The rise of the Palladium marked a turning point in New York’s music scene. Tastes were beginning to change and people were be- coming more and more intrigued with the new Afro-Cuban jazz sound. Afro-Cubans were gaining acceptance and earning respect. Along with Afro-Cuban jazz, many of the Latino musicians involved collaborated with American jazz artists. Bauzá himself broke in legend Dizzy Gillespie, with whom he teamed up Machito percussionist Chano Pozo. And then I brought Dizzy into the band. . . . I went and got a hold of Dizzy: “Dizzy, bring your trumpet with a mute. I want you to play anything you want on top of that.” . . . Rhythm crazy. And he can dance. I got a videotape they made in Havana. . . . And when he came out there and dancing, dance a rumba. It’s amazin’! And Dizzy, Dizzy, Dizzy’s, Dizzy all right! Helluva fellow. . . . I love the guy, my son. The language barrier illustrates the connection Afro-Cubans made with American jazz musicians. Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo made terrific music and rose to the top of the jazz world in New York City, but Pozo didn’t speak a word of English. 56 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ You know the only word that Chano (could speak) to Dizzy? “Hundred dollar.” That’s all. Despite the cultural differences and language barrier, Gillespie found a niche in Latin jazz. In 1947, the two were set to perform a number called the “Afro-Cuban Drums Suite” at Carnegie Hall. The show was instrumental in bringing Latin jazz into mainstream awareness. Additionally, Gillespie’s improvisation added a whole new dimension to jazz. Gillespie’s musicianship became the groundwork for later improvisation such as bee bop and the music of greats like Charlie Parker and Miles Davis. By 1950, Machito, Tito Puente, and Tito Rodríguez were among the biggest names in all of New York. Collaborations would continue, and Charlie Parker would get into the act, teaming up with pianist Norman Granz and Bauzá on one of the best examples of Latin jazz, “The Peanut Vendor.” Charlie Parker made a very big impression on Bauzá, and that would lead to partnership on the song “Mango Mangue.” People might think that Charlie Parker play because he was high, or—no, no, no, no. He knew everything he would do in the music, and nobody told him how to do it. That was his own creation, his own mentality, his own approach about music. . . . He says, “Oh man, play any- thing, let me hear the arrangement.” . . . When we play the arrangement, he say, “I like that.” I said, “But it’s a vocal.” He say, “All you gotta do, when the vocal sup- posed to be sing, tell ’em ‘don’t sing’ and gimme the cue, I’ll play.” . . . He went through that number like nothing, back to the montuno, and . . . “Oh my goodness!” I say, “this man is a genius!” As Afro-Cuban jazz’s popularity grew, more and more great bandleaders would emerge, and great musicians would flourish in the new form. José Curbelo’s orchestra was one of the bands that A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 57 benefited the most from the success of the other Afro-Cuban performers. Curbelo’s success came at a time when the music that was originally confined to Harlem began to spread downtown to places like the Palladium and uptown to The Bronx, again thanks to the success of Tito Puente and Tito Rodríguez, but mainly because of Bauzá’s Machito Orchestra. Curbelo explains the phenomenon. That was Machito and his Afro-Cubans . . . because when you hit Broadway you did the biggest, the Broadway show, the Strand Theater, the Capitol Theater, the Paramount Theater. All the big theaters, the big ball- rooms, the Roseland, the Arcadia, everything was on Broadway between 42nd, the Astor Roof, and 54th, where the Palladium was. And the first band, Black, to come from El Barrio . . . was a great accomplishment. After Machito broke through to the mainstream, Afro-Cuban jazz exploded. The 1950s saw more and more Afro-Cuban jazz bands sprouting up, and the phenomenon became insanely popular. The Palladium was at its peak as a venue, consistently packing the house to see Tito Puente or Machito. At the height of the Palladium era, people of all races, backgrounds, and ethnicities came together to enjoy the music. IV. The Late Palladium Era: Afro‐Cubans in The Bronx The exposure Afro-Cuban jazz was experiencing affected all of New York, but no borough embraced the tradition like The Bronx. Just over the river from the “Mecca of Jazz,” Harlem, The Bronx served as the next major center for music in New York. At that time, clubs and dance halls in The Bronx would attract the biggest names in Afro-Cuban jazz, mambo, and American jazz. Venues like the Hunts Point Palace, the Tritons Club, and the Rockland Palace would put The Bronx on the map as the place to see Afro-Cuban music. While the main forum was still the Palladium, many people would look no 58 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ further than The Bronx for a quality Afro-Cuban jazz experience. Bronxites would go to have a good time, get down, and listen to some amazing music from the greats. Machito, Tito Puente, José Curbelo (before becoming a manager), Tito Rodríguez, and even Charlie Parker would play at Bronx clubs during the late 1950s. New bands started to come out of the borough as a result of the developing Afro-Cuban jazz scene in The Bronx. Young Bronxites would pack the clubs to get a glimpse of their favorite bands, go home, and try to imitate their sound. Afro-Cuban records were played from every window in every Latino neighborhood in The Bronx, and a new generation of Afro-Cuban jazz lovers would emerge. This new wave of Afro-Cuban jazz buffs would see music any chance they had. Joe Orange, Bronx native and jazz trombonist who played with Herbie Mann and Eddie Palmieri, recalls students at his high school going all the way downtown to see Afro-Cuban music. When I was going to Morris (High School) there was a whole group of kids that used to go to the Palladium and they used to come to school talkin’ about, “Man, last Saturday night at the Palladium. Tito Puente did this and Tito Rodríguez—.” And I (was) kind of like, “Give me a break!” But there was a real strong interest in Latin music. Even the non-musicians, Latin dance was like a craze that was going on you know, ’57, ’58, when I was in high school. The Bronx would serve as a breeding ground for some of the freshest talent in Latin jazz and this was, in part, due to the emergence of Afro-Cuban jazz’s popularity in the latter half of the 1950s. Willie Colón, one of the foremost innovators of Latin music in the late 1960s, remembers going to the Hunts Point Palace when he was thirteen. In those days you had to have a cabaret license, so I had a A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 59 friend who was older and he had one, (gave) me his and we kind of doctored it up and put my picture in it. . . . I grew a mustache as soon as possible, and I used to smoke cigars to try to look older, you know. I even used to put frosting on my hair sometimes, it must have been pretty pathetic but I got away with it most of the time. And yeah, we used to go to the Hunts Point Palace, which is now like an office building. . . . They would have like fourteen bands and the poster, you know, just looked like a checkerboard, it had so many faces and stuff on it. . . . And you would go in and I think you’d pay something like five dollars, and you’d be able to see twenty some- thing orchestras. . . . There was a big boom at one time. The popularity of the local venues was apparent by the amount of talent that came onto the Afro-Cuban scene in the late 1950s and early ’60s. One of the premiere acts that came from The Bronx at the time was Eddie Palmieri and his conjunto La Perfecta. My mother arrived in New York in 1925, that’s how it all starts. . . . She came here with an uncle and an aunt, and there was another uncle and aunt here. . . . And then my father followed a year later on a boat. . . . In 1926, they married, my brother was born in ’27, and I was born in ’36 . . . on 112th Street . . . between Madison and Park. We moved from there when I was five years old, and then we went right to Kelly Street between Longwood and Intervale, known now and later as the South Bronx. Palmieri’s extended family had also immigrated to The Bronx and would introduce Eddie to music as a child. His uncle had his own traditional band and encouraged Eddie and his older brother Charlie to take up the piano but emphasized the importance of traditional Latin percussion instruments. But Eddie Palmieri was a piano player. A prodigy, Palmieri played Carnegie Hall at the age of eleven. By 60 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ thirteen he had joined up with his uncle, as a percussionist. By the time I was fifteen I sold my timbales back to my uncle, (and) went back on the piano, which I’m still playing to this day. Like Willie Colon, Palmieri also gained a lot of musical knowledge by going to shows in The Bronx. Palmieri attributes his start as a serious pianist to seeing bands and orchestras at Bronx clubs and dance halls in the 1950s. I saw Charlie Parker, and that was at the Rockland Palace. He would get gigs like that because he used to work for a promoter, that was a Black promoter called Cecil Bowen. At the Hunts Point Palace I know I saw Charlie Parker and I didn’t know who he was but I saw rubber bands and band-aids on the saxophone, alto. I saw different groups but my main interest was to try to play the piano. ’Cause I hadn’t been reading music, I was playing timbales with my uncle, folkloric band, and then it was very difficult to get back to reading. Palmieri would get his break in 1955 playing with Eddie Forrestier’s Orchestra and would even play with the legendary Tito Rodríguez for a year before starting La Perfecta in 1961. Palmieri’s orchestra was fresh and new, replacing trumpets with trombones. The innovative La Perfecta became the key attraction in Latin music during the 1960s. By assembling some of the greatest musicians in all of New York, the Bronx-based conjunto was wildly popular and virtually unrivaled for the better part of the decade. To a large degree, the success of La Perfecta was truly a group effort, and the band incorporated one of the most influential musicians in the history of New York, trombonist Barry Rogers. Described as a true “renaissance man,” Rogers came out of a Jewish community in The Bronx and was an avid car mechanic, musician, writer, and most A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 61 prominently, a lover of all music. Mark Weinstein recalls Barry’s knack at instrumentation well beyond the trombone, including the folkloric double string guitar from Cuba known as the tres. “Barry was a great tres player. Barry was one of the better tres players in the city of New York.” Peers remember the late Barry Rogers spending hours upon hours listening to records and playing music. Rogers’s distinct trombone sound was of paramount importance in the development of Latin music from Afro-Cuban revivalist jazz to salsa. Known for his incessant writing, and re-writing, of charts, almost obsessive personality, and perfectionism, Rogers put all he had into Latin music. When asked about the influence Barry Rogers had on him, Eddie Palmieri remembers Rogers’s uniqueness. Those trombones, when they used to get into a riff behind the flute they don’t stop, and then Barry just takes off and keeps going and we just kept pushing and pushing, and that instrument is not an instrument to be able to do that with and they did it. . . . (I remember) his preparation, his musical knowledge, of all different kinds of music. With Rogers’s innovation and virtuosity with the trombone and Eddie Palmieri leading the band behind the piano, La Perfecta soon found themselves playing with the greats. Eddie Palmieri remembers the circumstances in which he played alongside legends at the Palladium. Oh, Machito, Tito Rodríguez, Tito Puente, La Perfecta dealt with each and every one one-on-one. No quarter taken. There was four sets, you did sixteen sets a week at the Palladium for 72 dollars, before taxes. . . . They had lost their liquor license and now they gave me 90 en- gagements, so once they give you the 90 engagements, then anybody that wants to book you out would have to 62 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ pay more and that was the deal, you know, and José Curbelo handled that pretty well. La Perfecta continued to thrive during the 1960s and played all over New York City, from the ritziest hotels to the local clubs of The Bronx. La Perfecta illustrates a rich history of music in The Bronx. While the music scene had always been big in places like Morrisania and Hunts Point, La Perfecta was one of the first real successful jazz bands to come out of The Bronx during the era. Mark Weinstein, second trombonist (with Barry Rogers) remembers playing in different clubs all over New York City. You couldn’t buy a second microphone, man! I mean the Hunts Point Palace, I don’t think they owned two microphones . . . and the trombone players would sweat, sweat blood. . . . Barry would catch the edge of the microphone by pointin’ his trombone towards (it). But because we were always playing during the montunos, the singer was in the way. . . . The Hunts Point was one of the bigger rooms, there were a couple other places. . . . The Palladium was a great room—Palladium was the best room to play, I loved the Palladium. . . . We played Birdland a couple of times, I mean then we’d have microphones. La Perfecta’s popularity soared in the ’60s. New Yorkers identified with both the jazz sound and the Latin roots. La Perfecta would draw from many musical traditions to form their unique sound. Mark Weinstein remembers The Bronx as one of the hottest spots for Afro-Cuban music. It was Cuban revivalist. I mean the amazing thing about playing with Eddie’s band was playing Latin music for people of Latino heritage, and this was basically the A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 63 cultural revival that occurred at the Triton Club, I mean the Triton Club was the center of it . . . in The Bronx, Southern Boulevard, right next door to the Hunts Point Palace. . . . And the model of the trombone improvisation came from the way . . . the soloist would play against the trumpets. But then Barry extended that. That was the model. In 1966, La Perfecta played the Palladium for its final show. The Palladium Era had officially ended, but Latin music would continue to gain steam up in The Bronx. V. The Bronx and Latin Jazz: The 1950s, 1960s, and Beyond With the Palladium closed and other Manhattan dance halls following suit, Latin music still thrived in one place. The Bronx was now the center for Latin jazz in New York and would become a hotbed for talent. The biggest names in Latin music were coming from The Bronx because communities were raising their kids on music. The Bronx in the ’50s and ’60s was rich in musical traditions from all over Latin America, and residents would expose different types of music to one another. Vibrant neighborhoods like Hunts Point, Morrisania, and Longwood became a breeding ground for musical talent. The public schools provided instruments for students, neighbors sat on their stoops and jammed, and Latin and jazz music blared from every street corner. Frank Rivera was a resident of the Longwood community in the ’50s and ’60s and remembers the neighborhood as well as developing a love for dancing. It was real nice and everybody knew everybody in the neighborhood. . . . Some of ’em became teachers and musicians like Joe Loco, he lived in the corner by the drugstore . . . when we went to (PS) 42, that’s when they started to open the school at night and that’s when we 64 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ started to have parties and dancing. . . . At that time it was more like they call “mambo”—mambo, not salsa like they call it now. Joe Orange, a longtime resident of Morrisania, remembers hearing music all over The Bronx when he was growing up. I was always hearing it. . . . I was always around it. My brother played conga. And there were all these bands, over at PS 99 they used talent shows. . . . You know, bands in junior high and high school, there were Latin bands all around me. . . . They used to have a place up in The Bronx on Boston Road that was really a great place for jam sessions when I was a kid. I was in high school and I would go in and listen . . . right where Boston and Pros- pect Avenue meet, and it was down in this little basement and I would sneak in there . . . it wasn’t open for very long but it was very popular. Orange contributes the large number of musicians who came out of The Bronx to a surrounding culture that nourished young musicians and helped to develop the talents of the community residents. I think the programs in the public schools had a lot to do with it. I started in (PS) 40, most of us started in 40 or one of those junior high schools. . . . PS 99 had that after- school community center. We used to have talent shows once a week, some great things came through those talent shows! Because of the rich cultural environment, young kids on the street would aspire for musical greatness. Latinos and African Americans would all embrace the various sounds of Latin music, thanks to the diversity of The Bronx, and lively musicians would surface all over the borough. Willie Colón was one such musician. A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 65 The South Bronx in the ’50s . . . was exactly like a town in Puerto Rico or any other Latin American country. . . . There were domino games on the sidewalks and there were bembes, which is a group of guys playing congas . . . and we’d sing choruses and maybe some of the hit songs of the day. From that upbringing, Colón embraced both Puerto Rican and Cuban son, and became a trombonist in his own band. Mark Weinstein attributes youth interest in Latin music to the popularity of Barry Rogers. There was LeBron Brothers and there was Willie Colón, I mean both Barry and I were very, very arrogant about what was happening with the trombone. ’Cause both of us had come to Latin music from very rich trombone traditions whereas all the kids who were comin’ up had learned to play trombone by listening to Barry essentially. Regardless of who influenced him, Willie Colón was a young upstart trombonist and he teamed up with a beautiful voice, [a] soñero named Héctor Lavoe. The two delighted fans with songs like trombone anthem with a Panamanian sound “La Murga,” or with the album El Malo, named after the persona Colón would embrace as a rough kid from The Bronx. Ushering the newly dubbed “boo- galoo” style, El Malo and Lavoe would travel all over the world with their exciting, trombone-driven sound until Lavoe unfortunately fell victim to heroin and began showing up late for gigs and acting out. In 1973, Colón was forced to fire Lavoe, ending their six-year partnership. Colón would continue to write and record music, and his name became synonymous with salsa music. Colón has written socially conscious songs like “El General” and “Si La Ves,” has sold over 30 66 FROM THE DAVID M. CARP PAPERS ON LATIN JAZZ million records worldwide, and has amassed fifteen gold and five platinum records since his humble beginning in The Bronx. VI. One Last Word From the start in Cuba, through the coalescence with jazz in Man- hattan, to the popularization in The Bronx, Afro-Cuban and Latin jazz has become one of the most important cultural phenomena in the history of New York. The various musical forms from Cuba, Puerto Rico, Panama, and other Caribbean nations illustrate the diversity of the city. The story of Afro-Cuban music’s popularity in New York is a microcosm of all the wonderful things that make the city uniquely diverse. The way this music was embraced by native New Yorkers as well as [more recent] immigrants is an amazing tribute to the capital of the world, New York. Musical geniuses brought their incredibly well-trained and knowledgeable background to New York, where they mixed with the native population of jazz musicians, and history was made. The importance of The Bronx in all of this cannot be emphasized enough. It’s because of the borough’s love for Latin music that other musical forms could thrive and be introduced. The music served as a familiar reminder that The Bronx was a place for all people from all over the world. Though many, like Mario Bauzá, detest the term “Latin jazz,” the music itself tells the important story of two cultures merging to form great art. A History of Afro‐Cuban Jazz in The Bronx 67 BRONX BUSINESS LEADERS OF THE YEAR AWARD Presented to Bronx business leaders who support the humanities and the arts. 2021 Ram Gupta, Chatam 2000 Management Co., Inc. 2020 Michael Max Knobbe, BronxNet 1999 2019 Richard Legnini, Bronx Ad Group 1998 2018 John Calvelli, Bronx Zoo 2017 James H. Alston, McCalls 1997 Bronxwood Funeral Home 2016 Steve Baktidy, S&T Auto Body 1996 Shop 1995 2015 Matthew Engel, Langsam Property Services 1994 2014 Greg Gonzalez, Manhattan Parking Group 1993 2013 Steve Tisso, Teddy Nissan 2012 Joseph Kelleher, Hutchinson 1992 Metro Center 1991 2011 Adam Green, Rocking the Boat 2010 Anthony Mormile, Hudson 1990 Valley Bank 2009 Lenny Caro, Bronx Chamber of 1989 Commerce 2008 Katherine Gleeson, Goldman Sachs 2007 Sandra Erickson, Erickson Real 1988 Estate 2006 Cecil P. Joseph, McDonald’s 2005 Frank Cassano, New Bronx Chamber of Commerce 1987 2004 Dart Westphal, Norwood News 2003 James J. Houlihan, Houlihan- Parnes 2002 David Greco, Mike’s Deli & Caterers 2001 Peter Madonia, Madonia Brothers Bakery John Reilly, Fordham-Bedford Housing Corp. Mario Procida, Procida Construction Corp. Veronica M. White, NYC Housing Partnership Dr. Spencer Foreman, Montefiore Medical Center Monroe Lovinger, CPA Gil and Jerry Beautus, Walton Press William O’Meara, Greentree Restaurant Larry Barazzoto, Soundview Discount Muffler Gail McMillan, Con Edison Susan E. Goldy, ERA Susan Goldy & Co. Mike Nuñez, Bronx Venture Group Mark Engel, Langsam Property Services Carlos Nazario, Metro Beer & Soda Joel Fishman, Nehring Brother Realty Co. Michael Durso, Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank Elias Karmon, EMK Enterprises REVIEWS Cope, Suzanne. Power Hungry: Women of the Black Panther Party and Freedom Summer and Their Fight to Feed a Movement. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2022. 304 pp. ISBN: 9781641604529. $27.99. Suzanne Cope’s expertly written, extensively researched book chron- icles the Civil Rights Movement in the United States through the lived experiences of two unacknowledged Black women champions of the movement, Aylene Quin and Cleo Silvers. Cope is a writer, professor, narrative journalist, and scholar. She earned a PhD in Adult Learning from Lesley University in Cambridge, Massa- chusetts and is currently a Clinical Assistant Professor at New York University, where she is a “food studies scholar with a focus on food as a tool for social and political change.” Cope’s work illuminates the stories of “unsung leaders . . . mainly women of color who are left out of history,” individuals who “elevate women’s work” through their uses of food as a “political tool.” Cope does a magnificent job at presenting this historical survey of the Civil Rights Movement in an easy-to-read manner that meta- phorically transplants the reader to a stool at Aylene Quin’s food counter. In 22 short and detailed chapters, Power Hungry recounts the dual narratives of Aylene Quin’s community organizing and voter rights’ activism out of her McComb, Mississippi restaurant and tavern South of the Border during the Freedom Summer of 1964, on the one hand, and Cleo Silvers’s organizing in the South Bronx, first through VISTA1 and then with the Black Panther Party shortly after the start of the New York Chapter’s Children’s Free Breakfast Program in 1969, on the other. Cope argues that the two womens’ significance to the Civil Rights Movement is not reflected accurate- 1 VISTA: Volunteers in Service to America, part of President Johnson’s Anti- Poverty program and predecesser to today’s AmeriCorps. Cope, Power Hungry 69 ly in the historical record, in which such activity as cooking, if included at all, occurs as footnotes. As a tribute to the scholars whose research has inspired and informed her own work, Cope pro- vides the bibliographical citations preceding her prologue. Aylene Quin, or “Mama Quin” as she was affectionately known in her community of McComb, Mississippi, was a pivotal figure in the local and state-wide civil rights and voter registration efforts. Power Hungry vividly recounts Mama Quin’s story through the events of 1961 leading up to the Freedom Summer of 1964 and beyond. The book captures Mama Quin’s personal sacrifices in preparing and delivering meals to activists jailed, in one case for attempting to stage a sit-in at the McComb Woolworth’s food counter and in another for participating in a high school walk-out and march to the County Hall. Although a visible staple of the community, Mama Quin even took part in the latter as a show of support, alongside her daughter Jacqueline. Cope details the many other civil rights actions su- pported by Mama Quin, like holding secret meetings of the local Black middle-class and business people at her restaurant (who would arrive in the back of delivery trucks) and feeding civil rights wor- kers, such as the SNCC Freedom Riders, and the community at large. 2 Cope describes Mama Quin’s efforts at feeding civil rights activists and the wider community as “community building, done around the kitchen tables rather than on the front lines.” As Cope emphasizes, Mama Quin’s independent “financial means,” as a self-employed business owner, gave her the ability to support the movement with- out direct consequence to her employment status (which was not the case with many others). Cope introduces Cleo Silvers in chapter 4. She affably details Cleo’s beginnings in her hometown of Philadelphia while growing up enjoying Sunday meals at her grandmother’s house. The experience of social gatherings around meals influenced Cleo’s love for what 2 SNCC: The Student Non-Violenct Coordinating Committee, one of the leading student groups of the Civil Rights Movement. 70 PASTOR CRESPO, JR. Cope describes as “culinary diplomacy.” Cope expounds on the myriad ways that Cleo hosted and prepared gatherings around food at her apartment in the South Bronx (and elsewhere over the years), not only to garner financial support for the Black Panther Party but as a mentoring tool for what Cleo called her “Black and Brown cadre.” Cope cogently presents the lessons that Aylene Quin and Cleo Silvers provide as the “power of community organizing” and “the power of food to help create community among activists and local people.” At the same time, Cope takes care to ensure that the reader understands Cleo’s accomplishments in the contexts of navigating patriarchy within the Black Panther Party, on the one hand, and enduring extensive FBI efforts to “neutralize and destroy” the Party’s leaders and the brutality of local law enforcement, on the other. As Cope eloquently posits, “This is the insidious nature of white supremacy, particularly when it infiltrates every nook and cranny of governmental power.” Drawing attention to Mama Quin’s context in Mississippi, Cope warns also of the terroristic lengths white supre- macy is willing to go to maintain a racist system—drive-by shootings, drive-by bombings, firebombs, and economic sanctions. Power Hun‐ gry is a testament to the strength and perseverance of countless unknown, unrecognized, and uncredited African American women leaders and their use of varied foodways to build and feed the community. This is an absolutely captivating book that is a must read. Pastor Crespo, Jr. The Bronx, New York Cope, Power Hungry 71 Sammartino, Annemarie. Freedomland: Co‐Op City and The Story of New York. Ithaca/London: Three Hills/Cornell University Press, 2022. 320 pp. ISBN: 9781501716430. $32.95. As its title suggests, Freedomland: Co‐Op City and the Story of New York frames the history of Co-op City, the largest cooperative hou- sing development in the U.S., as a microcosm of wider twentieth- century New York City history. Co-Op City was constructed at the end of the 1960s in the far reaches of the northeast Bronx, carved out of swampland along the Hutch- inson River. The title derives from the ill-fated amusement park, Freedomland, which during the first half of the 1960s occupied a portion of the land on which Co-Op City was built. At the same time, the title evokes the promise of Co-Op City: a place where affordable housing and a cohesive community life would be avail- able to residents without necessitating a move to the suburbs. Here was a place where working- and middle-class New Yorkers could flourish and share in the American dream of home-own-ership. The cooperative housing movement in New York City, of which Co- op City was a part, emerged in the early twentieth century among progressive Jewish and other trade unionists. Tenants, or “co- operators,” would purchase equity shares in an apartment upon move-in and would receive the amount back, plus interest, when vacating the apartment. Early cooperative housing in New Yorkwith pronounced leftwing influence such as the Allerton Coops in The Bronx had some of the first racially integrated housing in New York City. Other cooperatives had a less than stellar record in this regard, and this is a part of the story of Co-op City as well. Co-Op City was built by the United Housing Foundation (UHF), a nonmarket housing corporation known for cooperative projects like 72 ROGER MCCORMACK the Amalgamated Housing Co-operative in The Bronx, opened in 1927, and Rochdale Village in Queens, opened in 1963. Co-op City, whose first apartments opened in 1968, provided middle-income housing at a time when many middle-class New Yorkers had decamped for the suburbs. All of these UHF developments served as crucibles for the inexorable demographic and economic changes buffeting New York City in the second half of the twentieth century —not least because in the late 1960s the UHF was mandated by the state to conform to non-discriminatory housing policies. Racial integration was not without tension in these developments, particularly as the original goals of the cooperative movement lost their luster amid rising crime and the racialized perception among many that an influx of Blacks and Puerto Ricans to Co-Op City heralded the demise of the neighborhood in the late 1970s and 1980s. According to Sammartino, however, Co-Op City never succumbed to New York’s vituperative racial politics to the same extent as Rochdale Village did, with the latter coming apart over busing and integration in the 1970s. UHF initially stressed a homogenously middle-class community at Co-op City and refused to jettison the middle-income requirement to appeal to more Blacks and Latinos, who were on average employed in jobs that paid them less for comparable work done by whites and experienced higher rates of unemployment. The approach of UHF created tension with prominent city agencies and Mayor Lindsay’s administration, which advocated—at least on paper—various policies to uplift Black and Latino populations in the 1960s. According to Sammartino, the common socio-economic level of Co-Op City nourished racial integration, subduing racial tension and rancor at a time when such tensions were high elsewhere in New York. Sammartino argues for Co-Op City’s unusual role within New York City: problems found in the rest of the city, though perceptible in Co-Op City, were diminished by the middle-class character of the development and the ideology of the “cooperators” or residents of Co-Op City, stressing, Sammartino, Freedomland 73 as it did, shared ownership and the diminution of the profit motive in real estate. Other critics of Co-Op City at the time drew attention to its “Tow- ers in the park” model. Towering residential skyscrapers, these critics argued, contributed to urban alienation and malaise. In this telling, Co-Op City would never be able to achieve a spontaneous community. Architectural and urban planners—chief among them Jane Jacobs—celebrated the community life of old, smaller-scale neighborhoods and were quick to denounce massive urban development projects like Co-Op City. Sammartino argues that this portrayal of Co-Op City was false, citing a number of anecdotes from her own life and from other residents highlighting the robustness of community in Co-Op City. Community life was, in fact, celebrated by people of varying ethnicities and backgrounds, most notably Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, who moved to Co-Op City as a young girl. Here, Sammartino probably overstates her thesis. While her anecdotes of vibrant community life in Co-Op City are nonetheless true, the development to this day remains isolated from the rest of The Bronx and New York City (many plans for a subway line to Co-Op City have proved abortive), making the development convenient primarily for automobile drivers. Sammartino masterfully describes the ethos of the cooperative’s founders, the United Housing Foundation, and their utopian aims for cooperative housing, desiring nothing less than a wholesale reevaluation of how New Yorkers envisioned housing. She is also unsparing in detailing the corruption of the Mitchell-Lama program (and probably the UHF) and the enormous cost overruns during the construction of Co-Op City, overruns eventually paid for by increases in “carrying charges,” or rents, by the development’s res- idents. The increase in carrying charges and resentment towards the UHF’s 74 ROGER MCCORMACK perceived corruption culminated in the rent strike of 1975–1976, the longest and largest so far in U.S. history. Led by the bombastic labor organizer Charles Rosen—dubbed by the Village Voice “the Lenin of the North Bronx”—Co-Op City cooperators eventually gained board control of Co-Op City but remained bedeviled by the same financial problems the UHF faced. The strike destroyed the UHF: it would never build another cooperative housing complex after the imbroglios involved in the construction and maintenance of Co-Op City. Here, Sammartino uses the example of Co-Op City to chart the history of New York’s social welfare apparatus, where robust funding was provided for education, housing, and a variety of other urban programs in the 1930s and 1940s. By the 1970s, this model was in desuetude. Instead, the ruling governing philosophy became “neoliberalism,” which Sammartino defines as market-based solutions to urban problems, and austerity, encapsulated by the federal government’s refusal to bail out New York City during the fiscal crisis of the 1970s (and symbolized by the New York Post’s famous headline, “Ford to New York—Drop Dead!”). Co-Op City, though, founded just prior to the high-water point of these policies in New York City, offered a rival conception of housing, with its roots in the social welfare model of the 1930s and ’40s and the tenant activism of the Lower East Side and The Bronx of this same era. Initially a safe-haven for Jews leaving once prosperous ethnic neighborhoods in the West Bronx, Co-Op City was widely seen as part of The Bronx and yet distinct from older neighborhoods not only because of its far-flung location and towering skyscrapers but also because of the absence of crime and urban blight. Complicating narratives of white flight and twentieth-century urban histories, Sammartino argues against Co-Op City as having a decisive destructive impact on the west Bronx. According to a standard narrative, Co-Op City exacerbated white flight from west Bronx neighborhoods and was one of the main contributors to urban decay in the borough. But, Professor Sammartino notes, many Jewish Sammartino, Freedomland 75 residents of the Grand Concourse had already left for the suburbs of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut before the construction of Co-Op City was finished in 1968. In her view, Co-Op City simply reinforced a social trend already underway. The book also benefits from Sammartino’s measured appraisal of the reasons for the Jewish exodus from the west Bronx. Many previously storied west Bronx neighborhoods had begun to experience decreases in city services and overall building maintenance, and new arrivals to Co-Op City cited actual crimes and a perceived decline in their old neighborhoods. For a time, Co-Op City was seen as an escape from such blight. Unlike many other scholars of this period, however, Sammartino is similarly careful to weigh the largely manufactured fears of white residents of an increase in crime in Co-Op City in the 1980s and 1990s. Sammartino concludes her commendable volume with a paean to Co-Op City’s multicultural identity, even as demographics in the development have shifted, and to its continued existence as a middle-class neighborhood for newer populations of Bronxites. Roger McCormack The Bronx, New York 76 ROGER MCCORMACK SELECT PUBLICATIONS AND GIFTS OF THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY The below items, and additional publications and gifts, are available for purchase in-person at any of our locations; by mail, through writing to The Bronx County Historical Society at 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, NY 10467; or online, at www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/store. Life in The Bronx Series Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Birth of The Bronx: 1609–1900 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx in the Innocent Years: 1890–1925 Lloyd Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, 1935–1965 Lloyd Ultan, The Beautiful Bronx: 1920–1950 Life in The Bronx, four-volume set History of The Bronx Nicholas DiBrino, History of Morris Park Racecourse Allan S. Gilbert (ed.), Digging The Bronx G. Hermalyn et al., A Historical Sketch of The Bronx, 2nd edition G. Hermalyn and Thomas X. Casey, Bronx Views G. 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Hermalyn, The Study and Writing of History Samuel Hopkins, West Farms Local History Curriculum Guide Alonso Serrano, Latin Bicentennial, comic book The Bronx County Historical Society Journal $15.00 $20.00 $15.00 $5.00 Back issues of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 1963–2021, are available for purchase for $15.00 an issue, excepting special issues like the Centennial of The Bronx issue, available for purchase for $20.00. Research Center Dominick Caldiero et al., Newspaper Titles of The Bronx G. Hermalyn, Publications and Other Media of The Bronx County Historical Society Since 1955 G. Hermalyn et al., The Bronx in Print G. Hermalyn et al., Education and Culture in The Bronx G. Hermalyn and Laura Tosi, Genealogy of The Bronx Kathleen A. McAuley, A Guide to the Collections of The Bronx County Archives Laura Tosi et al., Ethnic Groups in The Bronx Laura Tosi et al., Index to The Sheet Map Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Elected Public Officials of The Bronx Since 1898 Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Atlas Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Microfilm/Microfiche Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Media Collection Laura Tosi and G. Hermalyn, Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Video Collection $15.00 $5.00 $10.00 $20.00 $10.00 $20.00 $20.00 $20.00 $15.00 $10.00 $10.00 $10.00 $10.00 Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, a documentary on DVD Elizabeth Beirne, Poems and Tales of Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham Kathleen A. McAuley, Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham Special Interest Peter Derrick and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx Cookbook Remember The Bronx, Bronx history calendar for 2023 Gifts The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug The Bronx Afghan, washable cotton blanket, 50" x 65" The Bronx River Parkway, c. 1915, poster, 20.5" x 29.5" Edgar Allan Poe coffee mug The Grand Concourse, 1892, poster, 25" x 12" The Bronx Comfort gift set, includes The Bronx Cookbook, the Bronx Afghan, and The Beautiful Bronx coffee mug $20.00 $20.00 $15.00 $15.00 $12.00 $7.95 $50.00 $20.00 $7.95 $20.00 $60.00 THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTS Jacqueline Kutner, 1993– Robert R. Hall, 1986–1993 Raymond F. Crapo, 1976–1986 Robert Farkas, 1976 Lloyd Ultan, 1971–1976 Ronald Schliessman, 1969–1971 Roger Arcara 1967–1969 Thomas J. Mullins, 1964–1967 George J. Fluhr, 1963–1964 Ray D. Kelly, 1963 Fred E. J. Kracke, 1960–1963 Joseph Duffy, 1958–1960 Dr. Theodore Kazimiroff, 1955–1958 LIFE MEMBERS Dr. Elizabeth Beirne Louis H. Blumegarten Adolfo Carrión Sam Chermin James Conroy Dorothy Curran John Dillon Dan Eisenstein Mark Engel Natalie and Robert Esnard Ken Fisher Fordham Hill Owner’s Co. Katherine Gleeson Robert Abrams Jorge L. Batista Michael Benedetto Lorraine Cortez-Vazquez Gloria Davis Hector Diaz Ruben Díaz, Jr. Jeffrey Dinowitz Eliot Engel Carmen Fariña Dr. Joseph A. Fernandez Fernando Ferrer George Friedman Carl E. Heastie Lee Holtzman Greg Gonzalez David Greco Robert Hall Daniel Hauben Dr. Gary Hermalyn James Houlihan Marsha Horenstein Dr. Reintraut E. Jonsson Cecil P. Joseph Joseph Kelleher Mark Lampell Douglas Lazarus Maralyn May HONORARY MEMBERS Robert T. Johnson Stephen Kaufman Jeff Klein Joel I. Klein G. Oliver Koppell Jeffrey Korman Lawrence Levine Harold O. Levy Michael M. Lippman James J. Periconi Ricardo Oquendo Nathan Quinoñes Roberto Ramírez Gustavo Rivera Joel Rivera Kathleen A. McAuley Steven A. Ostrow Alan Parisse Jane Mead Peter Joel Podgor Steve Baktidy Marilyn and Morris Sopher Elizabeth Stone Henry G. Stroobants Susan Tane Lloyd Ultan Van Courtlandt Village CC Jac Zadrima José Rivera Ninfa Segarra José E. Serrano Stanley Simon Thomas Sobol THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 3309 Bainbridge Avenue The Bronx, New York 10467 718-881-8900 www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org The publication of this volume was made possible, in part, through the generous support of The National Realty Club Foundation. The Bronx County Historical Society is supported through funds and services provided by: New York City Department of Cultural Affairs New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Historic House Trust of New York City New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation The Bronx Delegation of the New York City Council The Office of the President of the Borough of The Bronx The Bronx Delegation of the New York State Assembly The Bronx Delegation of the New York State Senate The H. W. Wilson Foundation The Astor Fund The Isabelle Fund The Elbaum Fund The Ultan Fund The Lucius N. Littauer Foundation The S. Hermalyn Institute The New Yankee Stadium Community Benefits Fund, Inc. The Susan Tane Foundation The New York Public Library The New York Community Trust The National Realty Club Foundation Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. 59/1–2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, vol. 59, nos. 1–2, 2022 Subject The topic of the resource Antonetty, Evelina, 1922-1984 Kingsbridge (The Bronx, N.Y.) Allerton (The Bronx, N.Y.) Gumbs, Bob McFeeters, Harriet Bauzá, Mario, 1911-1993 Colón, Willie, 1950- Afro-Cuban Jazz Bronx African American History Project Bronx Latino History Project Bronx Aerosol Arts Documentary Project Racism Housing Education, Bilingual--New York (State)--New York Urban youth--Employment--United States Health equity United Bronx Parents (Organization) Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--Social conditions Puerto Ricans--New York (N.Y.) Kingsbridge (New York, N.Y.)--History Play (Recreation)--New York (State)--New York--1950-1960 School children--New York (State)--New York--1940-1950 Kosher food Bronx Zoo Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--Social life and customs--20th century Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--Race relations--History--20th century Black Arts movement Morrisania (New York, N.Y.) Latin jazz (The Bronx, N.Y.) Black people--Cuba--Songs and music Palladium (Dance hall) Quin, Aylene, 1920-2001 Silvers, Cleo Black Panther Party (The Bronx, N.Y.) Co-op City (New York, N.Y.) Description An account of the resource Vol. 59, nos. 1–2 of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, published 2022. Contents: — Steven Payne, "Titi: An Oral History of Dr. Evelina Antonetty," p. 1 — Richard Baum, "Kingsbridge Vignettes," p. 19 — Robert Weiss, "Allerton in the 1940s and 1950s," p. 29 — Mark Naison, "A Tribute to Bob Gumbs and Harriet McFeeters," p. 39 — From the Archives, "Afro-Cuban Jazz in The Bronx," p. 45 — Pastor Crespo, Jr., Review of Cope, Power Hungry (2022), p. 69 — Roger McCormack, Review of Sammartino, Freedomland (2022), p. 72 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx County Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2022 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource ©2022, The Bronx County Historical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodical Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Payne, Steven Weiss, Robert Naison, Mark Baum, Richard L. Crespo, Pastor, Jr. McCormack, Roger Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BCHSJOUR.2022 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/f5b2efe23643011d5384c899dcea8bee.pdf 92496943dc8ea55f97af87a397949309 PDF Text Text The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL Volume LVI Numbers 1&2 Spring/Fall 2019 �Cover Photo: East Fordham Road at night in early 1940’s with the RKO Fordham and Valentine Theatres. Photo courtesy Arturo Viale. �The Bronx County Historical Society JOURNAL Volume LVI Numbers 1&2 Spring/Fall 2019 Editorial Board Elizabeth Beirne Peter Derrick Kelly Jutsum Steven Payne G. Hermalyn Patrick Logan Roger Wines © 2019 by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal is published by The Bronx County Historical Society, Inc. All correspondence should be addressed to 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx, New York, 10467. Articles appearing in The Bronx County Historical Society Journal are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Periodical Source Index, and Recent Scholarship Online. The Bronx County Historical Society Journal and its editors disclaim responsibility for statements made by the contributors. ISSN 0007-2249 Microfilm and Microfiche issue and article copies are available through University Microfilms International: 100 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48106. Articles in The Bronx County Historical Journal can also be found on EBSCO host research databases and on our website. www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org 1 �THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY TRUSTEES Ms. Jacqueline Kutner, President Ms. Mei Sei Fong, Trustee Mr. Anthony Morante, Vice President Dr. G. Hermalyn, Trustee Mr. Patrick Logan, Treasurer Mr. Joel Podgor, C.P.A., Trustee Mr. Larry Barazzotto, Secretary Prof. Lloyd Ultan, Trustee Mr. Steve Baktidy, Trustee Mr. Gil Walton, Trustee Mr. Robert Esnard, Trustee Mr. Jac Zadrima, Trustee Hon. Bill de Blasio Ex-OFFICIO Hon. Ruben Diaz, Jr. Mayor of New York City President of the Borough of The Bronx Hon. Mitchell Silver Commissioner of the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs Hon. Tom Finkelpearl Commissioner of the New York City Parks & Recreation STAFF Dr. Gary Hermalyn, CEO Mr. Clarence Addo-Yobo, Valentine-Varian House Senior Interpreter Mrs. Teresa Brown, Chief Administrative Officer Mr. Nestor Danyluk, Archives Consultant Ms. Vivian E. Davis, Educator, Coordinator Dr. Peter Derrick, Archivist Emeritus Ms. Denise Diaz, Accounting Mr. Daniel Eisenstein, Facilities Coordinator Mr. Justin Mashia, Educator Mr. Sidney Horenstein, National History Consultant Mrs. Kelly Jutsum, Membership/Projects Secretary Mr. Gleinin Martinez, Poe Cottage Senior Interpreter Ms. Kathleen A. McAuley, Director of Museums/Curator Dr. Mark Naison, Consultant Bronx African American History Project, Fordham University Mr. Chris Padilla, Office Clerk Dr. Steven Payne, Librarian/Archivist 2 �Volume LVI Numbers 1&2 Spring/Fall 2019 ARTICLES The Important of The Battle of Pell’s Point: Myth and Reality ..................................................................................................6 Lloyd Ultan 284 Alexander Avenue: Gemütlichkeit ..................................................27 Sandra Eaton The Bronx: An Academic Powerhouse ..................................................41 Patrick J. T. Curran Reminiscence: It Was a Great Place to Live, The Bronx...............45 Phil Berle (d. 1999) About the Authors ............................................................................................49 BOOK REVIEWS Merwin Pastrami on Rye (2015), by Steven Payne..............................................53 Gurock Parkchester (2019), by Steven Payne.......................................................57 Eldredge and Horenstein Concrete Jungle (2014), by G. Hermalyn .................................................60 Hermalyn and Ultan A Historical Sketch of The Bronx (2018), by Richard Legnini.........60 3 �NEW YORK URBAN HISTORY: ISABELLE HERMALYN BOOK AWARD This annual award is presented to the author of a distinguished work in New York urban history. 2005 The Devil’s Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America Mr. Barnett Schecter, Walker & Company. 2004 The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan, the Foreign Colony that Shaped America Mr. Russell Shorto, Doubleday Broadway Publishing Group. 2003 Capital City: New York City and the Men Behind America’s Rise to Economic Dominance, 1860-1900 Prof. Thomas Kessner, Simon & Schuster. 2002 Tunneling to the Future: The Story of the Great Subway Expansion that Saved New York Dr. Peter Derrick, New York University Press. 2001 The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850-1896 Prof. Sven Beckert, Cambridge University Press. 2000 Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough Prof. Lloyd Ultan and Prof. Barbara Unger Rutgers Press. 1999 The Neighborhoods of Brooklyn Prof. John Manbeck, consulting editor, Ms. Zella Jones, project coordinator, Citizens Committee for New York City University Press. 1998 American Metropolis: A History of New York City Prof. George Kankevich, New York University Press. 1997 Elected Public Officials of The Bronx Since 1898 Mrs. Laura Tosi, compiler, Dr. Gary Hermalyn, editor, The Bronx County Historical Society. 1996 Morris High School & The Creation of the New York City Public High School System Dr. Gary Hermalyn, The Bronx County Historical Society. 2019 Concrete Jungle: NYC And Our Last Hope For A Sustainable Future Niles Eldridge & Sidney Horenstein, University of California Press. 2018 Digging The Bronx: Recent Anthology Prof. Alan Gilbert, The Bronx County Historical Society. 2017 The New York Botanical Garden Mr. Gregory Long & Mr. Todd A. Forest, Abrams Books. 2016 The Bronx Documentary Project Ms. Judith C. Lane & Mr. Daniel Hauben. 2015 An Irrepressible Conflict: The Empire State in Civil War Ms. Jennifer A. Lemak, Aaron Noble, Robert Weible, SUNY Press. 2014 Supreme City Mr. Donal Miller, Simon & Schuster. 2013 Humans of New York Mr. Brandon Stanton, St. Martin’s Press. 2012 The Impeachment of Governor Salzer Mr. Matthew L. Lifflander, SUNY Press. 2011 Freedomland Mr. Robert McLaughlin & Mr. Frank Adamo, Arcadia Publishers. 2010 Band of Union: Building The Erie Canal and the American Empire Mr. Gerard T. Koppel, Da Capa Press. 2009 Manahatta Dr. Eric W. Sanderson, Abrams Books. 2008 The New York, Westchester and Boston Railway: J.P. Morgan’s Magnificent Mistake Mr. Herbert Harwood, Indiana University Press. 2007 Trying Leviathan: The Nineteenth Century New York Case that put the Whale on Trial and Challenged the Order of Nature Prof. D, Graham Burnett, Princeton University Press. 2006 Ladies and Gentlemen, The Bronx is Burning: 1977, Baseball, Politics, and the Battle for the Soul of a City Mr. Jonathan Mahler, Ferrar, Straus & Giroux. 4 �ENDOWED FUNDS The Bronx County Historical Society encourages the establishment of named endowment funds. Funds may be created to support the many different programs of The Society or may be established for restricted use. The funds appear permanently on the financial records of The Historical Society in recognition of their ongoing support of its work. Named endowment funds are established for a gift of $5000 or more and once begun additional contributions may be made at any time. The following funds currently support The Society’s work: Astor Fund, Bingham Fund, Elbaum Fund, Fernandez Fund, General Board Fund, Gordon Fund, Gouverneur Morris Fund, Halpern Memorial Fund, Hermalyn Institute, Isabelle Fund, Khan Fund, Lampell Fund, Library Fund, Parisse Fund, Sander Fund, and Ultan Fund. For further details, contact: Mr. Joel Podgor, C.P.A. Treasurer Emeritus 718-881-8900 5 �Statue of John Glover, Boston, Massachusetts, 1904. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Detroit Publishing Company photograph collection. 6 �THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BATTLE OF PELL’S POINT: MYTH AND REALITY Lloyd Ultan During the American Revolution, many engagements between the forces of Great Britain and the American colonies were recorded. One of them began in today’s Pelham Bay Park in The Bronx. Ask people what they know about it, and most would reply that they never heard of it. Even most lovers of history and professional historians overlook it or give it short shrift. Yet historians of The Bronx and Westchester County have studied the engagement in some detail and have insisted that it was a military encounter of great significance for the course of the Revolution and for the fate of the future United States. As such, there is controversy about the importance of that military encounter. Even the name is in dispute. Most Westchester County historians refer to it at the “Battle of Pelham,” the “Battle of Pelham Manor,” or the “Battle of Pelham Bay.” Bronx historians prefer the “Battle of Pell’s Point.” Some historians insist that it should not even be given the status of a “battle,” but instead be referred to as a mere “skirmish.” Therefore, we ought to examine this military encounter to try to determine what was at stake in it, what happened, what was its result, and what was its ultimate importance. To do so, we have to return to the month of October 1776. During that month, the British forces were on the move. The strategy of their commander, General Sir William Howe, was to try to trap George Washington and his rag-tag collection of Continental soldiers augmented by local militia units, to capture them all, and to put an end to the pesky rebellion that had so disrupted the mighty British Empire. Since August, with a combination of skill and a large dose of good luck, Washington had eluded Howe’s grasp. The first time, in August, the American commander successfully evacuated his men from Long Island to Manhattan under the providential cover of a thick fog that obscured their movement. Following that, whenever Howe’s troops landed behind him along the East River’s Manhattan shore, Washington again was able to maneuver quickly enough to scamper his men up the west side of Manhattan to the northern end of the island and the mainland. Nevertheless, the American commander had cause to be exasperated with the conduct of most of his men. Whenever the British marched on their positions, the American defenders too often fled in panic and ignored 7 �Lloyd Ultan Washington’s exhortations to stand and fight.1 When Washington stationed units along the mainland shoreline in an attempt to determine where the British would land next, one soldier assigned to Morrisania, along the narrow Bronx Kill, fraternized with a British sentinel on Montressor’s Island (now Randall’s Island) by giving a bite of his chewing tobacco on request.2 On October 12, 1776, a British fleet of eighty or ninety ships sailed through the treacherous waters of Hell Gate in the inky darkness of the night and landed at Throggs Neck. The British troops intended to march across a wooden causeway over the swampy land, cross Westchester Creek to the center of the town of Westchester (now Westchester Square), continue westward toward the vicinity of the King’s Bridge, cut the American supply line from Connecticut, force Washington’s troops to abandon the bridge, and thus bring them into action.3 Fortunately, Continental Major General William Heath, who was in immediate command on the mainland, foresaw this possibility and had placed defenders at the western side of Westchester Creek and at the pass at the creek’s headwaters (about where Pelham Parkway is today). After taking up the planks of the bridge over the creek to halt the British march, the Continental troops—hiding behind defenses of piled cordwood and a tidal mill—raked the British soldiers with accurate and withering fire, forcing them to retreat. A British attempt to use the pass at the creek’s headwaters was similarly thwarted. While the British troops established a camp at Throggs Neck and were resupplied and reinforced by forty or fifty more ships, both sides continued to exchange fire across the swamp lands and Westchester Creek.4 On 14 October, Heath and the generals under his command observed the British positions on Throggs Neck and spread out to determine other possible landing sites along the eastern shoreline that the enemy could use. Meanwhile, even more sloops and boats went up the East River to resupply and reinforce the British army.5 On the same day, Continental Major General Charles Lee joined George Washington at his headquarters. Lee had formerly been an officer in the British army and was considered at the time to have greater military insight and ability than he actually possessed. In reality, Lee was more of a prima donna and freely criticized Washington’s decisions behind his back. Because of the esteem Lee then had, Washington placed him in command of all the American forces above the King’s Bridge, but permitted him to take a William Heath, Memoirs of Major General William Heath, ed. by William Abbott (New York: William Abbott, 1901), 52. 2 Heath, Memoirs, 55. 3 Peter Force, ed., American Archives: Consisting of a Collection of Authentick Records, State Papers, Debates, and Letters, and Other Notices of Publick Affairs, 5th series, Containing a Documentary History of the United States of America from the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 to the Definitive Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, September 3, 1783, 3 vols. (Washington, DC: M. St. Clair Clarke and Peter Force, 1848–1853), 3:922. 4 Heath, Memoirs, 61–63. 5 Heath, Memoirs, 63. 1 8 �The Importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point day or two to get acquainted with the lay of the land before he assumed actual control.6 Characteristically, Lee took his own sweet time. He delayed taking command of the area for much longer than the one or two days he was given. Thus, there was no general in charge of the area above the King’s Bridge at the time when the British were on the move. On 16 October, the American generals reconnoitered Pell’s Point (now Rodman’s Neck in Pelham Bay Park). They worried that the left (east) flank of the Continental Army would be turned by the British unless the American defensive lines were moved immediately to a more northerly position.7 Consequently, four Continental regiments from New England were moved to a hill (now in Mount Vernon) that had a commanding view over the well-wooded and relatively flat lands to the south, including Pell’s Point. Colonel John Glover of Marblehead, Massachusetts, commanded one of the regiments and was also placed in temporary overall command of the other three. Glover, who had advanced himself from shoemaker to fish seller to inn keeper to wealthy merchant, now nearing his forty-fourth birthday, had some military experience as an officer in his local militia regiment, of which he had been a part since 1759. Glover’s unit was taken into the Continental Army in 1775. On August 29, 1776, he gained recognition for organizing and supervising the successful evacuation of 9,000 besieged American troops with their equipment, horses, and cannon at night in a thick fog across the East River from Brooklyn to Manhattan.8 Despite Glover’s deployment to the hill overlooking today’s Pelham Bay Park, Washington realized his own army was in a potentially perilous position. After a council of war, orders were issued to the American army to evacuate. The retreat to White Plains began on 18 October.9 The British began their maneuver the same day. A body of troops from Throggs Neck marched toward the American lines at Westchester Creek. Heath, expecting this was an attack in force, ordered other units to reinforce those defending the causeway and the headwaters of Westchester Creek. Before they got there, Washington rode up and told Heath to order those units to return but to continue to defend the positions at Westchester Creek while keeping an eye on Morrisania—in case the British should attempt another landing there.10 The British maneuver toward Westchester Creek turned out to be a feint to divert attention from their real purpose. With fresh winds blowing Heath, Memoirs, 63. Heath, Memoirs, 63. 8 The best account of Glover’s life, especially during the Revolution, is George Athan Billias, General John Glover and His Marblehead Mariners (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1960). See also Russel W. Knight, “A Biographical Sketch,” in Knight, ed., General John Glover’s Letterbook: 1776–1777 (Salem, MA: Essex Institute, 1976), xv, and Alfred M. Franko, Pelham Manor: The Forgotten Battle of the Revolution (Mount Vernon, NY: s.n., 1963), 29. 9 Billias, General John Glover, 114. 10 Heath, Memoirs, 64. 6 7 9 �Lloyd Ultan from the southwest, the British fleet moved to the northern side of Throggs Neck where the troops embarked and set sail under the cover of night for the cove west of today’s Rodman’s Neck (then called Pell’s Point).11 Arriving with a large force at five o’clock in the morning of October 18, 1776, their landing was unopposed. With over one hundred ships of varied sizes in a rather small cove, it would take a great deal of time for each ship to lower rowboats filled with soldiers, cannons, horses, and supplies to bring all ashore. The landings were led by General Sir Henry Clinton and General Earl Cornwallis. Cornwallis was in charge of the force that was to march up the eastern portion of the property known as the manor of Pelham to cover the flank of the main army. Clinton’s troops began moving a mile and a half from the shore northward along a road flanked by stone walls on the west side of the manor of Pelham well before the disembarkation was completed.12 Colonel John Glover stood on the hill now in Mount Vernon to survey Long Island Sound using his spyglass. He was astounded seeing the might of the enemy army in the process of landing its forces from so many ships amassed at the shoreline. The only American defenders opposing the enemy troops were the four regiments over which he was in nominal command. Glover’s experience in combat was limited. As a Massachusetts militia colonel now in the Continental Army, he had never been responsible for grand strategy but carried out orders from the general above him. He had familiarity in tactics and organization, however. Nevertheless, he anxiously wished to have some experienced general take command in the unexpected situation in which he found himself. Glover immediately sent Major William R. Lee with a dispatch to General Charles Lee apprising him of the situation and urging him to come and take command. General Lee, as was typical for him, could not be found. Glover was on his own.13 Without waiting, Glover thought of his own strategy to engage units of what was then considered the best fighting force in the world. Noting the roughness of the land, he realized that it would take too much time to drag his three cannons down and deploy them effectively. He left them behind, guarded by the men of his own regiment. He then led the other three regiments he commanded south to meet the oncoming enemy forces.14 On the way, the Americans unexpectedly encountered a small advance party of about thirty enemy skirmishers. Glover detached a captain and forty men to engage them while he deployed the rest. The site he chose to take his stand was along the narrow dirt road flanked by stone walls, the remnant of which can still be seen west of the golf courses in today’s Pelham Bay Park. The terrain on either side of the road was well wooded. The site was alongside the Split Rock, a large bolder split in half by a tree growing in its middle. Heath, Memoirs, 64. Billias, General John Glover, 114–15. 13 Force, American Archives, 2:1188. 14 Force, American Archives, 2:1188. 11 12 10 �The Importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point Behind the wall on the east side of the road, Glover stationed the regiment of Colonel Joseph Read. Further to the north behind the wall on the west side of the road crouched the regiment of Colonel William Shepard, a veteran of the French and Indian War. Colonel Laommi Baldwin, a civil engineer later noted for the propagation of the Baldwin apple, led his regiment stationed still further north behind the wall flanking the east side of the road.15 Glover then rode up to the men he sent to engage the enemy skirmishers. The forty Americans advanced within forty yards when the enemy opened fire, not hitting a single man. The Americans returned fire, hitting four of their opponents. Five rounds were exchanged in which two Americans were killed and several wounded while the enemy advanced to thirty yards from the American line. Glover, fearing the weakening of his own small force, ordered a retreat. Seeing this, the enemy gave a shout and advanced along the road.16 When the advancing skirmishers came within thirty yards of Colonel Read’s forces hidden behind the stone wall on the road’s east side, the Americans rose up from their crouch, firing all their muskets at once. Stunned at his unexpected development, the skirmishers broke and headed toward the 15 William Abbatt, The Battle of Pell’s Point (or Pelham) October 18, 1776 (New York: W. Abbatt, 1901), p. 12, nn. 1 and 2, and p. 13, n. 3. Billias, General John Glover, 117 places Baldwin’s regiment on the west side of the road north of Shepard’s and further to the west. 16 The most complete contemporary account of the battle can be found in a letter written by John Glover a few days later. The account of the engagement rendered here is taken from this letter, which can be found in Force, American Archives, 2:1188–89. The Split Rock in Pelham Bay Park, black and white print, c. 1890. On the road near here the first action of the Battle of Pell’s Point began. Courtesy of The Bronx County Historical Society Research Library, Randall Comfort Collection. 11 �Lloyd Ultan main body of British troops marching northward on the road. After an hour and a half had passed, the main body of the British army, along with seven cannons, advanced within fifty yards of Read’s regiment. Once again, the Americans rose up from behind the wall all firing their muskets at once. The British halted their advance and returned fire with muskets and cannon balls. After discharging seven rounds from their muskets, Read’s regiment retreated to a point behind Shepard’s regiment. At this development, the British shouted and advanced to the point where Shepard’s men were crouched behind a double stone wall on the road’s west side. The Americans then rose up and fired at the enemy soldiers in grand divisions. While one group fired their muskets, another was reloading theirs, thus keeping up a constant barrage for seventeen rounds. This caused the enemy to retreat several times. At one point, they retreated so far that one of Shepard’s men was able to jump over the wall and take the hat and canteen off a dead enemy officer. Glover knew that he was facing a far superior force than his own. To preserve his men, he ordered Shepard’s regiment to retreat to a point behind Baldwin’s. Unfortunately, Baldwin’s men were on the downward slope of a hill that enabled the opposing army to occupy a commanding position at the top. While the same tactic of rising up and firing from behind a stone wall was used, it was not as effective. One reason for the lack of effectiveness this time was that the British were now familiar with Glover’s tactic. Another was that the British force to the east under the command of Cornwallis heard the sound of battle and turned westward to attack the American flank. As soon as Cornwallis’s men appeared on the scene, Glover ordered a retreat across the narrow Hutchinson River to meet the men of his own regiment and the three cannons he left with them.17 At this point, the British halted their advance. Noting that the Americans were not retreating but standing some distance away, the British started firing their cannons at them. The Americans then aimed their own artillery and returned the enemy’s fire. The damage inflicted by both sides was minimal. The constant cannonade lasted for the rest of the afternoon until the onset of night. Under the cover of darkness, Glover then withdrew his men toward the west, leaving his baggage behind. Clinton did not pursue but kept his army in place and consolidated his position for the next few days. Meanwhile, Washington had the time to complete the withdrawal of the main American army from what is now the western half of The Bronx and to regroup at White Plains.18 The Battle of Pell’s Point was over. Since then, the “battle” among historians to determine its significance has been waged. The first to examine the engagement at Pell’s Point in any great detail was Henry B. Dawson. A naturalized American citizen who had emigrated Franko, Pelham Manor, 36. Otto Hufeland, Westchester County During the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (White Plains, NY: Westchester County Historical Society, 1926), 124–25. 17 18 12 �The Importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point from Great Britain, Dawson earned his living as a newspaper editor and by publishing The Historical Magazine from his home in the town of Morrisania, now part of The Bronx. In this journal, he printed documents he and other antiquarians and historians found that illuminated aspects of American history. Dawson earned a national reputation for his work and Dawson Street in The Bronx bears his name. In the 1880s, Dawson agreed to the request of J. Thomas Scharf, a prolific author of books chronicling the history of several towns and counties across the nation, to write a chapter on “Westchester County, New York, During the American Revolution.” This appeared as chapter 6 in Scharf’s twovolume History of Westchester County, New York, published in 1886. Dawson cites several previous historical accounts that mention the military encounter at Pell’s Point in passing. He readily faults these accounts for neglecting it. Dawson, indeed, tells a fuller story behind the encounter than any of his predecessors. Nevertheless, this acclaimed historian refers to the entire incident as a mere “skirmish.” He does, however, credit Glover with “acting with admirable skill and with a deliberate coolness which would have done honor to a soldier of larger pretensions.”19 After a careful analysis of the numbers, Dawson accepts Glover’s estimate that he faced about 4,000 enemy troops that landed at Pell’s Point. He concludes that Glover’s own forces added up to under 800 men but believes that the colonel’s estimation of commanding only 750 soldiers during the fight is probably accurate. Dawson also examines the number of casualties reported on both sides. Glover stated that six of his men were killed and twelve men and one officer wounded. The wounded officer was Colonel William Shepard. The British losses at Pell’s Point were reported by General Sir William Howe to Lord George Germain. The official figures counted as casualties three men and one officer, Captain William Glanville Evelyn of the Fourth Regiment of Foot. Twenty British soldiers and one officer, Lieutenant Colonel Musgrave, commander of the First Battalion of Light Infantry, were wounded. Dawson does note that there was no mention of any Hessians counted in the British casualty report. The British government had paid the rulers of a few of the small independent sovereign states located in a disunited Germany to have contingents of their soldiers fight the American rebels. No matter which German state’s soldiers were hired, they were referred to alike as “Hessians.” Dawson notes that the Hessian casualty lists would not be included in the British account. They would be sent to the sovereign ruler of the German state whose soldiers were involved. Dawson notes that these archives have never been opened on this matter. Thus, no accurate accounting of Hessian losses at Pell’s Point can be made. Dawson does believe, however, that the Hessian losses were “very severe.”20 In 1901, William Abbatt, a Westchester County resident who had Henry B. Dawson, “Westchester County, New York, During the American Revolution,” in J. Thomas Scharf, History of Westchester County, New York, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: L. E. Preston, 1886), 1:418. 19 13 �Lloyd Ultan previously published a work on the crises in the American Revolution, issued a pamphlet, The Battle of Pell’s Point (or Pelham). In it, he tries to pinpoint the precise location of each encounter. As the title suggests, Abbatt obviously does not agree with Dawson that this military action was only a “skirmish.” Abbatt, however, does follow Dawson in noting the lack of a record of Hessian casualties, again pointing to the supposedly closed archives that might contain such information. Despite the lack of precise numbers, Abbatt similarly asserts that the “enemy’s loss was mostly among the Hessians.”21 Abbatt notes that enemy deserters coming behind American lines for several days afterward were questioned about their side’s losses. Their testimony added up to about 800 to 1,000 dead and wounded, more than the total number of the American forces participating in the battle. Moreover, these figures would have equaled more casualties than the British suffered at the battles of Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Germantown. In trying to assess the importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point, Abbatt points to letters by Washington and General Charles Lee. Washington and Lee alike both praise the professional way Glover and his men conducted themselves and the good order they displayed in their withdrawals, holding them up as examples for their comrades in arms to follow.22 In 1926, when the nation celebrated the 150th anniversary of the founding of the Republic, the Westchester County Historical Society published Westchester County During the American Revolution, 1776–1783 by Otto Hufeland, a professional engineer and respected local historian. Since Abbatt’s account appeared, a much more accurate contemporary map of the engagements at Throggs Neck, Pell’s Point, and White Plains than was available to Abbatt was discovered in the Library of Congress. Using that map, Hufeland was able to correct several errors in Abbatt’s attempt to pinpoint the exact places where events surrounding the Battle of Pell’s Point occurred. However, he agrees with both Dawson and Abbatt that the number of enemy casualties had to be more than what was found in the British official report.23 It was not until 1960 that another historian took a fresh view of the battle, this time in the form of a biography of John Glover. George A. Billias’s General John Glover and His Marblehead Mariners vividly recounts the course of the military engagement and then tries to ascertain its significance. Billias notes that General Sir Henry Clinton in his report thought he had faced a superior American force of over 14,000 men instead of only 750. This obviously attests to the psychological effect that Glover’s strategy and his men’s execution of it had on the British commander in the field that caused him to halt his advance. In calculating that the total number of combatants on both sides was 4,750 men, Billias asserts a total larger than those engaged in the more wellknown Revolutionary War battles of Trenton, Bennington, Stony Point, King’s See the discussion in Dawson, “Westchester County,” 416–20. Abbatt, Battle of Pell’s Point, 19. Abbatt, Battle of Pell’s Point, 20–22 and accompanying notes. 23 Hufeland, Westchester County, 117–24. 20 21 22 14 �The Importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point Mountain, or Cowpens. In attempting to determine the total enemy dead and wounded, Billias repeats the view of his predecessors that the British report does not include the Hessian casualties. He restates that such numbers would have been reported to each of the German sovereign princes whose troops were engaged. He asserts that, since the Hessians constituted three quarters of the invading force, their casualties must have been far higher than those of the British. Billias also reports the estimation of enemy deserters that they suffered heavy losses in the battle amounting to 800 to 1,000 men. Billias bolsters this claim by noting that Glover’s troops fired more than twenty-five volleys at close range along a narrow roadway while protected by stone walls. Colonel Laommi Baldwin estimated that 200 of the enemy were slain, which is a higher number of opponents killed than at the battles of Long Island, Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Princeton. The true significance of the engagement at Pell’s Point in Billias’s view was its strategic consequences. The daylong battle gave Washington enough time to escape General Sir William Howe’s encircling maneuver and to regroup at White Plains.24 Only three years after Billias’s biography of Glover appeared, Alfred M. Franko, the Mount Vernon City Historian, published a 67-page pamphlet, Pelham Manor: The Forgotten Battle of the Revolution. Using many more contemporary sources, both British and American, than any of his predecessors, Franko presents a very detailed and exhaustive account of the battle, the events that led to it, and what ensued. Franko believes that the battle had such an adverse effect on the British commanders that they failed to pursue Glover and even waited for several days before resuming their march. This gave Washington the valuable time he needed to evacuate his stretched-out forces from northern Manhattan and The Bronx and to redeploy his men at White Plains. In assessing the number of casualties, Franko maintains that threequarters of the troops under Sir Henry Clinton’s command were Hessians. He also believes the high number of enemy killed and wounded estimated by British deserters and Americans in the vicinity could only have come from the Hessian ranks. In addition, Franko notes that there is a relatively large number of Hessians who were interred in the graveyard of St. Paul’s Church Eastchester (now in modern Mount Vernon) soon after the battle.25 The authors who have examined the Battle of Pell’s Point are in general agreement on many factors. They agree, first, that Colonel John Glover’s quick and decisive action to deploy his men to meet the oncoming enemy immediately despite the lack of direction from superior officers was decisive. His men conducted themselves in such a cool and professional manner that it gave General Sir Henry Clinton the impression that he faced a much larger force than he actually did. The total number of troops involved in the 24 25 Billias, General John Glover, 110–23. Franko, Pelham Manor, 39–53. 15 �Lloyd Ultan fighting, these historians further claim, was as large or larger than was the case in several more well-known Revolutionary War battles, and Pell’s Point, consequently, should be included among them. These historians also agree that the number of enemy casualties was far larger than the official British report. It is impossible, they unanimously assert, to know the exact number of killed and wounded in the encounter because most of the enemy combatants were Hessians. Besides, the relevant archives bearing this information have never been opened. Finally, these historians are in agreement that the Battle of Pell’s Point caused the British to delay their forward movement, which enabled Washington to escape entrapment and to continue the fight until the United States secured its independence. How true are these claims? What is the importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point? The standard by which a battle is determined to have been won or lost is which side possesses the field at the end. By this rubric, the Battle of Pell’s Point was clearly a British victory and an American defeat. Glover and his men were driven from the field and fled the scene under the cover of night. It must be remembered that the encounter at Pell’s Point was only a small part of a much larger military campaign that had started in August 1776. Washington’s objective was to hold New York City and its hinterland and prevent the British from occupying them and dominating the lower Hudson valley. The British objective was to capture Washington and his entire army to end the rebellion quickly. The campaign went through several phases, including military action at Long Island, Kip’s Bay, Harlem Heights, Throggs Neck, and Pell’s Point. In the end, neither side attained its objective. Moreover, Washington considered the one-day encounter at Pell’s Point a skirmish, not a battle,26 as did British Commander-in-Chief General Sir William Howe.27 Even Henry B. Dawson, the first historian to examine the encounter in any great detail 110 years later, uses the word “skirmish” to describe it. The first person to take pains to try to elevate the event to the status of a “battle” was the local historian, William Abbatt, in 1901. All subsequent historians followed his lead. In part, the case for calling the action at Pell’s Point a battle rests upon numbers. The accepted number of combatants comes from Glover’s account. He stated that he commanded 750 men and that 4,000 enemy troops were landed from their ships. This total of 4,750 troops is asserted to be as much or larger than several decisive or more well-known battles in the Revolutionary War. Yet if we follow the course of the military action, it is impossible to support the idea that so many men were engaged in the fighting at Pell’s Point. First, a large portion of the 4,000 men Glover saw landing at Pell’s Point were placed under the command of General Earl Cornwallis to form the force 26 George Washington, “General Orders (October 21, 1776),” in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington, 39 vols. (Washington, United States Government Printing Office, 1931-1944), 6:221. 27 Force, American Archives, 3:922. 16 �The Importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point flanking the main army under General Sir Henry Clinton, and they did not join in the fighting until the end, when the action was substantially over. Clinton marched the rest of the men northward along a narrow dirt road flanked by stone walls in the midst of a wooded area. Unlike the usual pattern of European battles of the time, troops were not arrayed along a long line in an open plain or in cultivated farmland. At most, perhaps ten men, more or less, marched shoulder to shoulder in the front row with the rest of the soldiers following behind them in the same numbers row by row. Only those marching at or near the front of the column were exposed to American musket fire. The vast majority of the troops under British command marched with Cornwallis or were far behind the scene of action and could not have played a role in the Enlarged view of the landing of the British fleet and route of the British army at Pell’s Point, from Charles Blaskowitz, A survey of Frog’s Neck and the rout[e] of the British Army to the 24th of October 1776, pen-and-ink and watercolor map manuscript, 1776. Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 17 �Lloyd Ultan fighting. An allied argument for the importance of Pell’s Point concerns the number of casualties. Glover reported that he had a total of nineteen men killed or wounded while Howe counted a full amount of twenty-five casualties on his side. Beginning with Dawson, historians have pointed to the complete absence of any casualty returns for the Hessians who took part in the action. The figures, they assert, are hidden in the closed archives in Germany. To fill the gap, these historians cite much higher estimates circulating at the time. The one that seems the most credible is provided by Laommi Baldwin, the colonel of the third regiment posted by Glover along the road used by the British. His account is the only one besides Glover’s written by an American participant. He claims, “In the fight we lost six men and about 20 more wounded in the whole 3 regiments.—The enemy must have lost at least 200 dead in the field, I judge from what I saw myself and good information from which it cannot be any other way.”28 How much can we rely upon Baldwin’s estimate? His account of American casualties differs from Glover’s in totaling twenty-six to Glover’s nineteen. Moreover, his number of enemy killed and wounded comes to 200, far above Howe’s figure of twenty-five. As with other high casualty estimates, historians would argue that Baldwin’s large numbers reflect the losses incurred by the Hessians who were engaged in the fighting. Yet Baldwin admits that his numbers do not come completely through personal observation. Additionally, his view of the action was limited. On the morning of October 18, 1776, he was ill, suffering from the flux. His regiment left with Glover before him and he caught up with it just about the time it was posted to its position on the road. That position was located downhill from William Shepard’s regiment on top of the hill. He could not have seen any of the action involving Joseph Reed’s regiment or any of the enemy casualties along the road in front of Shepard’s men. When the enemy troops marched on the road toward him, General Earl Cornwallis’s flanking troops arrived and he had to quickly retreat. He did not have time to survey the entire field and count the enemy dead and severely wounded himself. Thus, Baldwin’s numbers have to be taken with a grain of salt. Similarly, we have to take estimates of others not present at the battle with more than a dose of skepticism. The British deserters who pegged their side’s losses at Pell’s Point at 800–1,000 men were interrogated at Fort Washington in northern Manhattan and at Fort Lee in New Jersey. It is not clear that they were even at the scene of the action. They could have been repeating guesses of others. Even if they were present, they were not officers and not in a position to have made an accurate account of casualties. The weapons used by each side have to be taken into consideration as well. Both sides were armed with single-shot, muzzle-loading, smooth-bore muskets. The inside of the barrel of such muskets did not have the spiral grooves found in more modern rifles, which spin the ball as it is fired and thus 28 Quoted in Franko, Pelham Manor, 40. 18 �The Importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point increase accuracy and range. Once the more primitive musket was fired, gunpowder had to be poured down the muzzle and a musket ball had to be located, dropped into the muzzle of the barrel, and rammed down with a metal rod before it was ready to fire again. This took precious time that could not be used in firing at the enemy. Moreover, Glover’s account of the battle makes it clear that the two sides began each phase of their encounter by as much as fifty feet apart and neared to as close as thirty feet from each other. This means that all of the action occurred in a range thirty to fifty per cent the length of a modern American football field. This is certainly not point-blank range, and it provides enough distance to make the musket fire on both sides highly inaccurate, producing a relatively low number of casualties. Yet most historians since Dawson claim that the number of casualties must have been larger than those stated in the official accounts because there are no casualty returns of the Hessian dead and wounded. This brings up the question of whether any Hessian troops actually took part in the Battle of Pell’s Point. If we compare the casualty accounts of both Colonel John Glover and General Sir William Howe, both mention the incident at a lull in the fighting when a soldier in William Shepard’s regiment jumped over the wall to take the hat and canteen from a fallen officer. Thus, Howe’s version of events is validated by Glover’s. Howe also names the regiment in which that officer served, as well as the regiment of another officer who had fallen in the same area. They were Captain William Glanville Evelyn of the Fourth Regiment of Foot and Lieutenant Colonel Musgrave, commander of the First Battalion of Light Infantry. Both units were part of the British army. Another account found in a Revolutionary War diary kept by British Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Kemble, then serving as Adjutant General of the British Army, 60th Foot, adds that Lieutenant Rutherford of the 22nd was wounded, but not dangerously.29 Here we have three British units specified as taking part in the action along the narrow rural road flanked by stone walls, each suffering at least one casualty. Obviously, these three British units were placed in the vanguard of Sir Henry Clinton’s advancing troops. Thus, they were the ones who were exposed to the rounds of musket fire by the Americans. Hemmed in by stone walls and hampered by the wooded terrain beyond them, the only way the small number of men arrayed in cramped narrow rows could escape was by fleeing back to their own advancing column, which they did several times. Where were the Hessians? In 1863, the German historian Max von Elking wrote The German Allied Troops in the North American War for Independence. He names three Hessian units that landed at Pell’s Point and engaged the Americans. Later, he notes, another Hessian brigade was brought up and the Americans retreated.30 How the Hessians were engaged in the fighting is not detailed but it appears they were not in the vanguard along the narrow road with the British troops. Most likely they would have advanced to 29 “Kemble’s Journal,” in Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1883 (New York: The New York Historical Society, 1884), 94. 19 �Lloyd Ultan the scene of action when Glover and his men retreated across the Hutchinson River and exchanged canon fire with the enemy troops. This phase of the battle produced little or no damage to either side. Moreover, von Elking does not mention any Hessian casualties in this battle. This is affirmed by Stephen Kemble’s diary. Kemble notes the presence of Hessian troops in all military encounters where they were deployed, both before and after Pell’s Point. He notes the British losses that day but has nothing to say about Hessians taking part in in the battle or any of their killed or wounded. Moreover, the British always seemed to be in the vanguard of advancing troops in the action on the mainland. When the sentry on Montressor’s Island (Randall’s Island) asked an American soldier on the shore of the Bronx Kill defending Morrisania for a piece of chewing tobacco, it is obvious they spoke the same language, that is, English. After the enemy landing on Throggs Neck, the troops marching on the causeway toward Westchester Creek were British, not Hessians. At Pell’s Point, British troops marched along the walled rural road ahead of the rest of the column. Taking into account the documentary evidence and the terrain where the Battle of Pell’s Point was fought, we must conclude the Hessians had little or no part in the action, except toward its end, and that they suffered absolutely no casualties. Thus, the inflated estimates of Hessian losses must be considered a myth. It may have arisen from the several rounds of musket fire that could be heard throughout the day. Perhaps, it came from the cannon fire in the afternoon that resounded far and wide over the otherwise quiet countryside. These unusually long sounds of battle, especially the cannon fire, likely convinced people far away that the fighting produced hundreds, or even thousands, of casualties. The conjecture that the Battle of Pell’s Point is important—because the high number of Hessian losses raises it to the level of other major Revolutionary War battles—holds no water. Yet how can the presence of Hessians buried at St. Paul’s Churchyard in Mount Vernon be explained? On 23 October, only one week after the engagement at Pell’s Point, Colonel John Glover and men, mostly from his own regiment, were out on patrol when they encountered a party of Hessians. In the skirmish that followed, twelve enemy troops, including one officer, were killed and three were taken prisoner.31 Since the churchyard was relatively near the site of this engagement, it would be natural to inter the dead Hessians there. Similar skirmishes in the vicinity during that week likely added to their number. Thus, the Hessians buried at St. Paul’s did not come from the Battle of Pell’s Point but from small firefights in the area that occurred immediately afterward. Therefore, if the number of combatants and the casualty count cannot provide Pell’s Point with importance, what can? It has to be the effect that the battle produced. The historians examining the engagement at Pell’s Point note that the 30 31 Quoted in Franko, Pelham Manor, 28. Franko, Pelham Manor, 51. 20 �The Importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point British commanders failed to pursue Glover once his troops abandoned the field after sundown. They did not even press forward the next day to engage Washington’s strung-out forces as they were abandoning their positions in northern Manhattan and the western Bronx on their way to White Plains. If only Howe, Clinton, and Cornwallis had taken the initiative and pressed ahead, they could have defeated the scattered American troops easily and thereby ended the Revolution. That they chose not to do so, previous historians assert, was the consequence of the action of the Continental Army at Pell’s Point. General Sir Henry Clinton was convinced that he faced a force he estimated at 14,000 men, a number far larger than his own army. Therefore, he halted for several days, thus allowing Washington to escape from the trap in which Howe planned to ensnare him. While Clinton’s overestimate of the number of Americans he faced may have played a part in the decision to halt, there were other, and far more pressing, reasons for the British holding in place just after the battle. The objective of this stage in the pursuit of Washington was to cut the American supply line from Connecticut. Several times the American commander wrote to Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull impressing upon him how vital it was for the Continental Army that continued provisions and other supplies be sent from his state as quickly as possible.32 If the British could cut that supply line, it would make any subsequent military encounter with Washington’s army much easier to win. A further consideration was the disposition of small American forces, both Continental and local militia, in Westchester County north of today’s Pelham Bay Park. If the British army were to move westward immediately to engage the strung-out American troops moving to White Plains, its north flank and rear would be exposed to attack. To prevent that from happening, it was necessary to halt for a while and send out military units to flush out those men and eliminate them as a potential menace to the British objective of entrapping Washington. Another consideration involved augmenting the British forces in the field with additional Hessian troops. A total of 3,910 Hessians had arrived in New York on 18 October, the same day the Battle of Pell’s Point was fought. After some rest, they embarked on ships that took them to New Rochelle, where they landed on 23 October.33 The British spent the days before their arrival clearing the area of enemy forces and the days afterward coordinating the Hessians’ deployment. This also prevented the British from attacking Washington’s forces immediately after Pell’s Point. Therefore, it cannot be contended that the Battle of Pell’s Point was the only, or even the major, reason why the British halted their advance and why they did not capture Washington’s army. We are still left with the See, for instance, Washington’s letter to Trumbull, October 20, 1776 in Fitzpatrick, Writings of George Washington, 6:217–19. 33 Johann Ewald, A Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal, tr. and ed. by Joseph P. Tustin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), 1–8. 32 21 �Lloyd Ultan question: What was the importance of Pell’s Point? Considering the fact that the previous engagement at Westchester Creek halted the British army’s advance and prevented it from getting behind Washington’s lines, does this mean that the encounter there on October 12, 1776, was more important than what happened at Pell’s Point? After all, the British never dislodged the American forces from their position at Westchester Creek. Washington’s army retained its hold of northern Manhattan and the rest of the mainland. It was the British who quit the field of battle to redeploy elsewhere. By the usual standard, the action at Westchester Creek could be considered an American victory and a British defeat, even though the American position there was abandoned soon after the British departure. Yet it was not American arms that caused the British to leave the field. The causeway near the center of the town of Westchester was defended by Colonel Edward Hand and his Delaware Continentals who were armed with the more accurate and longer-range rifles. It is true that their fire caused British casualties but it was the swampy terrain, which hampered the ability of the enemy to maneuver, that was decisive. The picking up of the boards of the bridge over Westchester Creek created a barrier that prevented further British advance. The Americans could easily fire at the enemy while remaining behind the safety of a mill and piles of cordwood. The only way the British could move was back to Throggs Neck, where they could eventually redeploy at Pell’s Point.34 The British landing at Pell’s Point was unopposed, the road inland was solid and dry, and no natural or manmade barrier existed across the roadway—all of this made it easier for the royal army to march and to bring up its cannons and supplies. Another force of British and Hessians was able to march along solid terrain flanking the main army. Strategically, they were nearer its two immediate objectives of cutting off the American supply line from Connecticut and of engaging Washington’s forces. The redeployment of the Continental Army to White Plains on 18 October was not really anticipated but the fact those troops were not completely settled and behind defenses was a positive factor for the British. The narrowness of the road on which Sir Henry Clinton’s men marched and the flanking stone walls proved to be a detriment, but at first no major opposition was expected. Moreover, John Glover did not become aware of the British landing until it was well under way, thus giving the British time to land and arrange their advance. After examining all the relevant factors and dismissing as myth most of what previous historians have asserted to be the importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point, we are left with only two factors that form the real significance of the engagement. The first rests on the action taken by Colonel John Glover. Faced with an overwhelmingly superior force of what was considered the best army in Christopher L. Ward, The Delaware Continentals 1776–1783 (Wilmington, DE: The Historical Society of Delaware, 1941), 76–78. 34 22 �The Importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point the world, Glover did not abandon his position and flee, nor did he falter or hesitate. Having no experience with higher command and doubting his own ability to handle the situation, his first thought was to try to obtain his immediate superior, General Charles Lee, to direct the American forces. Surveying the rapidly unfolding situation, however, Glover acted on his own initiative to advance and meet the enemy forces. Glover’s quick strategic deployment of his small number of troops and his instructions to them were so brilliant that he convinced General Sir Henry Clinton that the number of Americans faced was far larger than the total he commanded. The second factor constituting the battle’s importance was the performance of Glover’s troops. Unlike other American soldiers who fled in panic before advancing British regiments, Glover’s men held their position. In fact, it was the British who fled when utterly surprised by the first volley of musket fire aimed at them from Colonel Joseph Read’s men popping up from behind the stone wall on the east side of the road. It took the British an hour and a half to regroup and be reinforced before they slowly and carefully ventured forward. When Colonel William Shepard’s men rose up from behind the wall on the west side of the road, the British fled again. When it came time for each American regiment to withdraw, they did so in good order and in a professional manner. In the final phase of the battle, the American troops coolly held their ground in the midst of a British cannonade and fired back. All of this came to the notice of both General Charles Lee and General George Washington. On 19 October, the day after the battle, Lee wrote in his orders to the men he commanded, “General Lee returns his warmest thanks to Col. Glover and the brigade under his command, not only for their gallant behavior yesterday but for their prudent, cool, and soldierlike conduct in all respects.”35 Washington, after attending to all the details involved with the redeployment of his army, wrote in his General Order of 21 October that Glover and his men deserve his thanks for their “merit and good behavior” in the battle and added that he hopes “that every other part of the Army will do their duty with equal duty and zeal whenever called upon; and that neither danger, difficulties, or hardships will discourage Soldiers engaged in the Cause of Liberty and contending for all that Freemen hold dear and valuable.”36 Here we find the real importance of the Battle of Pell’s Point. The action and behavior of Glover and his men are extolled as the example of how everyone in Washington’s army should act. The American soldier should be gallant, prudent, cool, soldier-like, act with zeal, and not be discouraged by danger, difficulties, or hardships. Certainly, if Glover and his men acted in this manner in facing the might of Great Britain in the form of its vaunted military, then all American soldiers fighting for Liberty could do so too. What happened at Pell’s Point was used to promote American military morale. The British were not invulnerable. All Americans could act the way Glover and his men did, and that would ensure the triumph of the American cause. 35 36 Quoted in Franko, Pelham Manor, 50. Washington, “General Orders.” 23 ��Life in the Bronx SERIES To order online, www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org or call 718-881-8900 �284 Alexander Avenue, exterior shot showing sign for office of Dr. Ernst Wilkins. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. 26 �284 ALExANDER AVENUE: GEMüTLICHkEIT Sandra Eaton Gemütlichkeit is an untranslatable German word that implies emotional warmth, comfort, good cheer, camaraderie; festivity with food, drink, and friends; kindliness, and community. This is the word that comes to my mind when I remember my great grandparents’ home, 284 Alexander Avenue, in what is now the Mott Haven Historic District in the South Bronx. My great grandparents, Dr. Ernst and Hermine Wilkens, and my great aunt, Margaret Wilkens, owned this brick townhouse on Alexander Avenue from 1901 to the early 1970s. This area saw tremendous change during that time. I best remember it from the 1950s and ’60s, when outside the house much was changing but inside time had stopped—except for a very few additions, such as a portable television set with a large shawl on top. My great grandfather was a scientist first and foremost, which led to his professional passions—pharmaceutical science and medicine—and his great personal love—photography. His daughter Margaret, my great aunt, told me that he loved to figure out how things worked and would take things apart to learn about them. He loved technical progress and owned an early automobile, a Velie, before World War I. Over his entire life he photographed his house, his family, his trips home to Germany, and many social events in his house with friends and relatives, including the annual Christmas celebration. Ernst was born in Watenstadt in the Duchy of Braunschweig in June 1865. His father Heinrich was a Lutheran minister and his mother Agnes cared for her ten children. He studied the sciences and history at the CaroloWilhelmina Technical College of Braunschweig, graduating in 1881. In August 1881 he emigrated to New York, which required an Emigration Certificate from the Braunschweig government. It appears from his photographs taken in Germany that the family was comfortably Dr. Ernst Wilkins with his Velie. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. 27 �Sandra Eaton middle class. However, Ernst and three of his brothers—Bernard, Emil, and Wilhelm—followed four of his uncles to America, where I assume their opportunities were many more than in Braunschweig. It is likely that he had help getting settled in New York by his two uncles, who had already emigrated and were well established in the horsehair industry in downtown Manhattan, and his friends from Braunschweig. My mother told me that people from the area kept up their acquaintance when they settled in New York. Indeed, Ernst met Hermine because their families knew each other in Braunschweig. Ernst graduated from the New York College of Pharmacy, among the top ten in his class, after four days of grueling exams, which he described in a letter to his mother. He then worked for the Louis Eickwort Pharmacy at 712 East Tremont Avenue in The Bronx. Subsequently, in the 1890s he owned his own pharmacy, or apotheker, at 154 Vernon Avenue in Long Island City. While owning that pharmacy and working days with one assistant, including one six-month period with his brother Emil, Ernst attended Medical School at the University of the City of New York at night. He received his medical degree on April 4, 1893. Ernst and Hermine Louisa Kessel were married on May 2, 1893. They lived in a room behind the pharmacy, while Ernst sought a long-term home for his family and his medical practice. The Wilkens family, including baby Alfred, born in 1894, moved to The Bronx, where they rented 588 East 141st Street, three blocks east of the present Mott Haven Historic District. In March 1901 Ernst purchased 284 Alexander Avenue for $6,350 from the Estate of Maria Smith Keyser. The original home, a brick townhouse of four floors including the basement, was built around 1863, and an extension to the rear of the first floor, which later held Dr. Wilkens’s office, was added in 1886. Louis Eickwort Pharmacy, located at 712 East Tremont Avenue, showing Ernst on right and possibly Louis Eickwort on left, c. 1880s. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. Living room of 284 Alexander Avenue facing street, showing Dr. Ernst Wilkins in mirror with camera on tripod. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. 28 �284 Alexander Avenue The home was divided into formal, public spaces and informal private areas. The long parlor was at the front of the house, entered from the hallway. It featured two large mirrors: one over the fireplace and a tall one between the two tall street-side windows. Here festive family and community gettogethers were held. Behind the parlor was the sitting room, a more private space where letters might be written, opera listened to on the radio in later years, or children play. Opening off the sitting room was Dr. Wilkens’s medical office. I assume and may have heard that the sitting room was used as a waiting room. The house had a high stoop at the top of five steps before the front door. In hot weather chairs were brought out after the sun went behind the buildings in the west, ice chunks might be chewed on, and friends greeted as they passed. There was also a three-by-five-inch space—we called it an “area”—a few steps below street level next to the front steps with a door into the basement hallway. This allowed for deliveries, storage of trash cans, and so on. When the get-togethers involved a meal, the group moved to the dining room downstairs, which featured a wall of built-in cabinets with glass doors, a large heavy dining table, as well as a sideboard and china closet stuffed with cut-glass bowls, china, hand-painted dessert plates, sets of wine glasses, and serving pieces. There was a butler’s sink in a small space between the dining room and the kitchen. The kitchen was a family space where we as children ate meals when we visited. In the ’50s and ’60s there was a gas stove for cooking as well as an old wood stove, probably original, in which crackers and cookies were stored. The kitchen was very dark, as one of the windows Photo left: Left-to-right: Barbara Graefenecker Eaton, her grandmother Hermine Kessel Wilkens, Sandy, and Bonnie Eaton in the “area” at 284 Alexander Avenue, c. 1951. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. Photo above: Family party in living room, showing Wilhelm, Bernhardt, Emma, Marie (Margaret), and Dr. Ernst Wilkens, siblings, c. 1902. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. 29 �Sandra Eaton opened into the Boiler Room at the rear of the house and the other into a yard shadowed by buildings. My mother often spoke of how fun-loving her grandmother Hermine was. Both Hermine and Ernst doted on their grandchildren, according to my mother Barbara Graefenecker Eaton, the oldest grandchild. My mother as a child often spent long periods at 284 Alexander Avenue in the summers, when her Aunt Margaret would travel and Grandmother Hermine wanted company. Barbara wrote of playing cards with Hermine “before they made the beds! Going to the movies in the afternoon—often! [her exclamations] On a nice day we would take a trolley ride, maybe to the end of the line—the Battery—and watch the Staten Island Ferry go back and forth. . . We rode it once or twice. . . just for the ocean voyage.” This was in the 1920s. She also told of the time Hermine was playing the piano and got so caught up in the music she was unaware that a fire was being fought just down the street. The entire family loved opera, and Margaret as an adult regularly attended the Metropolitan Opera. WQxR’s Saturday opera broadcast was a must listen at 284. Ernst passed away in 1932 and life became quieter at 284 until we great grandchildren arrived. When my family visited my great grandmother and great aunt in the ’50s, we were fascinated by the house, especially the bathrooms. The toilets on the second floor and in the utility area behind the kitchen were tall thrones with a pull-chain flush, possibly original to the house. The second-floor bathroom was elegant with a marble sink and floor and a giant bathtub. It could be entered from the master bedroom at the rear or the hallway. It was often quite cold in there, though the house certainly had central heat. Also on the second floor, aside from the three family bedrooms, was a little built-in sleeping cubby in a short passage between the middle bedroom and the front bedroom. We marveled at this cozy spot and wondered who Dining room of 284 Alexander Avenue. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. Hermine Wilkens in kitchen with young friend, c. 1951. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. 30 �284 Alexander Avenue slept there, though we never asked. Now I wonder if a maid slept there, as the U.S. census shows a maid of Irish parentage living at 284 Alexander Avenue in 1910 and also at 588 East 141st Street with the Wilkens family in 1900. It is also possible that the maid lived on the top floor, although my great-great grandmother Christiana Bremer Kessel Kieselbach and her second husband Alfred lived there from the time the Wilkens moved in. The home’s small back yard, in my mother’s memory, was not much used. The family owned a bungalow, as it was called, on Pelham Bay and Mirror above fireplace at 284 Alexander Avenue decorated for return of Alfred Wilkins from World War I. Courtesy of Sandra Eaton. 31 �Sandra Eaton gathered there many weekends with the grandchildren in the 1920s. One other joy of our visits was the El Station at 138th Street and Third Avenue. It was a behemoth of an old wooden station with long flights of stairs to reach the platforms. We rode the El into Manhattan with my mother and aunt as young children in the late ’40s and early ’50s, wearing white gloves and craning our necks to peer out the windows. Later my Great Aunt Margaret enjoyed taking my sister and me to foreign restaurants in Manhattan— Korean, Swedish, German (in Yorkville, a very German neighborhood as it then was). She took us on the Staten Island Ferry too, just as her mother had taken my mother. She introduced us to Alexander’s Clothing Store a short walk up Third Avenue, and we often bought school clothes there as teens. Eleanor and Margaret both graduated from Barnard College in Manhattan, and became school teachers. Alfred Wilkens served in Europe during World War I. My mother spoke of how important it was to the Wilkens family and other Germans in the neighborhood to show their loyalty to the U.S. In 1918 the Christmas tree was decorated with U.S. flags and there may have been one in the front window. Neither did Ernst speak German in the home. Eleanor and her family met her future husband, Michael Graefenecker, in the neighborhood. He and his family lived at 247 Willis Avenue on the block directly behind 284 Alexander Avenue in what may have been the family bakery. Michael and Alfred Wilkens served near each other in France during World War I. Alfred was gassed in France and spoken of in the family as “never the same afterwards.” He was a quiet, gentle man who lived at 284 Alexander Avenue for a few years with his two children after his first wife died from a problem after goiter surgery. He later remarried and moved to New Jersey. Eleanor and Michael married in 1922. He became an engineer at AT&T, and the family moved to Tuckahoe. Margaret continued to live in the home even after both parents had died. She taught math at Evander Childs High School in The Bronx. She was a passionate photographer as was her father, and she traveled often. She went to see her relatives in Germany at least twice that we know of, including in 1938. She said the atmosphere was so fraught with fear there in 1938 that she could only talk to her aunts if they walked in the countryside. She was an intrepid woman but after she was mugged twice on Alexander Avenue in the early 1970s, she sold the house and rented an apartment on Briggs Avenue, near the Grand Concourse. 32 ��PUBLICATIONS OF THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESS The History of The Bronx Project The Northern Borough: A History of The Bronx.......................................$28.00 (Lloyd Ultan) The ultimate one-volume history of our beloved Bronx, by the official Bronx Historian. 350th Anniversary of The Bronx Commemorative Issue ..............................$20.00 (Lloyd Ultan, Gary Hermalyn editors) Essays on The Bronx, Jonas Bronck, transportation and The Bronx at the turn of the 20th century. The Bronx in the Frontier Era: From the Beginning to 1696 (Lloyd Ultan) ............................................................................................$20.00 The first comprehensive volume in the Society’s series dedicated to The History of The Bronx. 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McAuley) Origins date back to 1654 along the banks of Westchester Creek. Digging The Bronx: Recent Archeology in the Borough .........................$25.00 (Allan S. Gilbert, editor) Essays contributed by well-known archeologists. A Historical Sketch of The Bronx .................................................................$15.00 (Lloyd Ultan & Gary Hermalyn) Brief history with early images of The Bronx. Roots of the Republic Series Presidents of the United States (Lloyd Ultan) .............................................$20.00 Absorbing character outlines of the first 41 men who have held office; essays on the origins of the Presidency and the electoral college. The First House of Representatives and The Bill of Rights (George Lankevich) ...................................................................................$20.00 The story behind the Bill of Rights and the men who established the first House of Representatives. The First Senate of the United States (Richard Streb) ................................$20.00 Explores the key figures in the upper house of the Congress in 1789 when the country began under its present government. 34 �Chief Justices of The U.S. Supreme Court .................................................$20.00 (George Lankevich) Essays of the first sixteen men who held the office of Chief Justice. Sections on the court’s origin and of judicial review. The Signers of The Constitution of The United States.............................$20.00 (Bro. Edward Quinn) Sprightly character sketches with original drawings of the Signers including The Bronx’s own Gouverneur Morris. The Signers of The Declaration of Independence ....................................$20.00 (Bro. Edward Quinn) Sketches and drawings of the Signers, including Lewis Morris of the manor of Morrisania. Roots of the Republic Series Set SPECIAL PRICE ....................................$99.00 (Dr. Gary Hermalyn, Project Editor) Six volume set of the books above numbered 17 through 22 now available at a discounted price. (Includes shipping and handling.) The BCHS Journal The Bronx County Historical Society Journal ...........................................$20.00 Begun in 1964, this is the oldest continuously published periodical on the history and heritage of New York. 25 Year Index to The Bronx County Historical Society Journal: 1964-1988 ...................................................................$10.00 This comprehensive index includes thousands of references to local events, individuals, institutions, schools and businesses. An invaluable research tool for New York history and genealogy. Articles, Titles and Contributing Authors to The Bronx County Historical Society Journal..................................$15.00 A complete listing to assist the researcher in finding useful information. New York City Series Morris High School and the Creation of the New York City Public High School System (Gary Hermalyn)............................$34.00 The is the story of the extraordinary educational reforms of the 1890s which peaked with the opening of Morris High in 1897. The Greater New York Centennial (Elizabeth Beirne) .................................$20.00 Essays from the directors of the seven major historical institutions of New York City on how consolidation affected their region along with original full color paintings by Jan Munro. New York City at the Turn of the Century .................................................$20.00 (Elizabeth Beirne) A captivating collection of essays on New York City with original full color paintings by Jan Munro. The Centennial of The Bronx Commemorative Issue ...................................$20.00 (Peter Derrick & Gary Hermalyn, editors) Twelve informative essays on the state of the borough at the end of the 20th century. Tunneling to the Future (Peter Derrick)........................................................$20.00 The story of the great subway expansion that saved New York and helped develop the outer boroughs. New York City: A Short History (George Lankevich)....................................$20.00 A great one-volume history of the most unique city in the world. By The El: Third Avenue and Its El at Mid-Century.................................$20.00 (Lawrence Stelter) “One can still hear it rumble by.”This book represents the definitive work on the El in its later years. A History of the Riverdale Yacht Club ........................................................$20.00 (Rubio P. Mendez) The story of this jewel located along the Hudson River. 35 �Yankee Stadium: 1923-2008: Images of Baseball.......................................$22.00 (Gary Hermalyn & Anthony Greene) Designed as the grandest sports arena since the Roman Colosseum. This is its illustrated story. New York State Series The Hudson River (Elizabeth Beirne) .............................................................$20.00 Essays on the inspiration and challenge of the great river with original color paintings by Jan Munro. Re-Inspired: The Erie Canal, America’s First Great Work of Civil Engineering...................................................................$20.00 (Douglas Lazarus, G. Hermalyn & G. Koeppel) This canal established New York as the Empire State. United States Series Bicentennial of the United States Constitution ........................................$20.00 Commemorative Issue (Bro. Edward Quinn, Gary Hermalyn, & Lloyd Ultan, editors) This work features articles on Gouverneur...................................... Morris the penman of the Constitution and a description of colonial money. Research Library & Archives The Bronx in Print ..........................................................................................$10.00 (Gary Hermalyn, Laura Tosi & Narciso Rodrigues) An annotated catalogue of books, dissertations, pamphlets, scripts and manuscripts about The Bronx. The text is also available on our website. Elected Public Officials of The Bronx Since 1898......................................$15.00 (Laura Tosi & Gary Hermalyn) Compilations of ten Bronx offices, names of the officials, party affiliations, and years of service. The only work of its kind in New York City. (Eleventh Edition) Genealogy of The Bronx (Gary Hermalyn & Laura Tosi) .............................$10.00 (Laura Tosi & Gary Hermalyn) An annotated guide to sources of information. Publications & Other Media of The Bronx County Historical Society Since 1955 (Gary Hermalyn) ......................................................$5.00 Complete list of books, pamphlets, scripts, lectures, maps, films & articles written under The Society’s patronage. Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Media Collection ..................................................................................$10.00 (Laura Tosi & Gary Hermalyn) An annotated index. Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Video Collection ...................................................................................$10.00 (Laura Tosi & Gary Hermalyn) An annotated index. Guide to The Bronx County Historical Society Media Collection ..................................................................................$10.00 (Laura Tosi & Gary Hermalyn) An annotated index. Guide to the Atlas Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society 1869-1969 (Laura Tosi & Gary Hermalyn) ...............................$10.00 Guide to the Microfilm/Microfiche Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society 1869-1969 ......................................$20.00 (Laura Tosi & Gary Hermalyn) A Guide to the Collections of The Bronx County Archives (Kathleen A. McAuley) .............................................................................$20.00 A description of over 100 collections held in The Bronx County Archives. 36 �Newspaper Titles of The Bronx ....................................................................$15.00 (Dominick Caldiero, Mark Sgambettera, Laura Tosi & Gary Hermalyn) User’s guide and listing of the known newspapers in Bronx County. Index to the Sheet Map Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society ..................................................................................$20.00 (Laura Tosi, Mark Sgambettera, & Gary Hermalyn) The one and only of its kind. Education & Culture in The Bronx: A Research Guide ...........................$20.00 (Gary Hermalyn, Elizabeth Nico, Laura Tosi, Kathleen McAuley, & Catherine Pellicano) First guide of its kind, details the historical collections of Bronx institutions and associations with Sidney Lazarus original drawings. Ethnic Groups in The Bronx: Selected Bibliographies From the Collection of The Bronx County Historical Society .................$20.00 (Laura Tosi, Elizabeth Nico, & Gary Hermalyn) Features thirteen Bronx Ethnic groups with Daniel Hauben Paintings. Edgar Allan Poe Cottage Documentary DVD ...........................................$20.00 (BronxNet, Bronx Tourism Council, & The Bronx County Historical Society) A wonderful story of Poe’s Cottage in The Bronx. Edgar Allan Poe Series Poems and Tales of Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham......................................$15.00 (Elizabeth Beirne) An annotated collection of Poe’s works written while he lived in his cottage in the village of Fordham. (Second Edition) Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham (Kathleen A. McAuley) ...................................$15.00 A teacher’s guide and workbook on the life of this great writer. Streets of The City Series History in Asphalt: The History of Bronx Street & Place Name Encyclopedia (John McNamara)...............................................$30.00 Did you ever wonder how your street got its name? This fascinating book describes the history of Bronx names. (Fourth Edition) McNamara’s Old Bronx (John McNamara)...................................................$20.00 John McNamara’s incomparable articles from his “Bronx in History” column in The Bronx Press Review span the centuries with stories of the people of The Bronx. History of Morris Park Racecourse (Nicholas DiBrino) ..............................$10.00 An illustrated history of the famous Bronx racecourse, aerodome and the Morris family. Landmarks of The Bronx ...............................................................................$15.00 (Gary Hermalyn & Robert Kornfeld) Comprehensive list of designated and proposed landmarks of The Bronx; description of landmark law and its process. Bronx Views: Postcards of The Bronx...........................................................$12.00 (Gary Hermalyn & Thomas X. Casey) Wonderful images of The Bronx with an essay on the origin of the postal cards. The New Parks Beyond The Harlem (John Mullaly) ...................................$25.00 1887 reprint of book describing the plan for The Bronx Park system. To order online, go to www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org or call 718-881-8900 37 �Educational Material The South Bronx and the Founding of America .......................................$15.00 (Lisa Garrison) This activity book for teachers and students provides a concise historical account of the early settling of The Bronx. Latin Bicentennial (Alfonso Serrano)...............................................................$5.00 This Spanish and English language comic book discusses the Hispanic peoples of The Bronx. West Farms Local History Curriculum Guide ..........................................$15.00 (Samuel Hopkins) Suggested activities, lessons, activities, bibliographies and resources for all grades. Local History Classroom Resource Guide.................................................$15.00 (Dan Eisenstein) Suggested activities, lessons, charts and illustrations for all grades in Bronx History. The Study and Writing of History ...............................................................$20.00 (Gary Hermalyn) Essays on the how and why to writing history. Annotated Primary Source Documents – From the Collections of The Bronx County Historical Society ...............................$20.00 (Anthony Greene) Full color reproductions of primary documents depicting the development of The Bronx. (volume 1) Special Interest The Bronx Cookbook .....................................................................................$15.00 (Peter Derrick and Gary Hermalyn, editors) Tasty recipes from Bronxites of today and yesterday. SPECIAL OFFER: Available at the reduced price of $10 when combined with an order for any other book listed. The Bronx Historical Calendar ....................................................................$10.00 Visit a new Bronx memory each month with historic, rarely-seen images of our great borough. Makes a great stocking stuffer gift for any Bronx lover. Instant collector’s item! Bronx Gift Collections The Beautiful Bronx Mug ................................................................................$7.95 This ceramic mug, with gold lettering on a black background, is a fine gift for all Bronxites. The Bronx River Parkway Poster c. 1915 .....................................................$20.00 Attractive 20 1/2 x 29 1/2 full-color reproduction of an artist’s three dimensional, topographical view of the entire Bronx Borough with great detail in its illustrations. Printed on glossy heavy-weight paper – a beautiful wall piece. The Bronx Comfort Set ..................................................................................$60.00 Set includes: The Bronx Cookbook, The Bronx Afghan, and The Bronx Mug. Edgar Allan Mug ..............................................................................................$7.95 This black ceramic mug shows Edgar Allan Poe’s iconic signature. Makes a fine gift for any Bronxite. The Grand Concourse Print .........................................................................$20.00 A top quality 25” x 12” reproduction of an artist’s ink rendering of the 1892 plan for the Concourse printed on acid-free stock suitable for framing. 38 �THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY MUSEUM OF VISIT THE BRONX The Bronx County Historical Society’s Museum of Bronx History, open to the public since @ THE VALENTINE-VARIAN HOUSE 1968, is in the historic landmark Valentine-Varian House. The museum’s long-term and changing exhibitions are often drawn from The Society’s extensive collections and focus on the history and heritage of The Bronx and its people. The Museum of Bronx History provides a venue for cultural and educational programming for public and school audiences, as well as for an extensive Museum Store. Isaac Valentine, a prosperous blacksmith and farmer from Yonkers, built this vestige of Colonial New York about 1758 along the post road that was once the only land route between New York City and Boston. The house survived the Revolutionary War, occupied throughout the conflict by both British and American forces. But the war caused financial ruin for Valentine, who was forced to sell his home and the 260-acre property. Isaac Varian, a successful butcher and farmer, bought the holding in 1792. The Varian Family kept the house for three generations; one of Isaac’s grandsons (also named Isaac) served as New York City’s 63rd Mayor (1839–1841). With increasing urbanization, William F. Beller acquired the fieldstone farmhouse in a 1905 auction, and his son, William C. Beller, donated it to The Society in 1965, when it was moved to its present location by Williamsbridge Oval Park. It is operated as a museum by The Bronx County Historical Society and is a member of the Historic House Trust of New York City. BRONX HISTORY DIRECTIONS: Subway: Take the D train to Bainbridge Avenue & East 205th Street in The Bronx. Walk north on Bainbridge Avenue. Take the Lexington Avenue-Woodlawn 4 train to Mosholu Parkway in The Bronx. Walk north, then east on 208th Street to Bainbridge Avenue. The Museum of Bronx History is located across the avenue, on the right. Bus: Use Bronx bus lines #10, #16, #28, #34, #38 and MTA express bus BxM #4 from Manhattan. ��The Bronx: An Academic Powerhouse Patrick J. T. Curran For those of us who were raised in The Bronx in the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s, we had the opportunity to receive the best education possible. The Bronx had fine elementary and secondary schools as well as numerous institutions of higher learning, including New York University (until 1973), Fordham University, Manhattan College, and the Maritime College, which led to the name “Borough of Universities.” Be they public or private, these institutions were staffed with dedicated religious or lay teachers and professors who not only knew how to teach but cared deeply for their students. I am proud to say that I was one of those students and lived a rich and rewarding life thanks to that education. My experience began with Sister Ambrose Marie in Holy Spirit School’s first grade. That amazing nun had all of her forty students reading, writing, and knowing numbers as well as religion by June. At that time, another name for elementary schools was “grammar schools.” When we graduated, we knew the parts of speech, how to diagram sentences, rules for reflexive verbs, and more, and in my professional writings, including my doctoral dissertation, my educators never found a mistake in grammar—but my spelling was another thing. In grade eight, we had to take the New York State Elementary Regents Examinations. These exams, each three hours long, were given in English, History, Geography, and Arithmetic. If we passed them, in addition to our school diploma, we received a New York State Diploma. At Cardinal Hayes High School, I had priests and bothers of various religious orders as teachers. It was there that Father Nugent inspired my love of History and Government and Brother Conrad, C.F.x., taught me the logic of the law. Again, we had Regents Exams and upon graduation we received two diplomas. Being a child of immigrants, I did not have funds available to me to attend university full time. Fordham had an evening program at its downtown Manhattan location with classes on the Bronx campus on Saturday mornings. Thus, I was able to work full-time and pursue a university degree simultaneously. While taking history courses, I found out that by also taking some education courses I would be qualified for a license as a social studies teacher upon graduation. In my last term at Fordham, I quit my job with the Aetna Casualty Insurance Company and was assigned as a student teacher at Walton High School, back in The Bronx. The public high schools in New York 41 �Patrick J. T. Curran City were usually co-educational but each borough had one school for boys and one for girls. Walton was the all-girls high school for The Bronx. The principal of Walton was Marion Heffernan and she ran a “right ship.” She wanted the best teachers who not only knew their subject but could impart that knowledge to the students. The result was a very orderly school with high academic achievements. The students referred to Walton as “St. Mary’s on the reservoir.” As I was finishing up my assignment as a student teacher, one of the teachers told me that her husband, a vice principal in a junior high school, was looking for a history teacher for the fall term. That led to my wonderful teaching career at Macomb’s Junior High School. Macomb’s, also known as J.H.S. 82, was located in the West Bronx, close to the corner of Tremont and University Avenues. The families in the catchment area of the school were predominantly second- or third-generation Jewish or Irish. While the children of these neighborhoods played together, regardless of their ethnic backgrounds, there was segregation when they went to school. The majority of the Irish students were Catholic and attended either Holy Spirit or Sacred Heart, while the Jewish students attended P.S. 26 and then P.S. 92. On the Jewish High Holidays, out of a class of thirty, a teacher might have only five in attendance. Regardless of which school their children attended, most of the parents were involved in their children’s education and were supporters of the school. On “open school nights” a teacher could count on seeing the vast majority of students’ parents. When I joined the faculty in 1955, Macomb’s was preparing to celebrate its 30th Anniversary. By that time, it was rated as one of the top academic schools in The Bronx, a rating which it continued to hold well into the ’70s. Even the title of the school’s yearbook, The Scholarship, tells you the aim and belief of the administration. For many years, the principal was Harry Flaum, ably assisted by the vice principals Joe Horn, Hanna Eager, Grace Canary, and George Dunbar. Mr. Flaum visited each classroom every Monday morning to express his hope that the teacher and students had had a good weekend. On Wednesdays he made quick visits to each class, just to check that all was going well. On Fridays he again paid a short visit to each class to wish all a happy weekend. Seldom would you see Harry Flaum sitting in his office during the school day. He was out walking the halls, chatting with teachers as they stood by their classroom doors, and insuring orderly change of classes between periods. He was also on the front steps welcoming the faculty and students upon arrival and seeing them off at the end of the school day. While it was the job of the vice principals to do the formal visits and evaluations of the teachers, they knew from his visits which teachers needed help within their classrooms. Only strong academic people with good classroom control received tenure at Macomb’s. Reading through issues of The Scholarship, one sees that there were usually fourteen or fifteen homerooms of thirty students in each grade. In the seventh and ninth grades, two homerooms were “SP homerooms”—that is, classes of boys and girls that covered the three years of junior high school in 42 �An Academic Powerhouse two years. With my 7SP class, I was expected to cover the ten-month English and Social Studies course of study in less than six months and do half of the Eighth Grade by the end of June. These students could keep up with the pace and receive honor grades while doing so. Another column in The Scholarship was called “Newsettes,” and it included honors received by alumni as well as current classmates. The Scholarship regularly received a First Place Certificate from the Columbia University Scholastic Press Association as well as accolades from the National Scholastic Press Association. When one reads through the prose and poetry written by these early teens, you realize that these students were truly gifted and that they received plenty of encouragement to develop these gifts. The second half of each issue contains a class picture of every homeroom. The boys and girls alike wore white shirts but the boys also donned ties. The boys in the ninth-grade pictures wore jackets as did all of the male faculty members. On the back pages of The Scholarship are printed the school’s Honor Roll. I doubt there are many schools in the country that would have over ninety per cent of their students on it, as was the case at Macomb’s. In the spring of my third year at J.H.S. 82, I notified Mr. Flaum that since I would be getting married the following December and moving to Long Island, I would be resigning in June. That fall I began teaching History in the Islip Public Schools and later became an adjunct professor of Government at Suffolk County Community College, retiring in 1987. During my years, I had many opportunities to visit different school on Long Island but never came across one that could match the academic standards of Macomb’s. Just before Eileen and I moved to New Mexico, I met with three of my former students from Macomb’s for lunch in Manhattan. All were now grandparents, and we chatted about our lives and families. After lunch, we took the subway up to The Bronx to see the old neighborhood. There, next to the building that had been the Park Plaza Theatre, the school building was still standing but the name and number were gone. It was a quiet trip back to Midtown. 43 �The Bronx Afghan 50” x 65” 100% Washable cotton. Depicts attractive scenes of beloved Bronx institutions. Valentine/Varian House Museum of Bronx History, Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, The Bronx Zoo, Van Cortlandt House, Wave Hill, Lehman Center for the Performing Arts, Bronx Museum of the Arts, Orchard Beach, Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bartow-Pell Mansion, New York Botanical Garden and old Yankee Stadium. $50 www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org $50 �Reminiscence: It Was A Great Place To Live, The Bronx Phil Berle (d. 1999)1 We started out in the East Bronx, moving there in 1911 when I was ten years old. Our first apartment was at 960 Kelly Street, between Westchester Avenue and 193rd Street. It was part of a new development, a string of flats as they called them in those days. Milton was four, my brothers Frank and Jack were in between, and my sister Rose was born the next year. Living in The Bronx in those days was like living in the country. The air was clean. It was beautiful up here. Out at Clason Point, there was an amusement park. Many a time I took the trolley car out there from Westchester Avenue and Southern Boulevard; I grew up there practically. There were no houses along that trolley line, only farms. Frank and Jack and I, we’d go out there and pick tomatoes and cucumbers; I don’t remember if we were stealing or not. The New York, New Haven, and Hartford Line went to Hunt’s Point. Down near the tracks, a pipe came out of the ground with spring water. Just came out, nobody knew from where. It was great water, and people lined up to get it. Kids in the neighborhood would fill five-gallon bottles and delivery them to people for two cents. Pulling a red card with two-three bottles. That’s the way kids made a few pennies. Life was very different then. If a man was making $17 or $20 a week, he was a big shot. But it was a carefree type of life. My father would come home every night from work, and all the kids would run up and surround him. “What did you bring home for us?” we’d yell, and we’d go to his pocket. You see, at every subway station they had vending machines with penny candy, and he’d always bring some home for us. Friday night was a big deal in the summer time. He’d bring home a big bottle of cream soda; it costs a dime. We’d all sit in front of the house and have a drink—a big celebration for us. In the neighborhood the kids hung around the candy store, like they do today. Not everybody had a telephone in those days. To get a call, you gave out the store’s number. If someone called, they’d shout up to you and you came running down. We had a lot of interesting people in the neighborhood. About two doors from where we lived on Kelly Street, number 966, was one of the world’s greatest writers: Sholem Aleichem. He was known as the Jewish Mark Twain. He died in 1916. The entire block was jampacked with people the day of his This reminiscence was written by Phil Berle in 1992, when he was 91. This is the first time it is being published. Phil Berle died on January 2, 1999, in Tampa, Florida, just weeks before his 98th birthday. His brother, Milton, died in 2002. 1 45 �Phil Berle funeral. Another well-known person in the neighborhood was Leach Cross, the boxer. He used to train by running through the neighborhood every morning. I remember him wearing a white turtleneck sweater, running. He also had another profession; he was a dentist. People used to say he would knock teeth out in the ring and then have them fixed at his office. There were probably many other interesting people I don’t even remember, and they became big people. It was a great place to live, The Bronx. Our movie theater was on Simpson Street, near Westchester Avenue. They never advertised names of pictures or starts. When they did advertise, it was something like: “We’re showing 7,000 feet of film today.” Then Loew’s opened the Southern Boulevard Theater, where you could see vaudeville acts and motion pictures for fifteen cents. Some grocery stores gave out rebate tickets that could get you in for a dime. And there was a theater on Dawson Street—I think it was called The Victor, something like that. I used to take my brother Frank by the hand and take him to the show. Five cents to get in, and they gave you a rebate ticket for a piece of candy. There was a place on Westchester Avenue between Kelly Street and Tiffany Street that had an “open air” theater in the summer, on the roof right over the closed theater. That was 1912, and there was no air-conditioning yet. About that time, that same theater experimented with “talking pictures.” They made a recording of the dialogue in the picture and played it backstage, but they could never get it in sync. On Southern Boulevard there was the Cecil Spooner Theater, which showed plays. They changed plays every other week. It was a very popular place. There was also a place called Hunt’s Point Palace, like a dance hall. Across the street from it, at the corner, was a baseball park. Semi-pro baseball was played there. We kids played baseball, too. When I was around thirteen, we had a team called the Bison Juniors. We played at a place we called the Castoria Lot. On a building near the lot there was an advertisement for Castoria medicine, which “worked while you slept.” One day our catcher was sick and he didn’t show up. I volunteered to catch, without a mask. I got hit in the nose with the backswing of a bat and wound up at Morrisania Hospital with a broken nose. That was the end of my catching career. When that happened, we were living at 957 Tiffany Street, a block away from our first apartment on Kelly Street. It was just after we moved there that my brother Milton started his career. He wasn’t much past four, a very precocious kid. He took some of my father’s pants and tried to make himself up as Charlie Chaplin, who was the rage at the time. They had Charlie Chaplin contests all over the country. Milton cut some hair out of an old muff of mother’s to make a mustache. He went out on the street doing Charlie Chaplin, and after a while there was a crowd following him. A man knocked at the door and said he was a theater owner from Mount Vernon, that he was having a 46 �It Was A Great Place To Live Chaplin contest, and would it be possible to bring Milton up there: he looks so great. Being the oldest, I went with Milton and my mother by trolley car to Mount Vernon. Milton won the contest and was awarded a twenty-five-cent silver cup. And it cost us fifty or sixty cents to get there and back. Anyway, there was somebody in the audience who was making a picture and he hired Milton for it. His first job was to sit under a tree and eat a box of candy. He wound up in a Charlie Chaplin picture, working with Chaplin and Marie Dressler, and from that point on it was in the blood. My career in the entertainment business started in The Bronx too. During one summer vacation from school, I became a prop boy—there were no unions yet—for a motion picture company on Wilder Avenue. The first picture I worked on was called Lena Rivers, which was re-made many years later, I think with Greta Garbo. They had a scene I’ll never forget. It was supposed to be a drawing room, with the backdrop of a garden behind it. During the shooting, one of the carpenters walked right across the stage, between the backdrop and the front, and they left it in the picture. After that, I worked for Biograph Studios in The Bronx. I worked on most of the pictures Marion Davies made, like When knighthood Was in Flower, Little Old New York, and Yolanda. While we were living on Tiffany Street and Milton’s career was getting started, my mother was a store detective in John Wanamaker’s, downtown in Manhattan. I went there every day after school and walked the floors with her, watching for shoplifters. Sometimes she had to go to night court, and being the oldest, I went with her and then back to The Bronx. Many years later, Milton used to do a gag on stage: “My mother was a store detective, and they made it easy for her by putting her in the piano department.” One thing happened to Mom that Milton didn’t joke about. Whenever he had a book in Manhattan, my mother and my sister Rose would go down to Dave’s Room, a rendezvous for people in the theatrical business. Publicity photograph of Milton Berle, The same cab driver who drove Phil’s brother, c. 1940. them down from The Bronx would Courtesy of the Library of Congress. 47 �Phil Berle take them back. This time, Milton was to open at the Paramount Theater in a week. One night, after Mom and Rose left Dave’s, the cab driver taking them home stopped for a red light on Central Park West. A man ran up, put a gun to his head, pulled him out of the cab, jumped in, and started away. The cops chased him and started shooting, not knowing there was anybody in the cab. Rose grabbed my mother, pushed her down in the cab and threw a coat over her—just after one of the bullets grazed her head. They finally caught the guy running down the subway steps and took him to the 47th Street Precinct. When I got home, Mom was propped up in bed with a bandage on her head being quizzed by all the newspaper people. When the cops located Milton and told him, he ran right to the 47th Street stationhouse. The first thing he did was whack this guy in the jaw, right from nowhere, a beautiful right cross. Everybody thought it must have been a publicity stunt, because Milton was going to open at the Paramount. But when headlines came out the following day —“Milton Berle’s Mother and Sister Kidnapped”—and they saw she was hurt in bed, people knew it was no publicity stunt. Milton jammed the place when he opened. It was when Milton’s career began to flourish that the family moved from the East Bronx. I remember our West Bronx apartment house was a classy place with a canopy and a doorman—right across the street from Morrisania Hospital where, during the night, you could hear the screams of women having their babies. We stayed in The Bronx for quite a while, and when I got married, I couldn’t get The Bronx out of my blood, so I moved to Gerard Street off 167th. I’ve been in California for fifty six years now, but I’ve always been a genuine Bronx boy. I loved it when I lived there, and I’ll never forget it as long as I live. When I reached ninety years of age last year, they threw me a big party. Is there anybody still out there who knew me in those days? You might remember me under Berlinger or Berle. Maybe from P.S. 23, which was at 165th Street and Union Avenue; I graduated from there in 1915. Write to this paper and they’ll forward your name to me. I’d love to hear from you. 48 �About the Authors... Phil Berle Phil Berle, or Phil Berlinger, was born in New York City in 1901 and was the oldest of five children. The Berlingers shortened the family name to “Berle” when Phil was five and moved to the East Bronx in 1911 when Phil was ten. Phil and his siblings, one of whom would go on to become the famous Milton Berle, grew up in The Bronx. Phil and Milton also both entered show business in the borough, as it was then home to multiple movie studios. While Milton went on to become a famous comedian, Phil worked more behind the scenes as a business agent, talent manager, television producer, and movie extra. Phil died on January 2, 1999, at the age of 97. Milton died three years later in 2002. Patrick J. T. Curran After retiring from teaching, Dr. Curran and his wife moved to Las Cruces, New Mexico, where he got involved in local politics. In 1994 he ran for State Magistrate Judge for Dona Ana County. He was elected and served two four-years terms. He then retired and was appointed by the State Supreme Court as pro-term magistrate. He served for ten more years in that position until his wife’s failing health caused them to move to Dartmouth, Massachusetts, to be near their daughter. Dr. Curran’s first article, about growing up in the West Bronx, appeared in The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, vol. 24/1 (Spring 1987). For this article, he was awarded the Halpern Memorial Award in 1988. Dr. Curran’s second article, which reflected on revisiting The Bronx after a long absence, appeared in The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, vol. 29/1 (Spring 1992). His third article, which recounted his experiences as a student in The Bronx during World War II, appeared in The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, vol. 53 (2016). Sandra Eaton Sandra Eaton writes about her great-grandparents and their home in the historic Mott Haven district of the south Bronx. Lloyd Ultan Lloyd Ultan is the official Bronx Borough Historian, a well known lecturer and tour leader. Professor Ultan was a founder of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 49 �Read The Bronx, Live The Bronx, Know The Bronx. ks M a ny b oo in le b a ava il k c a b r e p ap k o o B e a nd t. a m r fo ArturoViale.com ���Book Reviews Merwin, Ted. Pastrami on Rye: An Overstuffed History of the Jewish Deli. New York: NYU Press, 2015, repr. 2018. 265 pp. ISBN: 978-1479872558. $12.82. Ted Merwin’s cultural history of the Jewish deli is the first of its kind. Until recently, as Merwin mirthfully bemoans, “historians have given the towering deli sandwich—and the place in which it was consumed—surprisingly short shrift” (p. 13). While a book-length treatment of smoky, spicy deli fare might instantly appeal to gourmands, Merwin stresses the wider relevance of his study from the first page: “The pickled and smoked meats sold in storefront Jewish delicatessens starting in the late nineteenth century became a part of the heritage of all New Yorkers. But they were, of course, especially important to Jews; the history of the delicatessen is the history of Jews eating themselves into Americans” (p. 1). Pastrami on Rye, therefore, is a welcome and much needed intervention, as it smartly uses deli cuisine to plumb the vital themes of immigration, generational change, and the political economy of food among American Jews. Nevertheless, the central thesis of Merwin’s book—that the Jewish deli at its apex represented a kind of way station along American Jews’ upward path to a firmly middle-class existence—is less palatable. For starters, Merwin sometimes muddles this thesis. According to Merwin, that is, the Jewish deli is not solely a relic of how Jews dreamt of impending prosperity in the midtwentieth century U.S. As Merwin simultaneously maintains, during its heyday the Jewish deli also served the role of a “third place,” a term coined by sociologist Ray Oldenburg to name spaces “that level social distinctions among 53 �BOOK REVIEWS patrons, foster civic engagement, and provide a platform for mutual emotional support” (p. 8). Indeed, as Merwin recognizes, the Jewish deli was distinctive insofar as it brought together people from various social classes, nationalities, and religious and political persuasions—Jews and goyim. Could the delicatessen have been both an index of American Jewish longing for middleclass inclusion and a radically democratic “third place” at the same time? Did economically ascendant Jews carry the egalitarian spirit of the delicatessen with them into their comfortably bourgeois lives? Or was something singular lost when Jews began to leave deli life behind? Understandably, Merwin wants to have his babka and eat it too. Merwin speculates that since the 1960s, other institutions have increasingly begun to function as “third places” for Jews in the U.S., though the few examples he offers, mostly religious in character, do not convince, considering their lack of appeal to non-observant or consciously secular Jews. Are such minimally- and non-religious Jews so thoroughly integrated into mainstream American culture that they no longer are able to constitute recognizably Jewish “third spaces” of their own? Merwin is correct to note the general dearth of “third places” for such Jews today, but this is arguably the case for people of every creed and ethnicity in many parts of the U.S. Given the difficulty Merwin has in producing persuasive examples of contemporary “third places” among religious Jews, such dearth presumably obtains no matter religious affiliation. It would appear, therefore, that a vital aspect of deli culture was in part relinquished as Jews—regardless of their religiosity— progressively embraced middle-class values and habits. If true, the deli was not so much an inevitable springboard to American Jewish embourgeoisement as its casualty. Here, in point of fact, is where I disagree most sharply with Merwin. By inserting the delicatessen within an unbending narrative of American Jewish upward mobility, he partially covers over the specific proletarian culture that made delis so unique. As Merwin at times acknowledges, the Jewish deli came into its own only within the partially secularized, workingclass culture of yiddishkayt, which left its mark on so many aspects of Jewish life in the U.S. during the first half of the twentieth century but was especially prominent in The Bronx and Brooklyn. Undoubtedly, Merwin sheds vital light on the early years of the delicatessen in Manhattan, when it was more a newimmigrant tribute to American prosperity than an established Jewish cultural institution. But Merwin construes the over-the-top ethos of these first prominent delis as more or less enduring as the delicatessen proliferated among Jews in New York’s outer boroughs and elsewhere in the U.S. For Merwin, for example, the only thing that set delis in The Bronx apart from the more ostentatious delis he prioritizes was that the former tended to be “smaller, storefront-type” operations (p. 79). Tellingly, Merwin devotes very little space to such workaday delis. Throughout the book, Merwin has occasion to name only a few Bronx institutions—Schlachter’s, which was on 176th Street, Schweller’s, which was 54 �BOOK REVIEWS on Jerome Avenue, and Liebman’s, which, thankfully, is still operating in Riverdale—even though The Bronx at one point had one of the largest, if not the largest, number of Jewish delis per capita of any U.S. locale. The evidence itself, no doubt, is partially to blame. The photos and memorabilia of the larger, flashier delis of Manhattan and elsewhere were more likely to be preserved for posterity. On the surface, most Bronx delis would have appeared perfectly unremarkable—small bastions of Jewish life that catered to mostly workingclass patrons and served fairly standard fare. Nevertheless, the true genius of the delicatessen—its propensity to bring together a range of people, eating together as equals—stemmed from the very unceremonious nature of these familiar, familial haunts. Indeed, The Bronx offers many instances of the Jewish deli’s peculiar tendency to gather an unexpected mix of people. For example, the Palace Deli was a bastion of kosher cuisine within the Fordham Road shopping district for decades. At one point in the 1980s, a substantial portion of its business came from the local Black Muslim community, which has dietary stipulations that align closely with kashrut. Merwin’s historical narrative, no doubt, would have gained further texture through a sustained consideration of such evidence. Merwin is certainly to be commended for his trailblazing cultural history of the Jewish deli. His piquant prose plays on delicatessen cuisine in sharp and surprising ways. Most importantly, Pastrami on Rye decisively lays to rest the popular notion that the delicatessen was a staple of shtetl life in Eastern Europe or even a fixture of the early twentieth-century Jewish immigrant culture of the Lower East Side. To be sure, Merwin tends to overlook the creative agency of working-class Jews in the full blossoming of the deli in The Bronx and Brooklyn, but he has provided an invaluable foundation for future work along these lines. Steven Payne The Bronx County Historical Society The Bronx, New York 55 �VISIT THE BRONX Edgar Allan Poe, one of America’s greatest writers, spent his last years (1846–1849) in what is today The Bronx, a part of New York City. The historic landmark Poe Cottage, built about 1812, is typical of the working-class homes that once populated the area. In this simple farmhouse, Poe wrote some of his most memorable works, including “Annabel Lee,” “The Bells” and “The Cask of Amontillado.” Poe moved there in the spring of 1846 with his wife, Virginia, and his mother-in-law, Mrs. Maria Clemm. He rented the house, THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY in the rural village of Fordham thirteen miles north of the city of New York, from its owner, John Valentine, for an annual $100 rent. He hoped the country air would help his wife, who was suffering from tuberculosis. She died in the cottage in 1847; Poe continued living there until his death on October 7, 1849, in Baltimore. Soon after news reached her, Mrs. Clemm left Fordham. Within 25 years of his death, visitors to Poe’s home made it a literary landmark; individuals and groups such as the Shakespeare Society of New York pressured city officials to save the house from encroaching urbanization. In 1902, Poe Park was created and in 1913, New York City purchased the house and moved it into the north end of the park, opening it as a historic house museum. Restored in 2011, Poe’s Cottage interprets Poe in 1840s New York and the community as it transformed from rural to densely urban. Poe’s enduring literary influence remains strong. It is owned by the NYC Department of Parks & Recreation and operated as a museum by The Bronx County Historical Society. It is a member of the Historic House Trust of New York City. EDGAR ALLAN POE COTTAGE DIRECTIONS: Subway: Take the D train to Kingsbridge Road in The Bronx. Poe Park is right outside the station. Take the Lexington Avenue-Woodlawn 4 train to Kingsbridge Road in The Bronx. Walk east to Grand Concourse. The cottage is located across the boulevard, on the right. Bus: Use Bronx bus lines #1, #2, #9, #12, #22, #28, #34 and MTA express bus BxM #4 from Manhattan. �BOOK REVIEWS Gurock, Jeffrey S. Parkchester: A Bronx Tale of Race and Ethnicity. New York: Washington Mews Books, 2019. 308 pp. ISBN: 978-1479896707. $30.00. In many ways, Parkchester reads as Jeffrey S. Gurock’s love letter to the Bronx community in which he grew up. Indeed, as Gurock admits, his laser-focused history of the Parkchester housing development and its environs aims to identify “the factors that have made this Bronx neighborhood attractive to successive groups of residents as its mostly working-class families for the most part found ways to live harmoniously” (p. 9). Throughout the book, Gurock expresses a pronounced appreciation for the affordable, safe, and bucolic living environment that Parkchester has provided for its primarily workingand lower middle-class residents since the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MLIC), which built the development, accepted the first lessees in 1942. Gurock furthermore highlights the exemplary nature of the “get-along attitude” that has largely prevailed among the community’s shifting populations even since Parkchester’s infancy, when Jews, Italians, and Irish lived together without apparent incident. (Such, Gurock stresses, was not always the case in some parts of The Bronx.) Yet if Gurock has love for Parkchester, his is a mature kind of love, which confronts the inherent failures and contradictions of the beloved neighborhood with resolve. He rigorously unearths the equivocal leasing policies and dog-whistle doublespeak that MLIC used to exclude, effectively, Blacks and Latinos from Parkchester for decades. Incisively, Gurock also teases out underlying ethnic and racial tensions between the diverse residents of Parkchester themselves—first as integration began to take place in earnest after 1968, then during the successive influxes of new ethnic groups in the later years of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. While artfully exploring such complex dynamics at a hyper-local level, Gurock simultaneously unsettles wider narratives about white flight during the post-war period. According to Gurock, “The story of choosing to live in Parkchester offers an alternative narrative to the oft-told tales of how longtime New Yorkers, almost all of whom were white, began exiting Gotham after 1945 for what was deemed a better life in suburbia, often also in segregated locales” (p. 5). By choosing to move to Parkchester, white Gothamites opted 57 �BOOK REVIEWS for many of the purported boons of suburbia while continuing to reap the benefits of New York City life. Moreover, especially after 1968, “the Parkchester story highlights the largely unrecognized phenomenon of African American and Latino flight within New York City to better areas of Gotham during this same troubled period” (p. 6). As Gurock demonstrates, Parkchester thus offers a unique and underutilized case study for historians interested in the intricacies of urbanization, race, and class in the postwar U.S. Chapter 1 illuminates the conception, planning, and construction of Parkchester by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, led by Frederick H. Ecker. The chapter draws fascinating attention to the utopian vision that initially inspired Parkchester, as an affordable and healthy housing solution for working people, while foreshadowing some of this vision’s ominous undertones. Chapter 2 delineates the ethnic and religious diversity of Parkchester in its early years and traces the at times surprisingly ecumenical efforts to establish various houses of worship in the community. Chapters 3– 4, perhaps the best in the book, provide a thick description of life at Parkchester during the development’s first two decades. While MLIC presented itself as the quintessential “benevolent landlord” with marked success—indeed, some residents began referring to the company as “Mother Metropolitan”—Gurock enables readers to perceive the class tension that seethed right below the apparent placidity of Parkchester. During the first two decades of Parkchester’s existence, MLIC management attempted to assert increasing control over lessees’ lives. Residents faced the threat of eviction, for example, for playing music past a certain hour or for their children picking flowers from the company’s beds. Yet early Parkchester residents found creative ways to evade, and in some cases organized successfully against, the subtle domination of their everyday lives. Chapters 5–6 offer a piercing treatment of race at Parkchester. Chapter 5 first focuses on the early efforts by a handful of white residents of Parkchester to pressure MLIC to integrate the development. The chapter also pinpoints the various legal and public relations strategies that management employed to reject Black and Latino applicants during the first two and a half decades of the development’s existence. Chapter 6 hones in on what is presumed to be the majority of residents’ indifference towards integration throughout much of this period and susses out, as evidence allows, the mixed reception that new Black and Latino residents had in the immediate years after integration. Chapters 7–8 chart the post-MLIC history of Parkchester, first under the blundering management of Helmsley-Spear, which bought the development in 1968, then under the more attentive care of the Parkchester Preservation Company (PPC), starting in 1998. According to these chapters, Helmsley-Spear brought Parkchester close to the point of ruin by the 1990s. Unlike MLIC, Helmsley-Spear not only failed to gain the trust of a majority of Parkchester’s residents but also engaged in what appeared to many as shady redevelopment schemes, foremost of which was the attempt to convert the development into condominiums. In contrast, PPC, or so it would seem, 58 �BOOK REVIEWS managed to achieve the impossible: within a decade of its purchase of Parkchester, the housing development had again become a thriving, financially sustainable community—only now with the upgraded building infrastructure needed to sustain modern amenities like air conditioning. Chapters 9–10 concentrate on the waves of new immigrants that have called Parkchester home since the 1980s. Many of the racial and ethnic tensions that earlier chapters teased out resurface in these chapters in modified garb. All in all, however, the book concludes that the same amicable, ecumenical spirit that animated early Parkchester lives on today in a mature form, having passed through the growing pains of integration, displacement, and globalization. Parkchester is without question a masterful history that analyzes complex, wide-ranging issues of U.S. capitalist society through a hyper-local focus on a single Bronx community. At times, Gurock glosses over cracks in the social fabric of Parkchester too readily, even as he brings to light the very evidence of these cracks. For instance, after spending a considerable portion of Chapter 5 narrating activist efforts to achieve housing integration in Parkchester during the 1950s, Gurock hastily minimizes these efforts’ popular appeal. Gurock reminds the reader multiple times that such anti-segregation activism stemmed from an exceedingly small number of residents, who received primary support from organizers outside the community. Gurock understandably fixates on the pronounced silence of the overwhelming majority of Parkchesterites during the period. But silence, as Gurock himself recognizes, is not always a measure of indifference. During a period when the forces of white supremacist reaction were emboldened throughout New York City and the country at large, the fact that such uncompromising attempts at integration not only appeared in Parkchester but also met no apparent opposition—except, of course, from MLIC—might serve rather as a tacit testament to the community’s egalitarian ethos. Without doubt, there were residents of Parkchester who were indifferent to the question of integration. As the sizable smattering of votes in the district for George Wallace in 1968 demonstrates, there were also Parkchesterites who were fierce defenders of the racist status quo. But the out-in-the-open existence of any radical movement, however small it might appear, is often indicative of a much wider base of support. Thanks to the meticulous scholarship of Gurock, we can now at least imagine a more hopeful, rebellious, and complicated past for Parkchester than initially might meet the eye. Steven Payne The Bronx County Historical Society The Bronx, New York 59 �BOOK REVIEWS Eldredge, Niles, and Sidney Horenstein. Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2014. 388 pp. ISBN: 978-0520270152. $34.95. A very nice book that discusses one of my favorite subjects—New York City. From the first time Sidney Horenstein and I got into a heated exchange about The Highbridge and The Croton Water System, I’ve been beguiled by his breadth of knowledge and understanding of the intricacies of the systems that make a city run. This book offers information on the city, its geological history, the early days of settlement on Manhattan Island, the real problem of clean fresh water, and the early development of the public rail system—all in the hope of solving environmental issues. A worthy read. G. Hermalyn The Bronx County Historical Society The Bronx, New York Hermalyn, G., and Lloyd Ultan. A Historical Sketch of The Bronx. The Bronx, NY: The Bronx County Historical Society, 2018. 41 pp. ISBN: 978-0941980723. $15.00. While this publication may be a short read —roughly forty pages— it’s not short on information. The authors take you on a chronological journey of the great northern borough of New York, walking you through major aspects of the borough’s historic past, from the settlers of Colonial Bronx to the popularity of hip-hop and breakdancing of the late twentieth century. Charts of population growth, as well as many relevant photos, lead you through a decade-by-decade tour through the borough’s changing demographics and overall landscape. A must have for anyone who needs a quick reference guide to anything related to Bronx history. Richard Legnini The Bronx, New York 60 �The Bronx County Historical Society Gouverneur Morris Visiting Scholar Program In honor of Gouverneur Morris, the Bronx Signer and Penman of the United States Constitution 2018 Ms. Coline Jenkins Topic: Elizabeth Cady Stanton 2016 Ms. Vivian E. Davis 2017 Topic: Celebrating 175 Years of St. Ann’s Church 2015 Mr. Edward Schneider Topic: Abraham Lincoln 2014 Dr. Gary Hermalyn Topic: The Erie Canal 2013 Mr. Tony Morante Topic: The Beginnings of Baseball 2012 Mr. Daniel Hauben Topic: The Bronx Through the Eyes of an Artist 2011 Dr. Gary Hermalyn Topic: Bronx Homemakers Club of Daniel, Wyoming 2010 Mr. Angel Hernandez Topic: Bronx Latinos 2009 Mr. Russell Currie Topic: Opera based on The Cask of Amontillado 2008 Dr. Gary Hermalyn Topic: Edgar Allan Poe at Fordham 2007 Prof. Lloyd Rogler Topic: The Story of the Hispanic Research Center 2006 Prof. Jim Wunsch Topic: Live From The Bronx: Radio in the Golden Age 2005 Dr. Brian Purnell Topic: The Bronx is a Bomb, and It Is Ready to Explode Movement in New York City during the Summer of 1963 2004 Prof. Evelyn Gonzalez Topic: The South Bronx 61 2003 Prof. Mark Naison Topic: From Doo Wop to Hip Hop: The Bittersweet Odyssey of African Americans in The South Bronx 2002 Mr. Joseph Cunningham Topic: New York Power 2001 Prof. Elizabeth Beirne Topic: The Good Life in 19th Century Bronx: Business Ethics 2000 Prof. Allan S. Gilbert Topic: Archaeology in The Bronx 1999 Prof. Roger Wines Topic: The Bronx River Parkway 1998 Dr. Peter Derrick Topic: Centennial of The Bronx 1997 Mr. Edward Schneider Topic: Newspapers in The Bronx 1996 Dr. Gary Hermalyn Topic: Morris High School & the Creation of the New York City Public High School System 1995 Prof. Lloyd Ultan Topic: Gouverneur Morris and the Creation of the American Constitution 1994 Rear Admiral Thomas A. King, USMS Retired Topic: The Last Convoy, the 50th Anniversary of the Normandy Invasion 1993 Prof. George Lankevich Topic: The Creation of the United States Supreme Court 1992 Prof. Lloyd Ultan Topic: Gouverneur Morris, Through Word and Speech 1991 Judge Dominic Massaro Topic: Gouverneur Morris �Carl M. and Nettie M. Halpern Memorial Award Presented to the author of the best reminiscence article published in The Bronx County Historical Society Journal each year. 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 Lorraine V. Felts W. R. Rodriguez Arlene Baum Rattien Jacqueline Kutner Johnny Breslin Haydee Camacho Corporal William Michael Seward Edward H. Smith Mega Roby Jeremiah James Lewis Regina Amédée-Hatfield Mary Smith Murphy Andrea Butler Ramsey William E. Titterton and Robert J. Titterton Gregory J. Christiano 62 Ana E. Irizarry W. R. Rodriguez Mary Ellen Clogston Catherine Scott Mary Nahon Galgan W. R. Rodriguez Alfred F. Schaum Patricia O’Connor Seymour Siegel Kathleen Pacher August A. Stellwig Vito Merola Attilio Tucci Richard Magat Patrick Curran Lawrence Levine �Business Leaders of the Year Honoring those in business who support the humanities and arts. 2018 Mr. John Calvelli Bronx Zoo 2017 Mr. James H. Alston McCalls Bronxwood Funeral Home, Inc. 2016 Mr. Steve Baktidy S&T Auto Body Shop 2015 Mr. Matthew Engel Langsam Property Services, Inc. 2014 Mr. Greg Gonzalez Manhattan Parking Group 2013 Mr. Steve Risso Teddy Nissan 2012 Mr. Joseph Kelleher Hutchinson Metro Center 2011 Mr. Adam Green Rocking the Boat, Inc. 2010 Mr. Anthony Mormile Hudson Valley Bank 2009 Mr. Lenny Caro Bronx Chamber of Commerce 2008 Ms. Katherine Gleeson Goldman Sachs 2007 Ms. Sandra Erickson Real Estate 2006 Mr. Cecil P. Joseph McDonald’s 2005 Mr. Frank Cassano New Bronx Chamber of Commerce 2004 Mr. Dart Westphal Norwood News 2003 Mr. James J. Houlihan Houlihan-Parnes 2002 Mr. David Greco Mike’s Deli & Caterers 2001 Mr. Peter Madonia Madonia Brothers Bakery 2000 Mr. John Reilly Fordham Bedford Housing 1999 Mr. Mario Procida Procida Construction Corp. 1998 Ms. Veronica M. White NYC Housing Partnership 1997 Dr. Spencer Foreman Montefiore Medical Center 1996 Mr. Monroe Lovinger, CPA 1995 Gil and Jerry Beautus Walton Press 1994 Mr. William O’Meara Greentree Restaurant 1993 Mr. Larry Barazzotto Soundview Discount Muffler 1992 Ms. Gail McMillan Con Edison Mr. Steve Schiff Judicial Abstract Corp. 1991 Ms. Susan E. Goldy ERA Susan Goldy & Co. Mr. Frank Capasso PASCAP, Inc. 1990 Mr. Mike Nunez Bronx Venture Corp. 1989 Mr. Mark Engel Langsam Property Services, Inc. Mr. Carlos Nasario Metro Beer & Soda Distributors 1988 Mr. Joel Fishman Nehring Brother Realty Co. Mr. Michael Durso Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank 1987 Mr. Elias Karmon EMK Enterprises 63 �BRONx COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTS 1993– 1986–1993 1976–1986 1976 1971–1976 1969–1971 1967–1969 Ms. Jacqueline Kutner Mr. Robert R. Hall Mr. Raymond F. Crapo Mr. Robert Farkas Prof. Lloyd Ultan Mr. Ronald Schliessman Mr. Roger Arcara 1964–1967 1963–1964 1963 1960–1963 1958–1960 1955–1958 Mr. Thomas J. Mullins Mr. George J. Fluhr Mr. Ray D. Kelly Mr. Fred E.J. Kracke Mr. Joseph Duffy Dr. Theodore Kazimiroff LIFE MEMBERS Dr. Elizabeth Beirne Mr. Louis H. Blumegarten Mr. Adolfo Carrión Mr. Sam Chermin Mr. James Conroy Mrs. Dorothy Curran Mr. Martin Diamond Mr. John Dillon Mr. Mark Engel Natalie and Robert Esnard Mr. Ken Fisher Fordham Hill Owner’s Corp. Ms. Katherine Gleeson Mr. David Greco Mr. Robert Hall Dr. Gary Hermalyn Mr. & Mrs. Sidney Horenstein Dr. Reintraut E. Jonsson Mr. Cecil P. Joseph Mr. Mark Lampell Mr. Douglas Lazarus Dr. Helen Lerner Mrs. Maralyn May Ms. Kathleen A. McAuley Mr. Steven A. Ostrow Mr. Alan Parisse Mrs. Jane Mead Peter Mr. Joel Podgor Mr. Steve Baktidy Mr. Dan Ritchard Marilyn & Morris Sopher Ms. Elizabeth Stone Mr. Henry G. Stroobants Ms. Susan Tane Prof. Lloyd Ultan Van Courtlandt Village Community Council Mr. Henry Wetstein HONORARY MEMBERS Mr. Robert Abrams Mr. Jorge L. Batista Hon. Michael Benedetto Ms. Lorraine Cortez-Vazquez Ms. Gloria Davis Mr. Hector Diaz Hon. Ruben Diaz, Jr. Hon. Jeffrey Dinowitz Hon. Eliot Engel Hon. Carmen Farina Dr. Joseph A. Fernandez Mr. Fernando Ferrer Mr. George Friedman Hon. Carl E. Heastie Mr. Lee Holtzman Hon. Robert T. Johnson Mr. Stephen Kaufman Mr. Joseph Kelleher Mr. Jeffrey Klein Mr. Joel I. Klein Mr. G. Oliver Koppell Mr. Jeffrey Korman Mr. Lawrence Levine Mr. Harold O. Levy Mr. Michael M. Lippman Mr. James J. Periconi Mr. Ricardo Oquendo Mr. Nathen Quinones Mr. Roberto Ramirez Hon. Gustavo Rivera Mr. Joel Rivera Ms. Ninfa Segarra Hon. José E. Serrano Mr. Stanley Simon Mr. Thomas Sobol 64 �THE BRONX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 3309 Bainbridge Avenue, The Bronx NY 10467 Telephone: (718) 881-8900 Fax: (718) 881-4827 General e-mail address: administration@bronxhistoricalsociety.org www.bronxhistoricalsociety.org The Bronx County Historical Society is partially supported through funds and services provided by: New York City’s Department of Cultural Affairs and Department of Parks and Recreation, the Historic House Trust of New York City, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, the Bronx City Council Delegation, the Office of the President of the Borough of The Bronx, the Bronx Delegations of the New York State Assembly, and the New York State Senate, the H.W. Wilson Foundation, the Astor Fund, the Isabelle Fund, the Ultan Fund, the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, the S. Hermalyn Institute, the New Yankee Stadium Community Benefits Funds, Inc,. the Susan Tane Foundation, the New York Public Library, and the New York Community Trust �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx County Historical Society Journal Description An account of the resource The repository for digital editions of the full run of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 1962–present, the premier publication on Bronx history and culture. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bronx County Historical Society Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx County Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966–present Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource © The Bronx County Historical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodical Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BCHSJOUR Periodical Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. 56/1–2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, Vol. 56, nos. 1–2, 2019 Subject The topic of the resource Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--Social conditions Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--Biography Pell's Point, Battle of, N.Y., 1776 United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783--Campaigns & battles Dawson, Henry B. (Henry Barton), 1821-1889 Mott Haven Historic District (New York, N.Y.) Germany--Emigration and immigration--History--19th century German Americans--New York (State)--New York--Social conditions Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--History High schools--New York (State)--New York Catholic schools High school teachers--New York (State)--New York Motion picture theaters--United States Berle, Milton Comedians Uncle Miltie Delicatessens--United States—History Jews--United States--Social life and customs Parkchester (New York, N.Y.) Housing, Cooperative New York (N.Y.)--Ethnic relations Racism Sustainable urban development--New York (State)--New York Urban ecology (Sociology)--New York (State)--New York City and town life--New York (State)--New York--History Bronx (New York, N.Y.)--Buildings, structures, etc.--Pictorial works Description An account of the resource Vol. 56, nos. 1–2 of The Bronx County Historical Society Journal, published 2019. Contents: — Lloyd Ultan, "The Important of The Battle of Pell’s Point: Myth and Reality," p. 6 — Sandra Eaton, "284 Alexander Avenue: Gemütlichkeit," p. 26 — Patrick J. T. Curran, "The Bronx: An Academic Powerhouse," p. 41 — Phil Berle (d. 1999), "Reminiscence: It Was a Great Place to Live, The Bronx," p. 45 — Steven Payne, Review of Merwin, Pastrami on Rye (2015), p. 53 — Steven Payne, Review of Gurock, Parkchester (2019), p. 57 — G. Hermalyn, Review of Eldredge and Horenstein, Concrete Jungle (2014), p. 60 — Richard Legnini, Review of Hermalyn and Ultan, A Historical Sketch of The Bronx (2018), p. 60 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Legnini, Richard Payne, Steven Ultan, Lloyd Eaton, Sandra Curran, Patrick J. T. Berle, Phil Hermalyn, G. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Bronx County Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource ©2019, The Bronx County Historical Society Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context BCHSJOUR.2019 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/c37634844aa4f28aaa2577aac14c58d4.jpg 72d799d5db1d266d87fc4a77677aa0ee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter Records Subject The topic of the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Bronx Graduate Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Description An account of the resource Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® was chartered on May 23, 1964, by twelve members. The chapter celebrates a rich history of service, philanthropy, and scholarship for the Bronx community. From its inception, programs of service were launched to enhance the quality of life for residents of The Bronx. Specific emphasis was placed on engaging youth, working with developmentally disabled children, and providing services to the elderly.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® provides volunteer services to vulnerable and underserved communities. One of the first programs started by the chapter was a garden project at the Southeast Neighborhood Center for developmentally disabled adults. Since then, the chapter has initiated several other service projects, including Impact Days, Earth Day and Akarosa Adopt A Highway beautification initiatives, financial literacy workshops, Alzheimer's awareness projects, mental health support projects, and healthy heart initiatives. The chapter also spearheads the MLK Day of Service project, various toy drives, collaborative Global Impact Day with South Africa and St, Croix members as well as a host of other programs that demonstrate a strong commitment to serving the Bronx community. In addition to serving the community, members also participate in weekly prayer calls, leadership enrichment opportunities, membership and sisterly relations activities that are intergenerational, like book, movie, exercise, and travel clubs. Eta Omega Omega chartered Xi Xi chapter, an undergraduate chapter at Lehman College on June 25, 1983, and members of that chapter have participated in many of the projects.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega chapter's signature program is the <em>Rites of Passage Mentoring Program</em>. This program provides high school girls with year-long intensive workshops on personal development, ancestral history, interpersonal relations, etiquette, and goal setting. Since 1991 this program has guided young girls towards their transition into womanhood by fostering a sense of responsibility, sisterhood, and self-pride. The chapter will continue the Rites of Passage Program in collaboration with ((#CAP℠), the current administration’s College Admissions Process program ((#CAP℠), designed to assist students in their efforts to enter college.<br /><br />As a result of the work that Eta Omega Omega has done, the chapter has earned many national and international accolades and awards. Some awards earned were Small and Medium Chapter of the Year, the Spirit Award, Membership, Connection, and Star Award for Outstanding Programs. On a regional level, several chapter members have been recognized for their outstanding service in leadership. Members were honored as Basileus of the year, Silver Star of the year, Graduate Advisor of the year, and the Idell Pugh Angel Award.<br /><br />In 1994, the Chapter established a not-for-profit corporation and later changed the name of this corporation to Wheeler, Wilson and Johnson Community Projects, Inc. The corporation was organized exclusively for educational and charitable purposes within Bronx County. Through the foundation the chapter hosts an annual holiday toy drive, leads peace walks, and donates dorm baskets to students leaving for college. In addition, the Chapter annually gives over $10,000 in scholarships to support youth attending two-year, four year, and HBCU colleges.<br /><br />As a large-sized chapter, with 129 members, Eta Omega Omega is one of seventeen exceptional graduate chapters in Cluster III of the Notable North Atlantic Region. Many members have moved up in leadership. Eta Omega Omega members have served as Cluster and Regional Committee Chairman and Cluster Co-Coordinators. Chapter member Soror Joy Elaine Daley has served previously as the North Atlantic Regional Director and currently serves as the International Regional Director.<br /> <p><br />Eta Omega Omega Members continue to exemplify the ideals that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated^® was founded on well over 110 years ago.&nbsp; Through the direction of our 30th International President, Dr. Glenda Glover, the Chapter has implemented the 2018–2022 International Program under the theme, "Exemplifying Excellence Through Sustainable Service." The International Program includes five program targets designed to advance the mission of Alpha Kappa Alpha with excellence and underscore a commitment to sustainable service.</p> <p>The five program targets for 2018–2022 are:</p> <ol> <li><a>HBCU for Life: A Call to Action</a></li> <li><a>Women's Healthcare and Wellness</a></li> <li><a>Building Your Economic Legacy</a></li> <li><a><em>The Arts!</em></a></li> <li><a>Global Impact</a></li> </ol> <p>In addition, Eta Omega Omega members implement International Community Service Days annually to highlight the organization's collective impact in program target areas:</p> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service (January)</li> <li>Pink Goes Red for Heart Health Day (February)</li> <li>AKA Global Impact Day (April)</li> <li>AKA International Day of Prayer (August)</li> <li>AKA HBCU Day (September)</li> <li>Breast Cancer Awareness Day (October)</li> <li>AKA Caregivers' Day (November)</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter, Donna Joseph, President, Saudah Muhammad, Chapter Historian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964–present Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Mixed media collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data JPG Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 2089x3043px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Silver Star Scrapbook for Carolyn Bowman Subject The topic of the resource First pledge line of Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Bowman, Carolyn Silver Star Description An account of the resource Page from scrapbook made for Carolyn Bowman (member of first pledge line of Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.) for her Silver Star, recognizing 25 years of service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO.BD.084 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/0cba0b6fa0a40ec9196d458bb4083598.jpg b4f925bd4c81347a14e861367997f56e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter Records Subject The topic of the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Bronx Graduate Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Description An account of the resource Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® was chartered on May 23, 1964, by twelve members. The chapter celebrates a rich history of service, philanthropy, and scholarship for the Bronx community. From its inception, programs of service were launched to enhance the quality of life for residents of The Bronx. Specific emphasis was placed on engaging youth, working with developmentally disabled children, and providing services to the elderly.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® provides volunteer services to vulnerable and underserved communities. One of the first programs started by the chapter was a garden project at the Southeast Neighborhood Center for developmentally disabled adults. Since then, the chapter has initiated several other service projects, including Impact Days, Earth Day and Akarosa Adopt A Highway beautification initiatives, financial literacy workshops, Alzheimer's awareness projects, mental health support projects, and healthy heart initiatives. The chapter also spearheads the MLK Day of Service project, various toy drives, collaborative Global Impact Day with South Africa and St, Croix members as well as a host of other programs that demonstrate a strong commitment to serving the Bronx community. In addition to serving the community, members also participate in weekly prayer calls, leadership enrichment opportunities, membership and sisterly relations activities that are intergenerational, like book, movie, exercise, and travel clubs. Eta Omega Omega chartered Xi Xi chapter, an undergraduate chapter at Lehman College on June 25, 1983, and members of that chapter have participated in many of the projects.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega chapter's signature program is the <em>Rites of Passage Mentoring Program</em>. This program provides high school girls with year-long intensive workshops on personal development, ancestral history, interpersonal relations, etiquette, and goal setting. Since 1991 this program has guided young girls towards their transition into womanhood by fostering a sense of responsibility, sisterhood, and self-pride. The chapter will continue the Rites of Passage Program in collaboration with ((#CAP℠), the current administration’s College Admissions Process program ((#CAP℠), designed to assist students in their efforts to enter college.<br /><br />As a result of the work that Eta Omega Omega has done, the chapter has earned many national and international accolades and awards. Some awards earned were Small and Medium Chapter of the Year, the Spirit Award, Membership, Connection, and Star Award for Outstanding Programs. On a regional level, several chapter members have been recognized for their outstanding service in leadership. Members were honored as Basileus of the year, Silver Star of the year, Graduate Advisor of the year, and the Idell Pugh Angel Award.<br /><br />In 1994, the Chapter established a not-for-profit corporation and later changed the name of this corporation to Wheeler, Wilson and Johnson Community Projects, Inc. The corporation was organized exclusively for educational and charitable purposes within Bronx County. Through the foundation the chapter hosts an annual holiday toy drive, leads peace walks, and donates dorm baskets to students leaving for college. In addition, the Chapter annually gives over $10,000 in scholarships to support youth attending two-year, four year, and HBCU colleges.<br /><br />As a large-sized chapter, with 129 members, Eta Omega Omega is one of seventeen exceptional graduate chapters in Cluster III of the Notable North Atlantic Region. Many members have moved up in leadership. Eta Omega Omega members have served as Cluster and Regional Committee Chairman and Cluster Co-Coordinators. Chapter member Soror Joy Elaine Daley has served previously as the North Atlantic Regional Director and currently serves as the International Regional Director.<br /> <p><br />Eta Omega Omega Members continue to exemplify the ideals that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated^® was founded on well over 110 years ago.&nbsp; Through the direction of our 30th International President, Dr. Glenda Glover, the Chapter has implemented the 2018–2022 International Program under the theme, "Exemplifying Excellence Through Sustainable Service." The International Program includes five program targets designed to advance the mission of Alpha Kappa Alpha with excellence and underscore a commitment to sustainable service.</p> <p>The five program targets for 2018–2022 are:</p> <ol> <li><a>HBCU for Life: A Call to Action</a></li> <li><a>Women's Healthcare and Wellness</a></li> <li><a>Building Your Economic Legacy</a></li> <li><a><em>The Arts!</em></a></li> <li><a>Global Impact</a></li> </ol> <p>In addition, Eta Omega Omega members implement International Community Service Days annually to highlight the organization's collective impact in program target areas:</p> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service (January)</li> <li>Pink Goes Red for Heart Health Day (February)</li> <li>AKA Global Impact Day (April)</li> <li>AKA International Day of Prayer (August)</li> <li>AKA HBCU Day (September)</li> <li>Breast Cancer Awareness Day (October)</li> <li>AKA Caregivers' Day (November)</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter, Donna Joseph, President, Saudah Muhammad, Chapter Historian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964–present Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Mixed media collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data JPG Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 2255x3276px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Silver Star Scrapbook for Carolyn Bowman Subject The topic of the resource First pledge line of Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Bowman, Carolyn Silver Star Description An account of the resource Page from scrapbook made for Carolyn Bowman (member of first pledge line of Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.) for her Silver Star, recognizing 25 years of service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO.BD.083 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/7558fdaf0fec1dce0b7765eb91793163.jpg 6ce750199539a1e236a172d8d065441f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter Records Subject The topic of the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Bronx Graduate Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Description An account of the resource Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® was chartered on May 23, 1964, by twelve members. The chapter celebrates a rich history of service, philanthropy, and scholarship for the Bronx community. From its inception, programs of service were launched to enhance the quality of life for residents of The Bronx. Specific emphasis was placed on engaging youth, working with developmentally disabled children, and providing services to the elderly.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® provides volunteer services to vulnerable and underserved communities. One of the first programs started by the chapter was a garden project at the Southeast Neighborhood Center for developmentally disabled adults. Since then, the chapter has initiated several other service projects, including Impact Days, Earth Day and Akarosa Adopt A Highway beautification initiatives, financial literacy workshops, Alzheimer's awareness projects, mental health support projects, and healthy heart initiatives. The chapter also spearheads the MLK Day of Service project, various toy drives, collaborative Global Impact Day with South Africa and St, Croix members as well as a host of other programs that demonstrate a strong commitment to serving the Bronx community. In addition to serving the community, members also participate in weekly prayer calls, leadership enrichment opportunities, membership and sisterly relations activities that are intergenerational, like book, movie, exercise, and travel clubs. Eta Omega Omega chartered Xi Xi chapter, an undergraduate chapter at Lehman College on June 25, 1983, and members of that chapter have participated in many of the projects.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega chapter's signature program is the <em>Rites of Passage Mentoring Program</em>. This program provides high school girls with year-long intensive workshops on personal development, ancestral history, interpersonal relations, etiquette, and goal setting. Since 1991 this program has guided young girls towards their transition into womanhood by fostering a sense of responsibility, sisterhood, and self-pride. The chapter will continue the Rites of Passage Program in collaboration with ((#CAP℠), the current administration’s College Admissions Process program ((#CAP℠), designed to assist students in their efforts to enter college.<br /><br />As a result of the work that Eta Omega Omega has done, the chapter has earned many national and international accolades and awards. Some awards earned were Small and Medium Chapter of the Year, the Spirit Award, Membership, Connection, and Star Award for Outstanding Programs. On a regional level, several chapter members have been recognized for their outstanding service in leadership. Members were honored as Basileus of the year, Silver Star of the year, Graduate Advisor of the year, and the Idell Pugh Angel Award.<br /><br />In 1994, the Chapter established a not-for-profit corporation and later changed the name of this corporation to Wheeler, Wilson and Johnson Community Projects, Inc. The corporation was organized exclusively for educational and charitable purposes within Bronx County. Through the foundation the chapter hosts an annual holiday toy drive, leads peace walks, and donates dorm baskets to students leaving for college. In addition, the Chapter annually gives over $10,000 in scholarships to support youth attending two-year, four year, and HBCU colleges.<br /><br />As a large-sized chapter, with 129 members, Eta Omega Omega is one of seventeen exceptional graduate chapters in Cluster III of the Notable North Atlantic Region. Many members have moved up in leadership. Eta Omega Omega members have served as Cluster and Regional Committee Chairman and Cluster Co-Coordinators. Chapter member Soror Joy Elaine Daley has served previously as the North Atlantic Regional Director and currently serves as the International Regional Director.<br /> <p><br />Eta Omega Omega Members continue to exemplify the ideals that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated^® was founded on well over 110 years ago.&nbsp; Through the direction of our 30th International President, Dr. Glenda Glover, the Chapter has implemented the 2018–2022 International Program under the theme, "Exemplifying Excellence Through Sustainable Service." The International Program includes five program targets designed to advance the mission of Alpha Kappa Alpha with excellence and underscore a commitment to sustainable service.</p> <p>The five program targets for 2018–2022 are:</p> <ol> <li><a>HBCU for Life: A Call to Action</a></li> <li><a>Women's Healthcare and Wellness</a></li> <li><a>Building Your Economic Legacy</a></li> <li><a><em>The Arts!</em></a></li> <li><a>Global Impact</a></li> </ol> <p>In addition, Eta Omega Omega members implement International Community Service Days annually to highlight the organization's collective impact in program target areas:</p> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service (January)</li> <li>Pink Goes Red for Heart Health Day (February)</li> <li>AKA Global Impact Day (April)</li> <li>AKA International Day of Prayer (August)</li> <li>AKA HBCU Day (September)</li> <li>Breast Cancer Awareness Day (October)</li> <li>AKA Caregivers' Day (November)</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter, Donna Joseph, President, Saudah Muhammad, Chapter Historian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964–present Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Mixed media collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data JPG Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 3310x1830px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Screenshot of the Bronx African American History Project oral history with Irma Clement Subject The topic of the resource Clement, Irma Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Joseph, Donna Naison, Mark Description An account of the resource Screenshot of the Bronx African American History Project oral history with Irma Clement, showing Irma Clement (top left), Donna Joseph (top right), 19th President of Eta Omega Omega Chapter, and Dr. Mark Naison (bottom) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO.BD.013 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/1ca5157be5aec21296e85cd1a0a5d45d.jpg 26075163864a5480de1abb48a7744c3a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter Records Subject The topic of the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Bronx Graduate Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Description An account of the resource Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® was chartered on May 23, 1964, by twelve members. The chapter celebrates a rich history of service, philanthropy, and scholarship for the Bronx community. From its inception, programs of service were launched to enhance the quality of life for residents of The Bronx. Specific emphasis was placed on engaging youth, working with developmentally disabled children, and providing services to the elderly.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® provides volunteer services to vulnerable and underserved communities. One of the first programs started by the chapter was a garden project at the Southeast Neighborhood Center for developmentally disabled adults. Since then, the chapter has initiated several other service projects, including Impact Days, Earth Day and Akarosa Adopt A Highway beautification initiatives, financial literacy workshops, Alzheimer's awareness projects, mental health support projects, and healthy heart initiatives. The chapter also spearheads the MLK Day of Service project, various toy drives, collaborative Global Impact Day with South Africa and St, Croix members as well as a host of other programs that demonstrate a strong commitment to serving the Bronx community. In addition to serving the community, members also participate in weekly prayer calls, leadership enrichment opportunities, membership and sisterly relations activities that are intergenerational, like book, movie, exercise, and travel clubs. Eta Omega Omega chartered Xi Xi chapter, an undergraduate chapter at Lehman College on June 25, 1983, and members of that chapter have participated in many of the projects.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega chapter's signature program is the <em>Rites of Passage Mentoring Program</em>. This program provides high school girls with year-long intensive workshops on personal development, ancestral history, interpersonal relations, etiquette, and goal setting. Since 1991 this program has guided young girls towards their transition into womanhood by fostering a sense of responsibility, sisterhood, and self-pride. The chapter will continue the Rites of Passage Program in collaboration with ((#CAP℠), the current administration’s College Admissions Process program ((#CAP℠), designed to assist students in their efforts to enter college.<br /><br />As a result of the work that Eta Omega Omega has done, the chapter has earned many national and international accolades and awards. Some awards earned were Small and Medium Chapter of the Year, the Spirit Award, Membership, Connection, and Star Award for Outstanding Programs. On a regional level, several chapter members have been recognized for their outstanding service in leadership. Members were honored as Basileus of the year, Silver Star of the year, Graduate Advisor of the year, and the Idell Pugh Angel Award.<br /><br />In 1994, the Chapter established a not-for-profit corporation and later changed the name of this corporation to Wheeler, Wilson and Johnson Community Projects, Inc. The corporation was organized exclusively for educational and charitable purposes within Bronx County. Through the foundation the chapter hosts an annual holiday toy drive, leads peace walks, and donates dorm baskets to students leaving for college. In addition, the Chapter annually gives over $10,000 in scholarships to support youth attending two-year, four year, and HBCU colleges.<br /><br />As a large-sized chapter, with 129 members, Eta Omega Omega is one of seventeen exceptional graduate chapters in Cluster III of the Notable North Atlantic Region. Many members have moved up in leadership. Eta Omega Omega members have served as Cluster and Regional Committee Chairman and Cluster Co-Coordinators. Chapter member Soror Joy Elaine Daley has served previously as the North Atlantic Regional Director and currently serves as the International Regional Director.<br /> <p><br />Eta Omega Omega Members continue to exemplify the ideals that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated^® was founded on well over 110 years ago.&nbsp; Through the direction of our 30th International President, Dr. Glenda Glover, the Chapter has implemented the 2018–2022 International Program under the theme, "Exemplifying Excellence Through Sustainable Service." The International Program includes five program targets designed to advance the mission of Alpha Kappa Alpha with excellence and underscore a commitment to sustainable service.</p> <p>The five program targets for 2018–2022 are:</p> <ol> <li><a>HBCU for Life: A Call to Action</a></li> <li><a>Women's Healthcare and Wellness</a></li> <li><a>Building Your Economic Legacy</a></li> <li><a><em>The Arts!</em></a></li> <li><a>Global Impact</a></li> </ol> <p>In addition, Eta Omega Omega members implement International Community Service Days annually to highlight the organization's collective impact in program target areas:</p> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service (January)</li> <li>Pink Goes Red for Heart Health Day (February)</li> <li>AKA Global Impact Day (April)</li> <li>AKA International Day of Prayer (August)</li> <li>AKA HBCU Day (September)</li> <li>Breast Cancer Awareness Day (October)</li> <li>AKA Caregivers' Day (November)</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter, Donna Joseph, President, Saudah Muhammad, Chapter Historian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964–present Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Mixed media collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data JPG Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 560x328px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Screenshot of the Bronx African American History Project oral history with Irma Clement Subject The topic of the resource Clement, Irma Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Joseph, Donna Naison, Mark Spencer, Corey Lionel Description An account of the resource Screenshot of the Bronx African American History Project oral history with Irma Clement, showing Irma Clement (bottom right), C. Lionel Spender (bottom left), Donna Joseph (top left), 19th President of Eta Omega Omega Chapter, and Dr. Mark Naison (top right). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO.BD.012 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/d154a1d523ecb45476869aac0ce8ab51.jpg 600245feac99ef5dce3690bed874e034 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter Records Subject The topic of the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Bronx Graduate Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Description An account of the resource Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® was chartered on May 23, 1964, by twelve members. The chapter celebrates a rich history of service, philanthropy, and scholarship for the Bronx community. From its inception, programs of service were launched to enhance the quality of life for residents of The Bronx. Specific emphasis was placed on engaging youth, working with developmentally disabled children, and providing services to the elderly.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® provides volunteer services to vulnerable and underserved communities. One of the first programs started by the chapter was a garden project at the Southeast Neighborhood Center for developmentally disabled adults. Since then, the chapter has initiated several other service projects, including Impact Days, Earth Day and Akarosa Adopt A Highway beautification initiatives, financial literacy workshops, Alzheimer's awareness projects, mental health support projects, and healthy heart initiatives. The chapter also spearheads the MLK Day of Service project, various toy drives, collaborative Global Impact Day with South Africa and St, Croix members as well as a host of other programs that demonstrate a strong commitment to serving the Bronx community. In addition to serving the community, members also participate in weekly prayer calls, leadership enrichment opportunities, membership and sisterly relations activities that are intergenerational, like book, movie, exercise, and travel clubs. Eta Omega Omega chartered Xi Xi chapter, an undergraduate chapter at Lehman College on June 25, 1983, and members of that chapter have participated in many of the projects.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega chapter's signature program is the <em>Rites of Passage Mentoring Program</em>. This program provides high school girls with year-long intensive workshops on personal development, ancestral history, interpersonal relations, etiquette, and goal setting. Since 1991 this program has guided young girls towards their transition into womanhood by fostering a sense of responsibility, sisterhood, and self-pride. The chapter will continue the Rites of Passage Program in collaboration with ((#CAP℠), the current administration’s College Admissions Process program ((#CAP℠), designed to assist students in their efforts to enter college.<br /><br />As a result of the work that Eta Omega Omega has done, the chapter has earned many national and international accolades and awards. Some awards earned were Small and Medium Chapter of the Year, the Spirit Award, Membership, Connection, and Star Award for Outstanding Programs. On a regional level, several chapter members have been recognized for their outstanding service in leadership. Members were honored as Basileus of the year, Silver Star of the year, Graduate Advisor of the year, and the Idell Pugh Angel Award.<br /><br />In 1994, the Chapter established a not-for-profit corporation and later changed the name of this corporation to Wheeler, Wilson and Johnson Community Projects, Inc. The corporation was organized exclusively for educational and charitable purposes within Bronx County. Through the foundation the chapter hosts an annual holiday toy drive, leads peace walks, and donates dorm baskets to students leaving for college. In addition, the Chapter annually gives over $10,000 in scholarships to support youth attending two-year, four year, and HBCU colleges.<br /><br />As a large-sized chapter, with 129 members, Eta Omega Omega is one of seventeen exceptional graduate chapters in Cluster III of the Notable North Atlantic Region. Many members have moved up in leadership. Eta Omega Omega members have served as Cluster and Regional Committee Chairman and Cluster Co-Coordinators. Chapter member Soror Joy Elaine Daley has served previously as the North Atlantic Regional Director and currently serves as the International Regional Director.<br /> <p><br />Eta Omega Omega Members continue to exemplify the ideals that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated^® was founded on well over 110 years ago.&nbsp; Through the direction of our 30th International President, Dr. Glenda Glover, the Chapter has implemented the 2018–2022 International Program under the theme, "Exemplifying Excellence Through Sustainable Service." The International Program includes five program targets designed to advance the mission of Alpha Kappa Alpha with excellence and underscore a commitment to sustainable service.</p> <p>The five program targets for 2018–2022 are:</p> <ol> <li><a>HBCU for Life: A Call to Action</a></li> <li><a>Women's Healthcare and Wellness</a></li> <li><a>Building Your Economic Legacy</a></li> <li><a><em>The Arts!</em></a></li> <li><a>Global Impact</a></li> </ol> <p>In addition, Eta Omega Omega members implement International Community Service Days annually to highlight the organization's collective impact in program target areas:</p> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service (January)</li> <li>Pink Goes Red for Heart Health Day (February)</li> <li>AKA Global Impact Day (April)</li> <li>AKA International Day of Prayer (August)</li> <li>AKA HBCU Day (September)</li> <li>Breast Cancer Awareness Day (October)</li> <li>AKA Caregivers' Day (November)</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter, Donna Joseph, President, Saudah Muhammad, Chapter Historian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964–present Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Mixed media collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data JPG Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 1586x595px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Screenshot of Bronx African American History Project Oral History with Sheila Jackson and Anne Myers Subject The topic of the resource Jackson, Sheila Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Myers, Anne Description An account of the resource Screetshot of oral history of Sheila Jackson and Anne Myers, members of Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., recorded for the Bronx African American History Project in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO.BD.015 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/9695bfc660e6473aee475c4cb10106df.jpg 336fc0091aa9ee74b5028173f60ea3f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter Records Subject The topic of the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Bronx Graduate Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Description An account of the resource Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® was chartered on May 23, 1964, by twelve members. The chapter celebrates a rich history of service, philanthropy, and scholarship for the Bronx community. From its inception, programs of service were launched to enhance the quality of life for residents of The Bronx. Specific emphasis was placed on engaging youth, working with developmentally disabled children, and providing services to the elderly.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® provides volunteer services to vulnerable and underserved communities. One of the first programs started by the chapter was a garden project at the Southeast Neighborhood Center for developmentally disabled adults. Since then, the chapter has initiated several other service projects, including Impact Days, Earth Day and Akarosa Adopt A Highway beautification initiatives, financial literacy workshops, Alzheimer's awareness projects, mental health support projects, and healthy heart initiatives. The chapter also spearheads the MLK Day of Service project, various toy drives, collaborative Global Impact Day with South Africa and St, Croix members as well as a host of other programs that demonstrate a strong commitment to serving the Bronx community. In addition to serving the community, members also participate in weekly prayer calls, leadership enrichment opportunities, membership and sisterly relations activities that are intergenerational, like book, movie, exercise, and travel clubs. Eta Omega Omega chartered Xi Xi chapter, an undergraduate chapter at Lehman College on June 25, 1983, and members of that chapter have participated in many of the projects.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega chapter's signature program is the <em>Rites of Passage Mentoring Program</em>. This program provides high school girls with year-long intensive workshops on personal development, ancestral history, interpersonal relations, etiquette, and goal setting. Since 1991 this program has guided young girls towards their transition into womanhood by fostering a sense of responsibility, sisterhood, and self-pride. The chapter will continue the Rites of Passage Program in collaboration with ((#CAP℠), the current administration’s College Admissions Process program ((#CAP℠), designed to assist students in their efforts to enter college.<br /><br />As a result of the work that Eta Omega Omega has done, the chapter has earned many national and international accolades and awards. Some awards earned were Small and Medium Chapter of the Year, the Spirit Award, Membership, Connection, and Star Award for Outstanding Programs. On a regional level, several chapter members have been recognized for their outstanding service in leadership. Members were honored as Basileus of the year, Silver Star of the year, Graduate Advisor of the year, and the Idell Pugh Angel Award.<br /><br />In 1994, the Chapter established a not-for-profit corporation and later changed the name of this corporation to Wheeler, Wilson and Johnson Community Projects, Inc. The corporation was organized exclusively for educational and charitable purposes within Bronx County. Through the foundation the chapter hosts an annual holiday toy drive, leads peace walks, and donates dorm baskets to students leaving for college. In addition, the Chapter annually gives over $10,000 in scholarships to support youth attending two-year, four year, and HBCU colleges.<br /><br />As a large-sized chapter, with 129 members, Eta Omega Omega is one of seventeen exceptional graduate chapters in Cluster III of the Notable North Atlantic Region. Many members have moved up in leadership. Eta Omega Omega members have served as Cluster and Regional Committee Chairman and Cluster Co-Coordinators. Chapter member Soror Joy Elaine Daley has served previously as the North Atlantic Regional Director and currently serves as the International Regional Director.<br /> <p><br />Eta Omega Omega Members continue to exemplify the ideals that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated^® was founded on well over 110 years ago.&nbsp; Through the direction of our 30th International President, Dr. Glenda Glover, the Chapter has implemented the 2018–2022 International Program under the theme, "Exemplifying Excellence Through Sustainable Service." The International Program includes five program targets designed to advance the mission of Alpha Kappa Alpha with excellence and underscore a commitment to sustainable service.</p> <p>The five program targets for 2018–2022 are:</p> <ol> <li><a>HBCU for Life: A Call to Action</a></li> <li><a>Women's Healthcare and Wellness</a></li> <li><a>Building Your Economic Legacy</a></li> <li><a><em>The Arts!</em></a></li> <li><a>Global Impact</a></li> </ol> <p>In addition, Eta Omega Omega members implement International Community Service Days annually to highlight the organization's collective impact in program target areas:</p> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service (January)</li> <li>Pink Goes Red for Heart Health Day (February)</li> <li>AKA Global Impact Day (April)</li> <li>AKA International Day of Prayer (August)</li> <li>AKA HBCU Day (September)</li> <li>Breast Cancer Awareness Day (October)</li> <li>AKA Caregivers' Day (November)</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter, Donna Joseph, President, Saudah Muhammad, Chapter Historian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964–present Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Mixed media collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data JPG Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 1192x803px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Screenshot of Bronx African American History Project Oral History with LaVerne D. Best King Subject The topic of the resource Best King, LaVerne D. Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Description An account of the resource Screenshot of oral history of LaVerne D. Best King, member of Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., recorded for the Bronx African American History Project in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO.BD.007 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/16c45d0b0cfbbac2a32725416d859a52.jpg 17952ecfce069b0d62c5080d8569dd2a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter Records Subject The topic of the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Bronx Graduate Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Description An account of the resource Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® was chartered on May 23, 1964, by twelve members. The chapter celebrates a rich history of service, philanthropy, and scholarship for the Bronx community. From its inception, programs of service were launched to enhance the quality of life for residents of The Bronx. Specific emphasis was placed on engaging youth, working with developmentally disabled children, and providing services to the elderly.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® provides volunteer services to vulnerable and underserved communities. One of the first programs started by the chapter was a garden project at the Southeast Neighborhood Center for developmentally disabled adults. Since then, the chapter has initiated several other service projects, including Impact Days, Earth Day and Akarosa Adopt A Highway beautification initiatives, financial literacy workshops, Alzheimer's awareness projects, mental health support projects, and healthy heart initiatives. The chapter also spearheads the MLK Day of Service project, various toy drives, collaborative Global Impact Day with South Africa and St, Croix members as well as a host of other programs that demonstrate a strong commitment to serving the Bronx community. In addition to serving the community, members also participate in weekly prayer calls, leadership enrichment opportunities, membership and sisterly relations activities that are intergenerational, like book, movie, exercise, and travel clubs. Eta Omega Omega chartered Xi Xi chapter, an undergraduate chapter at Lehman College on June 25, 1983, and members of that chapter have participated in many of the projects.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega chapter's signature program is the <em>Rites of Passage Mentoring Program</em>. This program provides high school girls with year-long intensive workshops on personal development, ancestral history, interpersonal relations, etiquette, and goal setting. Since 1991 this program has guided young girls towards their transition into womanhood by fostering a sense of responsibility, sisterhood, and self-pride. The chapter will continue the Rites of Passage Program in collaboration with ((#CAP℠), the current administration’s College Admissions Process program ((#CAP℠), designed to assist students in their efforts to enter college.<br /><br />As a result of the work that Eta Omega Omega has done, the chapter has earned many national and international accolades and awards. Some awards earned were Small and Medium Chapter of the Year, the Spirit Award, Membership, Connection, and Star Award for Outstanding Programs. On a regional level, several chapter members have been recognized for their outstanding service in leadership. Members were honored as Basileus of the year, Silver Star of the year, Graduate Advisor of the year, and the Idell Pugh Angel Award.<br /><br />In 1994, the Chapter established a not-for-profit corporation and later changed the name of this corporation to Wheeler, Wilson and Johnson Community Projects, Inc. The corporation was organized exclusively for educational and charitable purposes within Bronx County. Through the foundation the chapter hosts an annual holiday toy drive, leads peace walks, and donates dorm baskets to students leaving for college. In addition, the Chapter annually gives over $10,000 in scholarships to support youth attending two-year, four year, and HBCU colleges.<br /><br />As a large-sized chapter, with 129 members, Eta Omega Omega is one of seventeen exceptional graduate chapters in Cluster III of the Notable North Atlantic Region. Many members have moved up in leadership. Eta Omega Omega members have served as Cluster and Regional Committee Chairman and Cluster Co-Coordinators. Chapter member Soror Joy Elaine Daley has served previously as the North Atlantic Regional Director and currently serves as the International Regional Director.<br /> <p><br />Eta Omega Omega Members continue to exemplify the ideals that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated^® was founded on well over 110 years ago.&nbsp; Through the direction of our 30th International President, Dr. Glenda Glover, the Chapter has implemented the 2018–2022 International Program under the theme, "Exemplifying Excellence Through Sustainable Service." The International Program includes five program targets designed to advance the mission of Alpha Kappa Alpha with excellence and underscore a commitment to sustainable service.</p> <p>The five program targets for 2018–2022 are:</p> <ol> <li><a>HBCU for Life: A Call to Action</a></li> <li><a>Women's Healthcare and Wellness</a></li> <li><a>Building Your Economic Legacy</a></li> <li><a><em>The Arts!</em></a></li> <li><a>Global Impact</a></li> </ol> <p>In addition, Eta Omega Omega members implement International Community Service Days annually to highlight the organization's collective impact in program target areas:</p> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service (January)</li> <li>Pink Goes Red for Heart Health Day (February)</li> <li>AKA Global Impact Day (April)</li> <li>AKA International Day of Prayer (August)</li> <li>AKA HBCU Day (September)</li> <li>Breast Cancer Awareness Day (October)</li> <li>AKA Caregivers' Day (November)</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter, Donna Joseph, President, Saudah Muhammad, Chapter Historian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964–present Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Mixed media collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data JPG Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 1192x687px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Screenshot of Bronx African American History Project Oral History with First Initiate Carolyn Bowman Subject The topic of the resource Bowman, Carolyn Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Description An account of the resource Screenshot of oral history of Carolyn Bowman, first initiate into the Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., recorded for the Bronx African American History Project in August 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 2020 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO.BD.009 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/0f6386210863fb36edc124a0a9e41c2e.jpg 3fb0904878ee9de0f624994f4ff9b652 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter Records Subject The topic of the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Bronx Graduate Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated® Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Wheeler, Wilson & Johnson Community Projects, Inc. Description An account of the resource Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® was chartered on May 23, 1964, by twelve members. The chapter celebrates a rich history of service, philanthropy, and scholarship for the Bronx community. From its inception, programs of service were launched to enhance the quality of life for residents of The Bronx. Specific emphasis was placed on engaging youth, working with developmentally disabled children, and providing services to the elderly.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated® provides volunteer services to vulnerable and underserved communities. One of the first programs started by the chapter was a garden project at the Southeast Neighborhood Center for developmentally disabled adults. Since then, the chapter has initiated several other service projects, including Impact Days, Earth Day and Akarosa Adopt A Highway beautification initiatives, financial literacy workshops, Alzheimer's awareness projects, mental health support projects, and healthy heart initiatives. The chapter also spearheads the MLK Day of Service project, various toy drives, collaborative Global Impact Day with South Africa and St, Croix members as well as a host of other programs that demonstrate a strong commitment to serving the Bronx community. In addition to serving the community, members also participate in weekly prayer calls, leadership enrichment opportunities, membership and sisterly relations activities that are intergenerational, like book, movie, exercise, and travel clubs. Eta Omega Omega chartered Xi Xi chapter, an undergraduate chapter at Lehman College on June 25, 1983, and members of that chapter have participated in many of the projects.<br /><br />Eta Omega Omega chapter's signature program is the <em>Rites of Passage Mentoring Program</em>. This program provides high school girls with year-long intensive workshops on personal development, ancestral history, interpersonal relations, etiquette, and goal setting. Since 1991 this program has guided young girls towards their transition into womanhood by fostering a sense of responsibility, sisterhood, and self-pride. The chapter will continue the Rites of Passage Program in collaboration with ((#CAP℠), the current administration’s College Admissions Process program ((#CAP℠), designed to assist students in their efforts to enter college.<br /><br />As a result of the work that Eta Omega Omega has done, the chapter has earned many national and international accolades and awards. Some awards earned were Small and Medium Chapter of the Year, the Spirit Award, Membership, Connection, and Star Award for Outstanding Programs. On a regional level, several chapter members have been recognized for their outstanding service in leadership. Members were honored as Basileus of the year, Silver Star of the year, Graduate Advisor of the year, and the Idell Pugh Angel Award.<br /><br />In 1994, the Chapter established a not-for-profit corporation and later changed the name of this corporation to Wheeler, Wilson and Johnson Community Projects, Inc. The corporation was organized exclusively for educational and charitable purposes within Bronx County. Through the foundation the chapter hosts an annual holiday toy drive, leads peace walks, and donates dorm baskets to students leaving for college. In addition, the Chapter annually gives over $10,000 in scholarships to support youth attending two-year, four year, and HBCU colleges.<br /><br />As a large-sized chapter, with 129 members, Eta Omega Omega is one of seventeen exceptional graduate chapters in Cluster III of the Notable North Atlantic Region. Many members have moved up in leadership. Eta Omega Omega members have served as Cluster and Regional Committee Chairman and Cluster Co-Coordinators. Chapter member Soror Joy Elaine Daley has served previously as the North Atlantic Regional Director and currently serves as the International Regional Director.<br /> <p><br />Eta Omega Omega Members continue to exemplify the ideals that Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated^® was founded on well over 110 years ago.&nbsp; Through the direction of our 30th International President, Dr. Glenda Glover, the Chapter has implemented the 2018–2022 International Program under the theme, "Exemplifying Excellence Through Sustainable Service." The International Program includes five program targets designed to advance the mission of Alpha Kappa Alpha with excellence and underscore a commitment to sustainable service.</p> <p>The five program targets for 2018–2022 are:</p> <ol> <li><a>HBCU for Life: A Call to Action</a></li> <li><a>Women's Healthcare and Wellness</a></li> <li><a>Building Your Economic Legacy</a></li> <li><a><em>The Arts!</em></a></li> <li><a>Global Impact</a></li> </ol> <p>In addition, Eta Omega Omega members implement International Community Service Days annually to highlight the organization's collective impact in program target areas:</p> <ul> <li>Martin Luther King, Jr. Day of Service (January)</li> <li>Pink Goes Red for Heart Health Day (February)</li> <li>AKA Global Impact Day (April)</li> <li>AKA International Day of Prayer (August)</li> <li>AKA HBCU Day (September)</li> <li>Breast Cancer Awareness Day (October)</li> <li>AKA Caregivers' Day (November)</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated®, Eta Omega Omega Chapter, Donna Joseph, President, Saudah Muhammad, Chapter Historian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964–present Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Mixed media collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data JPG Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 671x432px Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Screenshot of Bronx African American History Project Oral History with Dr. Candice Scott Subject The topic of the resource Scott, Dr. Candice Bronx African American History Project Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc. Description An account of the resource Screenshot of oral history of Dr. Candice Scott, member of Eta Omega Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., recorded for the Bronx African American History Project in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPG Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context MS-AKAHOO.BD.017 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/e946e7a07b659f94bc0ff991b396970b.pdf e175194af63e4472d9454a8d9cf6a9c2 PDF Text Text S CI E N C E SURVEY THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL O F SCIENCE Vol. LXIII - No. 1 November 22, 1968 School Crisis Teachers' Strike Decentralization In 1967 David Spencer, Cripples Science orf a spokesman I.S. 201, the first public school ot eb run b y an autonomous local board, said, "The Bodar of Education like to will call it decentralization. We carry it further. eW Bron x communyti cal it control." M.r Spencers' statement wasa prophecy of that h a s surrounded eduthe chaotic conflict cational reform in New York City. Officaisl of the school system, who have advocated desince the 1950s', have finally centralization sought t o enact it. Civil rights and m ocm -nu have seen the failure of their ity groups, who "carried earlier efforts for integration, have it further" and called for local control o f lo- during strike. H ,w orev i when, a t hte direction of the cshol system. His plan, set u p 30 comm yutni boards still in effect, around the cyti, each Since the Supreme Court's decision, civil rights facto segregation" had were York were over- New most enrollmen's predominantly of one hte . In 1966, a windowless and segregated I. S leaders D .r maintained v e r Sixty students and 10 and the Striking teachers started temporary schools at Our Lady of Mercy Church and Mount Eden Jewish Center ni the Others held These classes in actions w e r e a p proved by the UFT, teachers agreed with Most, Mark Chapter Chairman M.r reflect teachers' fears, fears for their jobs and fears for their physical safety. They do n o t T e l e e t h e eral students broke into the a n n a l " r a t i o n i n n i School opened October 16 at Charles am with Fourteen teachers and 180 stucrossed line of about and a noisy pieker 250 teachers, students. any t e a c h e r s way e e l e a racial conflict." including Mr. Irwin Dubno and Mr. Stuart Elenko, both of the s o m e t e a c h e r s Studies department, thought that the strikes were to necessary prevent teachers Many re- the turn of a "McCarthy which could without hearing. Caffarella as Acting Principal. parents, in be tired progressed, n 8:30 dents they Social "implica- opened the doors to students. STRIKE: Students who want to enter Science assemble across the street from the closed and attending ings on decentralization, nor a morning incident, in which school. Striking teachers, and sympathetic students form picket line in the background. As the strike continued, students entered the school daily in a more orderly fashion. 28. 563 students were are S u d e r i n t e n d e n a nonstriking teacher and sev- Reinteld increased. D i s t r i c Dr. Shapp's order followed After the entrance of the Ford Foundation, bitterness and division developed among the faculty. Many pro-union people called those who crossed the picket line "scabs" and "trai- tors." On one occasion, two teachers blows. — as experiment al projects. Released in November 1967, the Bundy Report called for the creation of from 30 to 60 Community School Districts whose schools would be directed by 11-member boards with six members selected by the district residents and five chosen by the mayor. This plan was the basis for a proposal that Mayor Lindsay submitted in January 1968 to the legislature. After the Board of Regents submitted a strong bill, Albert Shanker and 500 UFT teachers went up to Albany to lobby against it. Gov. Rockefeller signed a compromise plan, June 12. had set up an experiment in community control a year before. The local May "transferred" 19 The City University has changed its admissions policy ot markedly increase the percentage of blacks and Puerto Ricans in its student body. As a consequence of the change. from these two ethnic groups will compose 26 per cent of the freshman class in the fall of 1969. This enrollment will corres- pond to the percentage of black and Puerto Rican students among governing board in teachers who allegedly had "obstructed decentralization". To insure "the right to teach," the UFT voted three times to strike the city schools in a response to what it feels was a violation of due process on the part of the Ocean Hill the city's high school graduates. The state legislature has yet to draw up a will final plan for decentralization, one which will have guaranteed admission to a board. resolve how much power local boards in hiring and firing teachers and in determining school curricula. The crisis over decentral- ization - or community control - promises to - D . Kusnet 'Survey' Announces Editorial Board New CUNY Admissions Policy Seeks Balanced Ethnic Make-up students Explosive Situation Brownsville, Conditions in Ocean Hill triggered the controversy that exists today. continue. o school By A s the strike continued, a-t tober 15. After n a order from fo Cuba" the issues of decentralization and community D O w e r converged. In March 1967, the state T h a t district o l o w i n k tions of biological warfare." for neighborhood-run schools. Hill-Brownsville onti chagred students entered the tendance rooms, teachers conducted classes in 201 became the first school in whose operation supplied $135,000 for three independent school districts - I.S. 201, Two Bridges, and Ocean had school htorugh department. man of the Maht appointed Acting Principal. Fifteen teachers and 175 their homes or in available a predo- g r o u p of a b o u t Charles Shapp, the school was had been established of black groups calling Bundy to head a panel of educators to draw The Ford Foundation also t h e opened. the community had a voice, and the precedent up such a plan. they Taffel did not report to s c h o o l that if black children were placed in all-black schools, then these schools should be responsive to the needs of the black community. .I S. legislature had rejected Mayor Lindsay's request for the city's schools unless decentralization was adopted, The mayor apPresident McGeorge Foundation Ford pointed teachers but tee policemen asked then to leave, they went outside. 201 opened ni central Harlem, As a "neighborhood school," ti would be segregated; it could be integrated only by programs that had been Community black 2 5 students discontinued, abandoned. classes, eO n hour before, Open Enrollfailed and were all school with minantly To insure integration, the Board of EducaThey the conduct ot a n d other teachers. tion a d o p t e d policies of p a i r i n g . and busing. previously had never done os. striking teachers reM tso mained no t h e b i c k e t Tine however, entered the Some, discussio n dna exchanged anwith students groups charged that "de that, since most neighborhoods of public schools race. to 1954 desegregation whelmingly black or white, ats down in a and, together threatened enter than administrators prevailed ni That night, the Board of Regents approved an interim decentralization bill, to they cussed the walkout. Students appointed by the school day before resumed their etforts. D a n . corridor decentralization was more fo principal, chsol ot" insure the students." learning. They policy. school Taef,l ents w oh had asked city ficials ot open the school hte into effect immediately. Under maoyjtir of students the special high thefirst strike, but supported Science, are some aeltr reversed their opi- undsecrhoosl,theincluding supervision of hte eh thethird strike nions. nW central board. began October ,41 a group of Deputy Superintendent Selig entered 5 0 students ilegaly Lester ordered Science ot be the school at01 am, expressopened, October 18. Mrs. Heni n g their opposition to the UFT rietta Mazen, Acting Chaira n d t h e i r desire to r e s u m e Board of Education and each given na advi- sory role in By 1966 just the . A great Board Superintendent D.r B -er reorganized the e the safety of Three Years Later Unheeded in 1962, hsti proposal sw a enacted of Education, School n closed the decentralization. nard Donovan The following day, about students reported but D.r Shapp dered the school closed. Par- Science, N o erm o naht six teachers Ina faculty fo 180 chose to school eachyad du-r enter the ing the tsfi r two srkties. D.r A "management sutdy" conducted i n 1962 released findings similar to those that h a d .lnepa years earlier b y anohter been made 10 Like its predeceso,r this ustdy recommended in 1965, of the picketing teachers came from other schools ni the dis- ust- teachers' most etach- ers, students, and supervisors did not cross hte UFT picket schoosl. cal Scienwas ce hte first predominantly white t o b e opened ot school Last fall, blacks and Puerto Ric- University's freshman class. T w o new plans imolement the schools who achieve a minimum average In of some 70 schools, students with general diplomas and with averages as low as 68 will b e able t h academic high e senior college in t h e City Univer sity. In addition, the university year hones to operate fi v e city high schools with a predom- inantly black and Puerto Rican enrollment, a n d t o u n r a n t e e a d mission to all graduates of these outs. Dunow writes headlines and to n e w s the City University. schools in graduates where many students have Jow averages, will be most s t o r i e s Discussing the changes he plans for the newspaper this year, Lu- bow said, "Survey will be bolder aftect- ed yb this change. At Science, the and experimental. more employ new i n v o u t s . We will new head- a v e r a g e s of t h e top 100 g r a d u a t e s line type styles, and new appro- The new policies, which the university's Chancellor Albert Bowsocial necessity," will make 800 additional students changes are sufficient for admission to the City University eligible for admission this fall t o high schools wilt h e included D r e These capture Infante, 4-8, managers: Ralph Kahn, 4-25, circulation manager, and Janet Rob- the program. In schools with over 500 graduates, the top 100 will be erts, 4-8, exchange editor. Mrs. Linda Feingold is serving a l l e university. schools with fewer than 500 sen- C a d m i t t i n c e to and Richard in lors, the top 20 per cent will be s t o r e s , designed Survey's editorial board also insports cludes Howard Shaw, 4-5, editor; David Kusnet, 4 . 2 5 a n d Deborah Hwang, 4-4, feature editors; Suzanne Wilkens, 4-29, news to guaranteed admission to a senior i n s u r e d are the interest of our readers." a senior college. Dr. dicted that 250 would attend. Next year, non-public academic R o w k e r o A r t h u r Lubow. 4.25, a n d Ken neth Lieberman, 4-29, are the new editors-in-chief of Survey. Henry Dunow, 4-1, is the associate editor. Lubow edits the articles, while Lieberman designs h te page lay. Lieberman, Dunow, and Lubow, the 'Survey' Editors. in her second year as faculty ad- �Public Schools Unable to Function As UFT and Local Board Quarrel the of Albert Shanker, President United Federation of Teach- ers, warned August 16 that teach- it decentraliza- would ers tion did not provide them adequate safeguards. One month later, his union r u l e d i s p r o n ise by striking ot protest the ac- h u - b r o w n O c e a n ville governing board. Ocean HIll-Brownsville is one of three experimental demonstrasponsored tion Ford Foundation ot test decentral- 43 Reach Merit Semifinals History Department Accepts Scholarship semifinalists are Plans to Initiate Black History of 350 who chose not ot accept Forty-three Science seniors are semifinalists ni this year's Natior la Merit Scholarship competition. transfer out of the district. The number ers had dwindled ot 110, with eht September brought 53,000 of eht teachers tried ot return to hte Ocean schools permitted ot Benjamin Benali Jeff Busch, Ina Cholst, Cohen, Marjory David, J a m e s Judith Freedman, Linda Gerstein, Mich no the Qual- taxeh in r e b r u a r y had HIl- wer 150,00 elle not beer sdentits s c h o o l i neht state, Godlsetni, Samuel They All s emifi nali ts r ompete for a p Lindsay andDr. When Mayor Quinn, ciE r Rosen, Victor 3,000 Donovan promised to Mchiael Sartisky, David teachers to their class valued a t more than eight mition S a u l ,Rubin, disputed Barton d,Shcleonf Howard their The T e r r e d l o c a l t h e b o u r d r e a c h e r s , stayed out of the eight district schools. No charges were filed against the they when teachers were trans- The union therefore pro- ferred. as viola- tions of due process. governing board later brought charges or unsatis factory performance against 01 fo r e t u r n e g o l l a r s returned schools. September to their 30 h fought the return educators at that .hocls central The a The a two weeks,viDuring the next 271, erupted which became the focuso f the W scholar Droximatel w a r e s o n o .rt S h a w, Brian Smith, Gerson neS National MeritCorporation m oiN a Vilko,Jerry W stein, -nie n e t h o u s a n d non-reneu able scholarships Paul worth one thous wilta, B r i a n Zack. a n d d o l l a r s e a c h These award way to "The purpose of the committee include for instruction tory was one in black make recommendations to of five major stupresented to D.r the teaching of black history," Mr Studie Arthur Merovick, At that time last year, Dr. Tafschool had be gun planning instruction in black black history and urban problems m i s t o r y b "demands" Mr. fel noted that hte b e t o r e pre students sented their "demands." a n t Civil 19 c C o the local Dir h e r b e r t by receiving out September .9 The 4,000-mem- s c h w a r t . Gordon .M r Don- to 2,128 to 1o sympathy was reached returning the teach. The UFT o n e o e r allegedly harassed blocked early settlement of Thsi After appellate the strike. court ruled November 15 that the orisinal agreement called for the return of the original 10 teachers and the reinstatement of any in the group the or a p p o i n t m e n t puted principals dis illegal, W a i s compromise was quickly reached. More details in the next issue. sudnetts Last year submit autobiographies. Scienceites Achievement Scholarships. The forty-three National Merit By JANET ROBERTS Seven teachers have permanentyl left Science's faculty, while others temporary are leave. They are replaced by 19 new teachers and eight faculty members returni ng from leave. In the Biology department, D.r H e si S m i t h h a s reured, George eth Bobrow. replaced by Mr. r eKenn turned from an sky, who h a s expedition ot the jungles of PanMr. Philip Saltz, Mr. Richard Sodikow, and Mrs. Sarita Cordell have joined the English depart. ment. Mrs. Charlotte turned from leave. Mrs. Levy nas t has taken ment, M.r Herbert Falkenstein is Karlin, Merovick, chairman, has returned (Editor's Note: This article was r i t t en a t t h eb e g i n n i n g o next issue.) The students who crossed the teachers' picket line to go to school during the third UFT strike had varied motives and sympathies. In the auditorium, before class. es began, the names of teachers and courses went up on the black› board, and the cheering students made their selections. possessed different cause of strike their Mrs. Helen Hodes. Mrs. Hodes is of the English department, told but because, in the words of one boy, "We want to l e a r n . " They received written homework, which they had ready the next day. Mr. Ernest Strom, of the Social Studies department, discussed the Transcendentalists, especially Henr y David Thoreau, signed homework H e also a s the reading to the relation between c o n t e n t a n d f o r m in art, spending. m u c h of the period debating the merit of Jimi Hendrix, a rock m u Not all students came chiefly for instruction. onen the school " t o express sym" pathy a n d a g r e e m e n t Ocean HIll-Brownsville governing protest b o a r d , to a n illegal s e l fi s h s t r i k e . " O t h e r s , a s m a l l m i nority, hoped to provoke a failed. t h e U F T position — here class w h a t you w a n t to learn." H i s tween indeed, many supported "T'm outside themselves, and the school the union n o l i c e b e s u p They Classes ended at the bells and, as the sounds of jeers hurled b s some of the picketing teachers and outside from through the open windows, stuA t e m usual t o their next class. But there was a dif- ferent atmosphere - one of voluntary, rather than compulsory, edu"This is my third year at Science," o n e s e n i o r n o t e d "and for the first time I feel 1 am The subjects of discussion were getting a real education." of the essay, "Civil Disobedience." Page Three .A r t n u a one t e r m sabbatical leave. M.r William Stark and Mrs. BarAdvocate hara are new returned Moss leave. members Arnold from s t e In the Mathematics department, Mr. Alan Bell is on study leave, and Mrs. Florence Blau si on ma- r, other classes. Mr. Robert Rossne his students, a ir ternity leave. Replacing them are more unorth feelings the an d of the department. Mazen's calculus o n le av e. school. The new members of the department are Miss Marion Fa tell, Mrs. Judith Candullo, and Miss Sylvia Maizell, has left the frontation" class, students attended not on from Courses Students Attend Modified odox in some of the school's operation. Later, the program became more structured. See a way who teaches Russian, has returned and her replacement, from Classes Continue Despite Strike; u In the Social Studies depart- a French a t e mp o r a t Evelyn Tropp, t e n c h e r . Hodes, chairman of the Foreign Language department from 1938 M.r Peter Holtzman, M.r Emanuel Mr. Lance Geshwind, Miss Carol Greenwald, and M.r Jeremiah Goodwin have left the Physical Scionce department. They are re M.r Peter Melzer and M.r Frederick Weisholz. Mr. Bert placed by Kleinsinger and Mrs. Augusta So- b e have returned from leave. Five teachers have joined and two have left the minor subject departments. Added to the staff as an above quota teacher is Mrs. Jean Boyd. 5° e i t senior curriculum. Merovick report, "Every high school has been said, asked bysome interested group ot re-evaluate its course of study to s u r e m a k e t h a t t h e r e is Thir t r e a t ment fo the American Negro ni eT h cocomindation olse pes recommendations vsions ni al Social Studies classes. A tuni no Africa has already been introduced ni the freshman classes. For sophomore Social Studies the committee recom mended a study of the African slave trade and a discussion of racism n i the 19th century. The nature of slavery and the the movement anti-slavery United States are suggested topic. of study for American history the tors-in-chief of Observatory, senioryearbook, in the comnig "This year," Auberbach said, ton eb mainly want ot please our readers." The other members of Observatory's editorial board are Robert Bata, 41-, and Jane Leifer, 4-5, JOE'S FORDHAM N IC Army & Navy Store GIRLS BOYS CPO SHIRTS - LEES PEA COATS SCIENCE JACKETS literary editors; Sandra Weisband, 4-20, and Charles Lee, 416 .ar t editors; Vi c t o r Kubin, s p o r t The proposed senior Social Studies course contains the traditional unit on Reconstruction, but it sI now expanded ot include studies present of racial unrest in America. editor; David Reinfeld, 4-26, photography P i l a. 《 4-12, business manager; nifer Mussig, 4 7 . a n d G a i l Jen Z i m mermann, 4-8, senior section editors; and Rita Goldwasseg, managing editor. CANGER IS CONVERSE SO . . DISCOUNT FREE TRIAL SESSION! COLLEGE ENTRANCE BOARDS Courses Throughout the Year for Juniors and Seniors REGENTS COACHING COURSES Licensed Teachers Only QUEENS LOCATION HELANE STUDIO 40-42 Main 047 Mai Seatiching BRONX LOCATION HUNTER SECRETARIAL SCHOOL Feit, Mr. Sidney Honig, and M.r David Kaplan. s e v e n t h o r H e added that most of the changes e cerned with winning medals. W the wife of the late M.r Charles t h e now being discussed will be grad. ual. w lli 1 Teachers Leave, 27 Join Faculty n the teaching of American history." and Rolfe Auberbach, 4-13, and Dena Kleiman, 4-11, wil eb the edi- Students also Boards. i commitee scholarships ot black Dena Kleiman and Rolfe Auerbach are the new 'Observatory' editors. no the t in the while on het Qualifying Test scores the College u tuted a similar structural change 1 3 Scienceites w e r e c o m m i t t i s t N onialt Achievement Shis D r O Scholarship Program. gram awards a English department recently insti- ano Strom. Merit Corporaoitn, Natota e and comparative government. The w o n sponsored scholarships. for I five by another contest sponsoerd n ot voet The union demanded removal who fo the Ocean Hill principals, t with the teachers. After two days an agreement ers to school, September 11, and sponded, voting 460,2 strike, O c t o b e r ber Council fo Supervisory Asodecided close schools "for the safety of the chil. ciations dren" asked union membser another n such subjects as civi Stuart Elenko, M .r M.r Emanuel Harrison, ew i n n e r e Three Schoalrshpis National M e r i t het and scheduled principals .. .S 271, fo JH opening i l e a c h e r s y tions from their president, executive board, and delegate assembly, teachers voted 12,021 to 1,716 ni favor of a strike, and they went t liberties, socioloky, black history. year board h t Irwin Dubno, last history, a r e a l l o c a t e d s t a t e b y state. T h e o t b e r 2,000 s c h o l a r l e d u c a t o r sW i l ls e i c e st o submited its report at a department meeting, October formed black who h a d dbora Ooctber c alternate plan, some suggested program which would divide the year into three or four distinct A committee on 6 for 30 as b y t h eNational Merit Corpora tho reassian tion itself.A winner o f a four r e f u s i n g ot for days Court Judge Francis Rivers, hte controversial teachers, whonow trial examiner, cleared the teach- numbered 5 3 1,500 sraldol a year fos To d a y s laonly.38 w ers. The other nine educators had e,tr hte wears. Four-year sches central board suspended agreed to accept transfers out fo seven of h a r e awarded o n a national te eight district princi the district. one erquesdt ratnsfer pal s During the summer District AdA b o u tJ ip e r tnec o f eht s e m i an d M r It a l s o closed McCoy. hired ministrator Rhody inalist s cventuall y become fius i J.H.S. 271 October 10 and Octo- fists. replacements for the 350 ber 1, in an aetmpt Alter considering the qualitio "cool t of cations o f t i e finalists, a lenap teachers who had walked out ni off" the situation. May. M.r McCoy informed 200 of M .r Shanker claimed However, the 350 teachers who had not reIt will announce the names of the htat teachers were stil being-ha w i n n e r s May 1 quested transfers that they h het rassed. On October 13, new were longer had jobs in Ocean Hill. Sceinectsi 52 central board reinstated the seven the Dubno. proposed that instruction ni ofthe 16dis are four year awards sponsoerd by 'Observatory' Announces taught corporations, founds tions, colleges, untons, trusts, and Editors for Coming Year associations,a s well suspended t inadequacies present COTTOCH his Alexander Taffel last June. ta Ocean Hill-Brownsville transnI support of ization. Last May, under quest dent Hoch- o,lai David Kusnet, Arthur Gail K A n d r e w Lubow, s e i s t e r. Jeft Mischinsky, Katherin Mulvihell, N ie D dvia Oberlander, m ,nse Lewsi M a r y O'Sheal R a n d y Pollack t h e Qualifying Test. are Social Studies curriculum. The er- Gutmann roth, Doron Hozler James The 1,200 New York Satet semirepresent esl than graduanitg high p e r c e n to ft h e who finalists their class made a minimum score fo 741 o n enter Plans the topic of black history n i the t o W a r d s o s n a n k e n t e n c h e r Brownsville desy escor nO t h e junior y e a r. There htsi semifinalists national year eS .at city's 570,00 1,200 from NewYork M.r claiming that the 1yib Roger Jay arechosen no the Semfiinstail basis oftheir 215 E. Fordham Road Building T GET ROBED NOT ROBBED A (Near Grand Concourse) MANHATTAN LOCATION Uptown Branch 505 5th Avenue Just minutes from where you are 60 WEST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD Opposite the Armory (At 42nd Street) TUTORING IN ALL SUBJECTS JANUARY SALE STARTS NOW Nehru, Castan and Contack Shirts by Designer Sportswear, Rajah, Michael The Follow Now $2.88 Regularly to $12.95 - HIGHE R!! "GOOD STUDY HABITS" ENTRANCE CALENDAR bon lets Sent freeBook Webb, Viceroy. t o $5.88 • THE COPY SHOP 8 E. Kingsbridge Rd. Bronx, N. Y. 10468 NONE 2° AS AS LOW FOR FULL DETAILS CONTACT American Cancer Society Tel. 212-584-8110 Come Back Charlie All Is Forgiven BORO TUTORN IC. IG N EUGENE WEXLER, Director Phone 549-4110 XEROX COPIES FREE CO LL AT IN G e Wil B S i n c e 1897 LUdlow 4-7245 J al u s OLD FASHIONED ICE CREAM PARLOR AND COFFEE SHOP Private Room Available for Parties 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD BRONX, N. Y. �A Costly Strike In a singular series of three walkouts, the Federation of Teachers defied the Taylor Law and closed down the city's 900 schools at the expense of 1.1 million students. The strikes were unusual on two counts. First, they united labor and management - teachers and supervisors. Second, they were, ni actuality, directed not against the Board of Education, but against the governing board and hte administrator of the small, black, Ocean HilBrownsville community. All parties involved share ni the blame for By arrogantly disregarding all United I t h e s e Donald Pleasence's Sensitive Performance Highlights Shaw's 'Man in the Glass Booth' By ARTHUR LUBOW A magnificent performance by Donald Pleasence The Man ni hte Gals procedures, Administrator Rhody McCoy and the governing board direct- If they had been more ly challenged the UFT. interested in experimental education hnat setting precedents, t w o months they and quietly docul have transferred in waited the 19 teachers at the end of eht astl school year. which never -ed The Board of Education, fined the powers of eht olcal board, is a l s o guilty. So si Mayor Lindsay, w h o c o n f u s e d dsies. the issues and antagonized boht Nonetheless, het UFT weakened sti own alarming i n itself, butwhne Booth, niot theatrical event, The plot of the play, which at the koyale incater, sI na impressive opened September 62 simple. Three Israeli agent. kidnap Arthur Goldman, a Jewish businessman who, they claim, They w a l e is really Adolt bring hm i inside a Dorft, an S S back t o Israel rof glass booth, he colonell I've trial where, that eh contesses The Mrs. Lehmann. that Col. Dorff i s dead man intheglass booht is Very Beilliant... and frightening Mares, whispers, paosin, he dance,s simple come be Mr. Rifkin leads pickets to acceptable, Cryptic references sense building and dying no Perhaps, "to p u t giggles. to Dy h i s o w n ture. W chi a n secret eir smirks, in the docks no German has the o f guilt, is d o i n g penance d u r i n t o n e b judge says, Goldman wants a German ever said". who would say Shaw reopens third strike what the old questions of guilt and expiation, but he fails ot pro- a neap o to Adolt Heltir, trenzica f Harold Pinter's direction is admirable. cuirinat S i e u Hets. Thal The sup- Presman as Goldman's assistant and Tresa Hughes or this f i s stunning. nI hsi powerful portrayal guments by calling three illegal strikes t o o p etdifficult hvie boceme w h o c o u l d easily as Msr. Lehmann. But they ear eclipsed yb M.r Pleascharacter activites o f the localboard. pose the ilegal just a caricature, In this play, the play's Plessence i s int u r n vulgar. not the thing; ti si Apparently, the union beivles thatthe only lent Pleasence's performance which spellbinds the au, tender,and terrifying,but h e never way to e n t o r c e This philosophy is it is supported by a union o f comes unthinkable. When these kierst be believable. The teachers, i t be- a r e placed in the p e r - playItzelf, however, is ton M.r Mark Rifkin, the new UFT chapter chairman, shrugs his shoulders, blinks his blue eyes, and says memorable event. totally convni the universe has gone mad. Quoting Yeats he comments, "Things fall apart; Metropolitan Atr Museum Displays Frescoes the center cannot hold." Mr. Rifkin si troubled, for believes hte ancenter us traditi opends gully eh"maintaining spective of ptas UFT poliey, they become even UF'T sah a record of more indefensible. The decentralization. By BARBARA ZAHLER opposition to menaguifl decentralizabecaues which si not surprising, W neh hte flooding Arno River system would force the detion of the school eratsuers art damaged Florence's striking,t h e A m e r i c a n s r e s p o n d e d o y contrib centralization fo hte union. yB dollars through UFT alienated the black community and frag- uting2.2 million decision of t h e The mented its own body. money was t e d to restore Council of Supervisory Associations to support The damaged .w ksor the strikes by closing the chsosl yonl reinforced the beliefs of those who seethe skrites ernment, het Pontifical Commisas a conflict between the white establishment on Sacred Art. and the Olision and the black community. vetti Company Metelnt hte ille Hill-Brownsv Ocean the of result a As abancontroversy, the State Legislature may frescoes. traordinary collection of Age of F r e s c o : Giotto «The G r e a t don plans to decentralize the city school y-s to Pontormo" included 64 ersfcoes tem. T h i s would be the greatest disaster of been before all. The overgrown, bureaucratic, inefficien' sen outside Italy. Although the Board of Education must be decentralized t o works portray religious sub all provide the flexibility needed to improve the meaningful jects, they illustrate various styles in city school system. By abandoning decentralization, the Legislature would deprive New York City of a necessary reform. Black History n o o r c i n Traditionally, American education has dis- part of many teachers and textbook writers, alistic a combination of ignorance and patern racism has deprived the black student of his his self-respect, heritage and denied him years, this unfortunate past few situation has begun to change. Responding to and "black the phenomena of "black power" pride," many high schools now offer courses in African history and language. In modern textbooks, the familiar stereotype of the con- has been tent, banjo- playin g plantat ion slave replaced by a more accurate image. Social the In accordance with this trend, the change." As Chairman of the Bronx Science Chapter of the United Federation of Teachers, Mr. Rifkin hopes "to unity a faculty divided ni politics, in age, in outlook. Native Son Born ni the Bronx, Mr. Rifkin was educated ni the New York City public schools. He attended the High School of Music and Art and graduated magna cum a l a m o v stylized laude from City College. Although he was active in his college dramatics Rifkin never considered a career in that field because, eh explains, "As early as I can remember, & have .T h e sinopia, on a plaster f ir s t wall. 1 h i t was covered with a thin coat of wet plaster. abolied o n which tempera paint. the artist During the early Renaissance, before the Van Eyck brothers popularized oil colors, the fresco was the most durable and widespread type of painting. Italian masters decorated churches with hundreds w e n t t o English The Metropolitan Museum of Art T h e sinonia (left) and fresco of "The canvas is pulled off with the fres co attached ot it. Water dissolves and frees the the which is then mounted on mason. or ite fi b e r g l a s s removed The sinopia similarly In addition to the 46 frescoes, the exhibit contained 24 sinopias, which have been revealed for the first time. The fresco painteri n adirdy m e x p e c t t h a t t h e s e preli a sketches would ever be seen. Howo r e ever, t h e y a r e in s o m e w a y s m of removing only in the last decade, Basically, canvas is glued to t h e work. The C r u c i fi x i o n interesting than the frescoes themselves. with 8 . Bernard, Fresco painting was painstaking work with n o margin the plaster quickly to allow b e c a u s e for d r i e d teacher. v o c a t i o n a b o d y e department at h o o . W h e r e Science and fl u i d than e n s a tres coes. The opportunity to compare probably the most exciting aspect of the show. The Metropolitan published a catalog describing each work ni remarkable through d t h a t t e n c h e r W e r e T o r walkout, c h o o d n "The forces of chaos tried to make the strike seem a strike against blacks." Mr. Ritkin continued. "11 was not. It was against chaos." According to Mr. Rifkin, "decentralization can be w o n d e r f u l the frescoes with were displayed November 19. K onstrate that due process must be maintained." 1 0 0 • The sinopias are, in general, more modern fresco from a wall was perfected technique a Commenting on the recent leachers M r . not T h e be Favors Due Process sketched his preliminary drawing. or to Ritkin realized his d r e a m taught English for five years before joining the Gothic or t is t Mr. He taught French at Yeshiva High School and then Sarto. The creation of a fresco was an p r oc ess wanted After receiving a Master's Degree in English at C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y. figures of Giotto ot hte muscular i n u o l v od the torted or ignored black contributionsOnto the history of America and the world. ton. o r the opening days a cross of his own manufac snricks. nda m or,f eh devilers Godlnian. a A Chsrit suggest that Goldman si a man who, over. hurA tr Gold- But Frightening ainblitr a s possibilities. Goldman a masochist, but this explanation si too w ed Pleasence is ar- cals relukee ohw reveais Germany, and that hte man. by Got Shaw never tells us, v a r t o u s en joyed committing countless heinous crimes. eT h trial interrupted Mr. Rifkin ing. The mistake of the Israeli agents si too stupid to be credible. The Man ni the Glass Booth is constructed around a sensational and flimsy The basic question, of course, is G o l d m a n ' s m o tive, Why did h e a l l o w h i m s e l f t o be t a k e n to In rael? Why did he confess ot the crimes? Why did he burn a hole in his armpit, to simulate an oblitcrated SS insignia? Robert Shaw's unexceptional melodrama, transforms s a k e s . usual Faculty Corner tool for the imorovement of tesching and learning." However, he opposes granting local boards the power to allot funds and to hire and fire teachers. The local boards, he believes, should help draw up curricula and should take an active role in planning and scheduling school activities in operation with the professional staff. Mr. Rifkin si a bachelor who enjoys traveling. However, he spent last summer in Brooklyn, vating his pre-Civil War house. At Science he is serving his fourth year as the faculty adviser of Observatory, the senior yearbook. Studies department recently announced plans Students Learn to Program detailed report, riculum. In committee o f the Social Studies department School's Computer System will help to balance the historical black history The request for instruction in in the five "dewas the most important point mands" which students presented to Dr. Tafaware fel l a s t June. The studen ts were not tment was althat the Social Studies depar a select mathAlthough school rules forbid gambling, students intheir lunch perematics course have evaded this restriction. During and "divide" marked buttons hit ely iods they consecutiv lock" on the Friden 132 desk calculator in Room 109. A number from Othrough 9 flashes on the calculator screen, and, in the words of one to its curto add the study of black history a n appointed history explained how the addition of black picture. By ALLEN FRIEDMAN w a t e r i o Junior uce these working on plans to introd Hopefully, the departc u r r i c u l u m r e t o r m s . to the 3 S C I E T R VE Y students of published &times a year by the OOL THE BRONX HIGH SCH OF SCIENCE e t e n c e S t h e Nationn! D November 22, 1968 Yol, LXIII - No. 1 Arthur Lubow Editor-in-Chief Kenneth Lieberman Edi tor- in-C hiet Henry Dunow pieting t h e course, H o w a r d S h a w News Editor P e a t u r e Editors Facul ty Adviser i n d a Fe .... Mrs. L they to devise uter facilities are not used ers occasionContrary to rumors, the comp classified information. Teach e r n a r dHorowitz B . students' schedules or tor tstore r M s a , t u b , k r o heir o w n w fo ." ally use the system things are done by the kids said, "Most of the fantastic vanced projects ens Suzanne Wilk id Kusnet Deborah Hwang, Dav i n g o l d a u c a t i Select Students Operate Computer imately 150 students, Pupils selectMath The computer is used by approx ement in sophomore math take ed on the basis of their achiev their junior or senior year.T h e y use either n i 11 f o r two semesters comafter and, ments, assign their class o na d the facilities of the systema rfor periods t ow o r k e allowed special or Associate Edit Sports Editor "We've got the largest floating computer crap over $350,000, They These students are using equipment that costs 11) class. are members of the Numerical Analysis (Math Clutter, Clutter, Clutter owned an IBM 1620 digital Since 1962, the Math department hasaugmented by such machines computer. The system has since been I B M keypunches, Olivetti Underwood programmers, four n is an IBM 1443 additio recent most The and one accounting machine. last term. rnational printer, which was acquired w a s r e n t e d f r o m Inte Originally, the c o m p u t e r c o n s o l e er, it was bought outrig ht Business Machines. Two years later, howev ew York City Board of Education and with funds provided by the o N n A c t efficiently ment will now move rapidly and room. class to bring these refo rms mathematician, game in New York!" ready Computer's Child P a g e Two �Cage Coach Feels Booters Play Ball Despite Walkouts Science soccer players, for the to prepare for their season while union teachers were out on strike. T h e booters worked out o n Harris Field every of day the airst " W e c a n h a v e the best team that we ever had fi hte players work hard so they can fulfill their ing the ball away from the second year in a row, have had a n d S C O T L I a n e goals but both shots were voided two D y t h e e t e r d e Despite a third strike, teacher walkouts. Sciences' October 15, and booters played members came ot practices on a voluntary basis, and again, as last Danny Neuman scored vear, most of the squad every d a y Althoush the came out strike k e p t coach Herbert Abend away workouts, D.r Joseph Golomb was t able supervise a former s o u n d r a m player the Science helped regular h a s coach Abend run the team since the beginning of last season. The w a l k o t second time for the squad ot begin its s e n s o n The s c h e d u l e t e a m opened with a 4-2 loss ot Morris, October 10 at Van Cortlandt Field. Inconsistent play by the ScienceD e s m a r k e d t h e goal for bro followed b r o k e d o w n e d and got by the Morris defenders for 408) quickly retaliated and tied the the Science defense held off the but attack. Turk booters also failed ot score. Morris Makes Its Move Morris dominated the second q u a r t e r. scoring one goal a n d com• ing close on another. Again the defense held the Turks in check. Science looked stronger as the second half began. Goalie Peter Orphanos made several good saves on Morris shots. The Science offense gave an excellent display of passing and dribbling, but could not mount a scoring attack, Science foul, A deep own territory, allowed Morris to so ahead 2-1 on a direct corner kick. Morris scored again later in period o n a sweep through Science's backfield. Dorian Turgis scored the final Turk goal, wasted the clock for Zio- with another t e d late The in gm ae the second half. Then, ni the last two mins c o r e d up the win. t w i c e first victory came October 17. Playing a strong around game, the Scienceites r e n t e d t h e early lead o l o r e r s as -lla -ed took Ronnie the Zuckerman put one past the opposing goalie. Columbus' only goal then knotted game at 1-1. The score on a penalty shot after m o n c a l l e d a g n i n s t game-winner ate in the s e c o n d Zuckerman capped the scoring with a strong shot from hte 18- yard line. umbus attack. The unable of. Explorers' to mount serious scoring threats. team of t h e B o a r d or this the regular season and fi n i s h e d division, behind encie TheS team lost ot Tilden i n het playoffs. Two of hat squad's starters wli t h e i this year. guard Bruce season no ot encha One Lipshutz began the bench public Just last year, the PSAL had re- riflery divisions, thereby doubl schedule. Entering Science in 1966, we found a team Janszky and co-captain John Okasaki will provide power in the 50-yard sprints. A com- ing. consisting of remnant s of the strong '65 squad. There were several good swimmers, including Ira Brawer, holder of three school records but the team lacked a winning combination., Coach Arthur Backman therefore decided to build a nucleus of freshmen and sophomores, give them experience and style, and aim for this year. The team boasts no spectacular swimmers; but it has depth, h te most important factor ni dual meets, since points are awarded the first three finishers in each race. Last year's Brawer and Richie Meyer, have captains, graduated, but 24 other members of the squad are back. Despite the loss of varsity swimmer Dan last got He He seeman. standout. immediate King ayp,l dog an abundance of freestylers on the '68 squad. start when Zweig was and later stood ni for for. injured, litle them of was The forward, a sity and junior varsity members, including b e o r z e Simian and David Sherman, will be used in the 100-yard event and t h e 400-yard freestyle relay. Sander Rikleen, powerful and versatile swimmer, will specialize in the 100-yard backstroke. He will swim ni other events at the discretion of coach Backman. Competing for the three breast stroke po co-captain sitions are six swimmers, headed by Joel Eli. zur, Randy Forsythe, and Jerry Weiner. The competition between these boys is expected to sharpen them for the crucial meets ahead In the butterfly stroke, Science has Ethan Horowitz, Howie Wynn, DiSanto. make them winners this year. DiSanto, a jun- ior, will mature this year and keep pressure on the other two. Swimming team tryouts were held early in October. A l t h o u g h t h e t u r n o u t was disappointing, several of the candidates showed promise. Among the top prospects are freeScott Gibbs, N e i l Norwood, Dave ar only other man with a set is veSt Levine -ca who, Lefkowitz COTAINS wards petent all-around swimmer, Okasaki will also fill in weak spots during the year. Both var- u n d e r . c s o c c a y was an invaluable David Thomas. Tony Hill, and man. outstanding Fabrikant; and breaststroker Steve Putter- In the final standings, coach Backman pre- dicts, Science will be second only to Monroe. The Eagles have dominated the league for pros several years. According to Backman, Clinton "definitely can" n o b o a t e n . The only other Sargent and ter than former stars Tillman and The 19b? 68 squad, under the direction of M.r M a r t i n G r e e n e . h a l Those players who do not make make the this year, junior varsity team. for the fi r s t time, junior varsity will have a fullregularly scheduled games. What kind of game can Science basketball fans expect o t see this v e n t Wolfin; backstrokers Lewis Fox, James. Blackman, Lew Lewis Jasson, Steve Jones, Larry Kusko, and Harry Wolin; flymen Dave Collins and Steve Sartisky, Mike Satnely Dennsi and Schneider, outstanding center." bena "should the 200- and 400-yard events, while Andrew received setto the t e a m ehT Captain Lloyd Mayer is a serious threat in publicity, but hsi consistent backboards, position Rahimi, sidelined by appendicitis, there is H ardW orkbyHorowi tzandWyanShoul an other y e a r. country, in city teams science's squad was 16-2 ni By JERRY WEINER The 1968 swimming season es success for a Science team two yearspromis in the mak- competition in the league will come from Seward, but again Backman feels Science will P a t S C H O O l N ing years' Rest on Dept h a n d Expe rienc e McLean. Lefkowitz feels that with cided, because of "the gun situarifle championship, Last Kenny cation, Science will have no rifleTy avision the cy ti any B o a r d Bans G u n s o r d e r the and Throughout the game, Ry ence basketball team. Despite the all-division center Greg Tillman and star guard Ma-t yt Zwgei, hte dauqs hopes to atke crown and possibly S e i c n e o i on a breakquarter. Coming n s h o t the ball past the b o u l e , just inside t h e was man Lefkowitz sums up the po timistic attitude of the 1968 Sel came a foul dah Turgis Kicks Winner Dorian Turgis kicked in the fense brought su the best young kids we ever had". That statement yb coach No-r be back - Science the Our second Turks' The The Turks got off ot a fast start. h o b r o l Wa l t and yl, but Taft kept pace. remained w a m e Early in the first period, captain Wa l t e r Scienco t a r t to Golomb, official ot m a n a g e d two attempts " u r k s Swimmers' Hopes for Season This Year's Squad May Be Best Ever W i n n i n o n e coach Lefkowitz. Swimmers work out at an October practice. c o m e out a h e a d . Scienceites Compete for Baseball Roster Spots Several hundred Scienceites demonstrated their hitting, pitching, and fielding prowess at Harris Field October 4, as the base- ball team held its The boys were annual tryouts, competing for about 40 spots on the varsity and J u n i o r V i t t i t y T o s t e r Perhaps because of the cold and w e n d y was little there w e a t h e r good hitting. Few balls were hit out of the infield in fact, were hit at all. Varsity coach Her- bert Abend was not discouraged, "We're not looking for Sportsviews the hits," he said. "We're looking for the way you stand up there at the plate. It's hard to get loose up at the plate. I just look for certain moves. I can usually guess right about 98 per cent of the time. Some of these guys have never While Abend looked at the hit ters. Junior Hodrinsky varsity c o s c h T a m e s scouted the pitching prospects. S o m e h a d good control, but few had the speed needed by a good pitcher. today." A False Start He added, "I can usually tell a good hitter by the way he stands Runners Must Overcome Hurdles To Achieve Success in '68 Season Howard Shaw For the second time in as many years, a teachers' strike has forced the closing of New York City public schools. The effects on s t u d e n t s ' academic life have been widely publicized - lost classroom time, w o r k h a v i n g to be m a d e up, postpone- ment of the Regents Scholarship Examination. Somewhat less attention has been paid to the disruption the walkout caused in the public schools' athletic program. The effects there were just as widespread as in the academic area, if not as obviously harmful. The most publicized incident in school sports during the strike did not involve Science, because this school does not have a football team, Although schools were closed, the Unit- ed Federation of Teachers allowed PSAL football coaches to hold practices with their teams As the season's scheduled opening d a y, S e p t e m b e r 2 8 approached, the labor dispute remained unsettled. The coaches announced their intention to play, but the UFT had dif- for the opening meet. "If there had been school before the strike," H e i t n e r said, "I could have organized a team and met the boys in Van Cortlandt Park. But we were in two days and out again. There was no time to prepare." not practice at their home base, the Walton swimming pool. Most of the boys were able to get in some work on their own at YMCA's or municipal pools, but, according to captain Lloyd Mayer, "We can't get into good shape that way." Mayer feels that there must be a coach pushing and putting pressure on the swimmers if they are really to get into top form. At least four swimming meets had to be rescheduled as a result of the walkout. Captain Mayer says that, in a way, it their postponement may work against Science. Although will give our swimmers more time to work out, the Science- ites' individual practice might have given them an advantage over their opponents had the meets been held on schedule. President George Altomare commented, In fact, claims captain Walter Ziobro, "It helped us. It gave Many schools cancelled their games, but the Clinton and Smith coaches refused to give in. Their teams played as scheduled, with Clinton winning, 46-0. At Science, the effects of the walkout were most strongly felt by the track, swimming, and soccer teams, since their seasons s t a r t earlier in the year than those of other squads. Among the coaches and captains I spoke to, track coach Louis Heitner was most vehement in his criticism of the strike. "It was definitely bad for athletics," Heitner said. The walkout hit the track team especially hard, partly because of PSAL regulations. Those rules state that runners should have at least 15 workouts before competing in the two-and-a-half mile cross-country meets. T h e season was scheduled to begin in mid-October. Because of the strike and the holidays, track tryouts were not completed until October 7. To date, the team as a whole has had just five workouts, far short of the required 15. The first work stoppage alone did not hurt the team's plans, but the second one, called two days after the first had ended, ruined any chance t h e squad had for being fully ready PageFour year's 0-3 record, Heitner has only one open runner on the team as the tryouts were held October 3, 4, and 7. Coach Heitner feels The swimming team also suffered because of the strike. year begins. (An open runner that the loss of practice time Obviously, with schools shut down the squad members could is one who has won a medal due to the strikes hurt his ferent ideas. "We permitted them to practice, but they must have been naive to think we would let them play," UFT Vice- Hoping for better things this year, the Science track team is preparing for the 1968 cross-country season, Coach Louis Heitner feels certain his squad w i l l t improve on last In the case of soccer, the strike was far from harmful. us more free time to practice." the The team made good use of the time. Every day ofpracof Dr. Joseph Golomb, they strike, under the guidance hours on Harris Field. Last year's squad, ticed for about three which followed much the same procedure during the 1967 strike, was the best Science soccer team ever. High Dr. Golomb, a former soccer player for Morris of the Science squad. He has School, is an unofficial coach Abend since team the manage helped regular coach Herbert t h e middle of last year. Soon after the above opinions were expressed, the third acUFT strike began. During that walkout, all varsity sports Now the tivity at Science, including soccer, came to a halt.have been strike is over. The swimming and soccer seasons extended, so those teams will not suffer. However, the state of the cross-country season is in'"doubt. You can't please everyone." T h e r e is a cliché which says, Another cliché says, "Back t o the drawing board." Which is just where the PSAL planners will have to go. in competition and therefore race against t h e best runners in the city.) Still, he hopes to build a strong team with the returning trackmen and his crop of rookies. During the first two teachmay ers' strikes, the upperclass- men worked out in Van Cort- landt P a r k . But there were no new team members to join them until the long-delayed PENROD'S CARDS - TOYS - PARTY FAVORS squad a great deal. Regardless of the strike, though, Science has chances for medals good the 880-yard and 2-mile relays. The relay teams, anchored by co-captain Danny Krakow, are at top strength. Other returning members of the squad Jeffrey Carter, Chin, Kevin Constant, Mark P a t t l Lerner, L u n a r s h c a n s . and David Tashman. PHOENIX LABS STATIONERY - REVIEW BOOKS . 706 Lydig Avenue, Bronx, N. Y 35th St. and 28th Ave. Astoria, L. I. C. 11103 BEDFORD • LIVE & PRESERVED BOOK STORE • LAB GLASSWARE All Review Books • School Supplies quirback Books :S Greeting Cards (Bedford Bivd.) 584.3663 726-5468 ANIMALS • CHEMICALS • PROTOZOANS Open t o Public Sat. 10-4:30 a n d b y Appointment � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx Schools Newspaper Collection, 1933–1969 Subject The topic of the resource Newspapers (The Bronx, New York) The New Deal (Walton High School) Science Survey (Bronx High School of Science) The Walton Log (Walton High School) Description An account of the resource The collection comprises various student newspapers from Bronx schools, including Bronx High School of Science and Walton High School. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The provenance of this collection is varied. Lewis Stone donated the publications from Walton High School in 2020. Dr. Steven Payne found the publications from Bronx High School of Science on a shelf in the library in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933–1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspaper collection Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS Type The nature or genre of the resource Archival collection Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document SCIENCE THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL OF SCIENCE School Crisis SURVEY Vol. LXIII - No. 1 November 2, 1968 Decentralization Teachers' Strike In 1967 David Spencer, a spokesman orf I.S. 201, the first public school ot eb run b y an autonomous local board, said, "The Bodar Cripples Science of Education will cal it decentralization. We B r o n x like to cary it further. eW cal it communyti predomwhiitenantly of the picketing teachers came S c i e nwcaes hte first control." schtooble openedot ust- from other schools ni the dis- M.r Spencers' statement wasa prophecy of during teachers' the chaotic conflict thhata s surrounded edu- strike. H,woreve moetachs-t The following d ay, about cational reform in New York City. Officaisl ers, students, and supervisors students reported of thschoeol system, who havaedvocated de- didnotcross hte UFT picket Science, but D.r Shapp centralization sinctehe 1950s', have finally ine. Par- dered the school closed. sought t o enact it. Civil rights and mocm-nu No ermo naht six teachers ents woh had asked city ity groups, who hasevene the failure of their I n a facfoulty18c0hoseto ficials ot open the school hte earlier eforts for integration, have "carried enter thsechool eachyad du-r forts. day before resumed their et- it further" and caflolerdlocalcontrol oflo- ing the tsfirtwosrkties. D.r That night, the Board of cal schosl. Taef,l principal, closed the chsol ot" insure Regents approved an interim A"management sutdy" conducted i n 1962 thesafetyof the students." decentralization bill, to released findings similar to those that h a d Agreat maoyjtirof students into efect immediately. Under Dan. been made 10 yeaerasrlier b y anohter .lnepa supthpeofirstted strike, but the special high Like its predeceso,r this ustdy recommended some aeltr reversed their opi- schosl, including Science, are decentralization. nions. nWeh thethird strike central board. under the supervision of hte Three Years Later began Octobe,41ra group of Deputy Superintendent 5 0 students ilegaly entered Selig Unheeded in 1962, hsti proposal swa enacted theschool at01 am, express- Lester ordered Science ot be in 1965, when, a t hte direction of the Board ingtheir opposition to the UFT opened, October 18. Mrs. Hen- of Education, School Superintendent D.r B-er a n dtheir desire to resume rietta Mazen, Acting Chair- learning.They atsdown ina man of the Maht department. n a r d D o n o v a n r e o r g a n i z e d t h e csho ol s y s t e m . His plan, stil in effect, set u p 30 comyutni coridor and, together appointed Acting Prin- boards around the cyti, each appointed by the they cipal. Fifteen teachers and 175 cutshsedwalkout. Students students entered the school Board of Education and each given na advi- had threatened previously ot As the strik e continued, a-t sory role in schol policy. enter the school with t e a c h e r s tendance increased. By By 1966 decentralization was more than to conduct classes, b u t t h e y 563 28. and just the fo school administrators had never done os. students were attending Since the Supreme Court's 1954 desegregation Mtso striking teachers re- decision, civil rights groups charged that "de mained no t h e b i c k e t Tine Striking teachers started temporary schools at Our Lady facto segregation" prevailed ni New York Some, however, entered the of Mercy Church and Mount t h a t , s i n c e m o s t n e i g h b o r h o o d s w e r e over- discussion dna exchanged an- Eden Jewish Center ni the whelmingly black or white, most enrollmen's with students Others held classes in of public schools were predominantly of one a n d other teachers. their homes or in available race. eOn hour before, a predo- minantly black group of about rooms, These actions were a p To insure integration, the Board of Educa- proved by the UFT, tion adopted policies of pairing. Open Enroll- 2 5 students had chagred onti Most, teachers agreed with hte schtorugohol and busing. They all failed and were Chapter Chairman M.r Mark discontinued, tee policemen asked then reflect teachers' fears, fears In 1966, a windowless and segregated I. S. to leave, they went outside. for their jobs and fears for 201 opened ni central Harlem, As a "neighbor- D.r Taffel did not report to their physical safety. They do hood school," ti would be segregated; it could schooltheolowinko v e r notTeleetheteacherseele be integrated only by programs that had been tober 15. After na order from ings on decentralization, nor Distric Suderintenden abandoned. Community leaders maintained are they in any way a racial Charles Shapp, the school was conflict." that if black children were placed in all-black opened. Sixty students and 10 s o m e teachers including schools, then these schools should be respon- teachers conducted classes in Mr. Irwin Dubno and Mr. sive to the needs of the black community. .I S. Stuart Elenko, both of the 201 became the first school in whose operation fo Cuba" and the "implica- Social S t u d i e s department, the community had a voice, and the precedent tions of biological warfare." thought that the strikes were had been established of black groups calling Dr. Shapp's order followed necessary to prevent the re- for neighborhood-run schools. a morning incident, in which turn of a "McCarthy which teachers could be tired After the entrance of the Ford Foundation, anonstriking teacher and sev- the issues of decentralization and community eral students broke into the without hearing. annal"ration i n n i n progressed, D O w e r converged. In March 1967, the state opened the doors to students. bitterness and division devel- legislature had rejected Mayor Lindsay's re- School opened October 16 at oped among the faculty. Many q u e s t f o r the city's schools unless 8 : 3 0 am w i t h Charles pro-union people called those decentralization was adopted, The mayor ap- Caffarella as Acting Principal. who crossed the pointed Ford Foundation President McGeorge Reinteld Fourteen teachers and 180 stu- picket line "scabs" and "trai- Bundy to head a panel of educators to draw STRIKE: Students who want to enter Science assemble across the street from the closed d e n t s crossed a noisy pieker tors." On one occasion, two up such a plan. The Ford Foundation also school. Striking teachers, and sympathetic students form picket line in the background. line of about 250 teachers, teachers supplied $135,000 for three independent school As the strike continued, students entered the school daily in a more orderly fashion. p a r e n t s , a n d s t u d e n t s . M a n y blows. districts - I.S. 201, Two Bridges, and Ocean Hill-Brownsville — as experimental projects. Released in November 1967, the Bundy Re- port called for the creation of from 30 to 60 Community School Districts whose schools New CUNY Admissions Policy 'Survey' Announces Editorial Board would be directed by 11-member boards with Arthur Lubow. 4.25, and Ken six members selected by the district residents Seeks Balanced Ethnic Make-up neth Lieberman, 4-29, are the new and five chosen by the mayor. This plan was editors-in-chief of Survey. Henry the basis for a proposal that Mayor Lindsay The City University has changed schools who achieve a minimum its admissions policy ot markedly In some schools, students with average of 70 Dunow, 4-1, is the associate editor. submitted in January 1968 to the legislature. Lubow edits the articles, while After the Board of Regents submitted a strong increase the percentage of blacks general diplomas and with aver- Lieberman designs hte page lay. bill, Albert Shanker and 500 UFT teachers and Puerto Ricans in its student ages as low as 68 will be able to outs. Dunow writes headlines and went up to Albany to lobby against it. Gov. body. t h e City University. news stories Rockefeller signed a compromise plan, June 12. As a consequence of the change. graduates s c h o o l s i n Discussing the changes he plans students from these two ethnic where many students have for the newspaper this year, Lu- Explosive Situation groups will compose 26 per cent of Jow averages, will be most aftect- bow said, "Survey will be bolder Conditions in Ocean Hill Brownsville, the freshman class in the fall of ed yb this change. At Science, the and more experimental. We will triggered the controversy that exists today. employ new invouts. new head- That district had set up an experiment in 1969. This enrollment will corres- averages of the top 100 graduates pond to the percentage of black are sufficient for admission to the line type styles, and new appro- community control a year before. The local to stores, and Puerto Rican students among City University These governing board in May "transferred" 19 ch anges are designed to capture the city's high school graduates. The new policies, which the uni- teachers who allegedly had "obstructed decen- the interest of our readers." Last fall, blacks and Puerto Ric- versity's Chancellor Albert Bow- tralization". social necessity," Survey's editorial board also in- To insure "the right to teach," the UFT University's freshman class. wil make 800 additional students cludes Howard Shaw, 4-5, sports editor; David Kusnet, 4.25 and voted three times to strike the city schools in T w o new plans imolement the eligible for admission this fall to a senior college. Dr. Rowker Dre Deborah Hwang,4-4, featureedi- a response to what it feels was a violation of tors; Suzanne Wilkens, 4-29, news due process on the part of the Ocean Hill othe academic high dicted that 250 would attend. and board. Next year, non-public academic Richard Infante, 4-8, The state legislature has yet to draw up a guaranteed admission to a high schools w i l t h e i n c l u d e d i n managers: Ralph Kahn, 4-25, cir- senior college in the City Univer final plan for decentralization, one which will the program. In schools with over sity. In addition, the university 500 graduates, the top 100 will be culation manager, and Janet Rob- resolve how much power local boards will have guaranteed admission to a senior erts, 4-8, exchange editor. in hiring and firing teachers and in determin- y e a r h o n e s t o o p e r a t e fi v e city high schools with a predom- C a l l e university. Mrs. Linda Feingold is serving ing s chool curricula. T he crisis over decentral- inantly black and Puerto Rican schools with fewer than 500 sen- in her sec ond year as faculty ad- ization- orcommunitycontrol- promisesto enrollment, a n d t o u n r a n t e e a d lors, the top 20 per cent wil be continue. -D. Kusnet mission to al graduates of these i n s u r e d a d m i t t i n c e Lieberman, Dunow, and Lubow, the 'Survey' Editors. Public Schools Unable to Function 43 Reach Merit Semifinals History Department Accepts As UFT and Local Board Quarrel Forty-three Science seniors are Scholarship semifinalists are semifinalists ni this year's Natior Roger Plans to Initiate Black History Albert Shanker, President of of 350 who chose not ot accept la Merit Scholarship competition. Benjamin Benali Plans are under way to include "The purpose of the committee the United Federation of Teach- transfer out of the district. Semfiinstail arcehosen no the Jay Jef Busch, Ina the topic of black history ni the make recommendations to ers, warned August 16 that teach- The number basis oftheir escosr no the Qual- Cholst, ers would it decentraliza- ers had dwindledot 10, with eht 1yib desy taxeh in rebruary o David, James Cohen, Marjory Social Studies curriculum. The er- C O T T O C H present inadequacies t o W a r d s Judith quest for instruction in black his tion did not provide them nO thejunioryear. There wer 150,0 Freedman, Linda Gerstein, Mich tory was one adequate safeguards. One month September M.r s n a n k e n national semifinahtsilists year elle Godlsetni, Samuel Gutmann of five major stu- the teaching of black history," Mr dent "demands" presented to D.r Arthur Merovick, S t u d i e later, his union r u l e d i s pron brought 53,000 ofeht city's570,0 1,200 from NewYork eS.at roth, Doron Hozler James Hoch- Alexander Taffel last June. ise by striking ot protest the ac- t e n c h e r The1,200New YorkSatet semi- Mr. Dubno. c o t t i n O c e a n h u - b r o w n claiming that the teachers whofinalists repre eslsenthtan GailKo,lai David Kusnet, Arthur school had be At that time last year, Dr. Taf- ville governing board. tried ot return to hte Ocean HIl- p e r c e n to ft h e graduanitg high Lubow, Andrew seister. fel noted that hte proposed that instruction ni Mischinsky, Katherin Mulvihel, Jeft gun planning instruction in black black history and urban problems Ocean HIll-Brownsville is one B r o w n s v i l l e schools h a d n o t beer s c h o o l sdentits i neht state, T h e y Ddvia Nie m,nse mistory betore studen pre ts b e a u t i n the seventh or e i t of three experimental demonstra- permitted ot enter their class madeaminimumscore fo741 on Lewsi Oberlander, theQualifyingTest. Mary O'Sheal sented their "demands." tion sponsored A committee on black history, alternate plan, some Ford Foundationot test decentral- When Mayor Lindsay andDr. Allsemifinalitsrompeteforap RandyPollack formed last year by Dir herber t l e a c h e r s suggested program ization. Last May, t h e l o c a l b o u r d Donovan promised to r e t u r n e 3,000 scholar n o Quinn, ciEr Rosen, Victor submited its report which would divide the ta Ocean Hill-Brownsville trans- disputed teachteorstheir class valued a t more than eight mition David Droximatel RubiMnchia,el Sartisky, at a department meeting, October year into three or four distinct Terred reachers, nI support of gollars S a u l , Barton d,Shcleonef Howard such subjects as civi their The returned to their Shaw, Brian Smith, Gerson neS.rt Irwin Dubno, M.r Stuart Elenko, liberties, socioloky, black history. stayed out of the eight district schools. September 30 The NationalMeriCtorporation a w a r e s o n et h o u s a n d non-reneu stein, moiNa VilkoJ,erry W-nie M.r Emanuel Harrison, .Mr Don- and comparative government. The schools. wilta, Gordon s c h w a r t . ano During the next two weeksv,i- ablescholarships wornthe thous Paul English department recently insti- No charges were filed against the 271, a n ddollarseach These award Brian Zack. erupted Strom. tuted a similar structural change teachers when they were trans- which became thefocusofthe areallocatedstateb y state. in the senior curriculum. ferred. The union therefore pro- as viola- W h a t a n t Theotber2,000 scholarl fought the return ofthe 16dis arefouryearawards sponsoerd by 'Observatory' Announces commitee report, Merovick tions of due process. educators who h a d taught corporations, founds said, "Every high school has been governing board asked bysome interested group ot later brought charges or unsatis at that .hocols tions, colleges, untons, trusts, and The central b o a r d suspended associations,a swell Editors for Coming Year re-evaluate its course of study to factory performance against 01 fo make sure that there is Thir treat the 19 Civil the local dbora Ooctber 6for30 asb yt h eNationalMeritCorpora days for refusing ot reassian tho tion itselfA. winnerofa four ment fothe American Negro ni the teaching of American history." Court Judge Francis Rivers, hte controversial teachers, whonow trial examiner, cleared the teach- numbered He added that most of the changes only.38 wTo daysla- 531,500 sraldol a yearfos ers. The other nine now being discussed will be grad. educators had e,tr hte central board suspended wears. Four-year sches areawardedonanational ual. agreedtoaccepttransfersoutfo sevenofhteeightdistrictprinci the district. During the summer District Ad- pals one erquesdt ratnsfer eThcocomindationolsepes r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s an d M r McCoy. It a l s oclosed A b o u tJ ip e r tnec o feht s e m i ministrator Rhody c C o y h i r e d vsioins ni al Social Studies class- f inalist s cventuall y become fius i replacements for the 350 J.H.S. 271 October 1a0nd Octo- es. A ists.Alterconsideringthequaliti- tuni no Africa has already who had walked out ni ber 1, in an aetmpt t o"cool been introduced ni the freshman teachers cationso ft i efinalists,a lenap o f May. M.r McCoy informed 20 of off" the situation. e d u c a t o r sW i l ls e i c e st h ew i n n e r e classes. the 350 teachers who had not re- However, M.r Shanker claimed For sophomore Social Studies htat teachers werstilel being-ha Itwill announce the names of the the committee recom quested transfers that they rassed. On October 13, newh het w i n n e r s May 1 longer had jobs in Ocean Hil. mended a study of the African central board reinstated the seven 5 2 Sceinectsi w e r e slave trade and a discussion of receiving principals a nd scheduled het T h r e e racism tions from their president, execu- ni the 19th century. o p e n i n g f o J H. S. . 2 7 1 , NationalMerit Schoalrshpis while The nature of slavery and the tive board, and delegate assembly, asked union membser ot voet for fivweonsponsored scholarships. teachers voted 12,021 to 1,716 ni anti-slavery movement the I n another conspontsoerdest by United States are suggested topic. favor of a strike, and they went another and out September .9 The 4,000-mem- sponded, voting 460,2 to 2,128 to Natota Merit Corporaoitn, of study for American history 1 3Scienceiteswere committist ber Council foSupervisory Aso- strike, O c t o b e r 1o c i a t i o n s decided close The union demanded removal Nonialat Achievement The proposed senior Social Stu- who Scholarship Program. Shis DrO dies course contains the tradition- schools "for the safety of the chil. fo the Ocean Hill principals, toneoer gram awards scohtoblalarcskhipsDena Kleiman and Rolfe Auerbach are the new 'Observatory' editors. dren" sympathy allegedly harassed UFT al unit on Reconstruction,butit with the teachers. the Thsi blocked early settlement of sudnets no the strike. After appellate scoornes het Qualifying Test and Rolfe Auberbach, 4-13, and De- literary editors; Sandra Weisband, sI now expanded ot include stu- d i e s o f p r e s e n t r a c i a l u n r e s t in was reached returning the teach. After two days an agreement court ruled November 15 that the the Colege Boards. Students also na Kleiman, 4-1, wil eb the edi- 4-20, and Charles Le, 416 .ar t America. ers to school, September 1, The orisinal appointmen torthedis editors; Victor Kubin, s p o r t submit autobiographies. Last year tors-in-chief of Observatory, the editor; David Reinfeld, 4-26, pho- illegal, Scienceites agreement called for the returnof puted principals W a i s Achievement Scholarships. senioryearbook, in the comnig tography the original 10 teachers and the compromise was quickly reached. The forty-three National Merit P il a. 《4-12, business manager; Jen FREE TRIAL reinstatement of any in the group More details in the next issue. "This year," Auberbach said, nifer Mussig, 4 7 . a n d G a i l Z i m wli ton eb mermann, 4-8, senior section edi- SESSION! cerned with winning medals. We tors; and Rita Goldwasseg, COLLEGE 1 Teachers Leave, 27 Join Faculty mainly want ot please our read- managing editor. By JANET ROBERTS Sodikow, and Mrs. Sarita Cordell the wife of the late M.r Charles ers." The other members of Observa- ENTRANCE Seven teachers have permanent- have joined the English depart. Hodes, chairman of the Foreign tory's editorial board are Robert Language department from 1938 yl left Science's faculty, while ment. Mrs. Charlotte Levy nas t Bata, 41-, and Jane Leifer, 4-5, CANGER BOARDS turned from leave. others a r e temporary Mrs. Evelyn Tropp, a French In the Social Studies depart- leave.Theyarereplacedby19 tencher. has taken a temporat ment, M.r Herbert Falkenstein is away on leave. and air .Artnu Courses Throughout the Year new teachers and eight faculty JOE'S K a r l i n , Merovick, chairman, has returned for Juniors and Seniors members In the Biology department, D.r who teaches Russian, has returned from a one term sabbatical leave. returning from leave. FORDHAM NIC REGENTS COACHIN G George Smith has reured, He si from and her replacement, M.r William Stark and Mrs. Bar- Army &Navy Store COURSES r. Kenneth Bobrow. MisSylviaMaizel,hasleftthe hara Advocate are new members BOYS sky, who hasreturned from an ret replaced by M school. The new members of the of the department. A r n o l d GIRLS Licensed Teachers Only department are Miss Ma rion Fa- Moss urned from s t e CPO SHIRTS - LEES expedition ot the jungles of Pan- tell, Mrs. Judith Candullo, and leave. QUEENS LOCATION PEA COATS IS Mrs. Helen Hodes. Mrs. Hodes is In the Mathematics department, HELANE STUDIO Mr. Philip Saltz, Mr. Richard Mr. Alan Bell is on study leave, SCIENCE JACKETS 40-42 Main CONVERSE 047 Mai Seatiching ternity leave. Replacing them are Classes Continue Despite Strike; and Mrs. Florence Blau si on ma- SO.. DISCOUNT BRONX LOCATION M.r Peter Holtzman, M.r Emanuel HUNTER SECRETARIAL SCHOOL dified Courses Feit, Mr. Sidney Honig, and M.r 215 E. Fordham Road Students Attend Mo David Kaplan. GET ROBED NOT ROBBED AT Building unorthodox in some of the Mr. Lance Geshwind, Miss Car- (Near Grand Concourse) (Editor's Note: This article was m ore Jeremiah ol Greenwald, and M.r u ritten a t t h eb eginning o other classes. Mr. Robert Rossner, to ran MANHATTAN LOCATION school's operation. Later, the pro- of the English department, told Goodwin have left the Physical "T'm here to Scionce department. They are re Just minutes fromwhereyouare 505 5th Avenue gram became more structured. Se his students, placed by M.r Peter Melzer and U60 pWEST wKINnGSBRBIDGE ROAcDh (At 42nd Street) next issue.) what you want to learn." His class M.r Frederick Weisholz. Mr. Bert Opposite the Armory the relation between TUTORING IN The students who crossed the content a n d form in art, spending. Kleinsinger and Mrs. Augusta S o- JA NUA RY SALE STARTS NOW ALL SUBJECTS teachers' picket line to go to much of the period debating the b e have returned from leave. Nehru,CastanandContackShirtsby Five teachers have joined and Designer Sportswear, Rajah, Michael The Folow Booklets Wil Be school during the third UFT strike m e r i t o f J i m i H e n d r i x , a r o c k m u two have left the minor subject Sent free bon Webb, Viceroy. had varied motives and sympa- Regularly to $12.95 - Now $2.88 "GOOD STUDY HABITS" thies. Not all students came chiefly departments. e staff as an above Added to th t o $ 5 . 8 8 • NONE HIGHER!! ENTRANCE In the auditorium, before class. for instruction. quota teacher is Mrs. Jean Boyd. CALENDAR es began, the names of teachers onen the school "to express sym" FOR FULDETAILS CONTACT pathy a n d agreement and courses went up on the black› Ocean HIll-Brownsville governing THE COPY SH OP AS 8 E. Kingsbridge Rd. LOW 2° 5° American Cancer Society BORO TUTORNIG NIC. board, and the cheering students board, to protest a n illegal made their selections. selfish strike." Others, a small m i Bronx, N. Y. 10468 AS EUGENE WEXLER, Director possessed different nority, hoped to provoke a Phone 549-4110 frontation" outside the school b e Mazen's calculus tween themselves, the union s u p class, students attended not and nolice They XEROX COPIES cause of their feelings on the failed. LUdlow 4-7245 Since 1897 strike indeed, many supported Classes ended at the bells and, FREE COLLATING t h e U F T position — but because, as the sounds of jeers hurled b s in the words of one boy, "We want some of the picketing teachers and Tel. t o l e a r n . " They received written f r o m outside 212-584-8110 J alus homework, which they had ready through the open windows, stu- thenextday. A t e m usual t o their OLD FASHIONED ICE CREAM PARLOR Mr. Ernest Strom, of the Social next class. But there was a dif- AND COFFEE SHOP Studies department, discussed the ferent atmosphere - one of volun- Transcendentalists, especially Hen- tary, rather than compulsory, edu- Come Back Charlie Private Room Available for Parties r y David Thoreau, H e also a s "This is my third year at signedhomework thereading Science,"o n e senior n o t e d "and All Is Forgiven 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD BRONX,N.Y. of the essay, "Civil Disobedience." for the first time I feel 1 am The subjects of discussion were getting a real education." Page Three A Costly Strike DonhaldhPleaSshenc the G s e's Sensitive Performance Faculty Corner In a singular series of three walkouts, the U n i t e d I Federation of Teachers defied the Taylor Law and closed down the city's 900 Hig ig ts aw's 'Man in las Booth' schools at the expense of 1.1 million students. Mr. Rifkin The strikes were unusual on two counts. First, By ARTHUR LUBOW ing. The mistake of the Israe li agents si too stupid they united labor and management - teachers A magnificent performance by Donald Pleasence to be credible. The Man ni the Glass Booth is con- and supe rvisors. S econd, they were, ni actual- transforms Robert Shaw's unexceptional melodrama, structed around a sensational and fl im sy ity, directed not against the Board of Educa- The Man ni hte Gals Booth, niot na impressive The basic question, of course, is G o l d m a n ' s m o tion, but against the governing board and hte theatrical event, tive, Why did he allow himself to be taken to In administrator of the small, black, Ocean Hil- The plot of the play, which opened September 62 rael? Why did he confess ot the crimes? Why did Brownsville community. at the koyale incater, sI simple. T he burn a hole in his armpit, to simulate an oblit- kidnap Arthur Goldman, a Jewish businessman who, hree Israeli agent. crated S insignia? Al parties involved share ni the blame for they claim, is really Adolt Dorft, a n S S colonell I've Got a secret t h e s e s a k e s . By arrogantly disregarding al They bring hmi back t o Israel rof trial where, Shaw never tels us, usual procedures, Administrator w a l e inside a glass booth, he contesses that eh en v a r t o u s possibilities. A Mr. Rifkin Rhody McCoy and the governing board direct- joyed committing countless heinous crimes. eTh trial cals Goldman a masochist, but this explanation si leads pickets lychallenged the UFT. If they had been more interrupted by Mrs. Lehmann. relukee too simple to be acceptable, Cryptic references to interested in experimental education hnat in Germany, ohw reveais thCatol. Dorff i s dead Chsrit suggest that Goldman si a man who, over. durint setting precedents, they docul have waited and that hte mainntheglassboht is hurAtrGold- come Dy his own sense of guilt, is doing penance b o n e o r twomonthsandquietlytransferredthe19 man. The wed buildinganddyingnoacrossofhisownmanufactheopeningdays teachers at the end of eht astl school year. Very Beilliant... But Frightening ture. Perhaps, the judge says, Goldman wants The Board of Education, which never -ed "toput in the docks a G e r m a n who would say what third strike fined the powers of eht olcal board, isalso Pleasence is ainblitr as Godlnian. Wchi an eir no German has ever said". Shaw reopens the old guilty. So si Mayor Lindsay, w h o c o n f u s e d and frightening paosin, he dance,s giggles. smirks, questions of guilt and expiation, but he fails ot pro- Mares, whispers, nda snricks. the issues and antagonized boht dsies. mor,f eh devilers a neap toAdolt Heltir, cuirinat Harold Pinter's direction is admirable. The sup- Nonetheless, het UFT weakened sti own ar- o f trenzica S i e u Hets. Thal guments by calling three illegal strikteoso p etf i s stunning. nI hsi powerful portrayal or this Presman as Goldman's assistant and Tresa Hughes pose the ilegal activities o f the locabloard. difficult chawrachtero c o u l d e a s i l y hvie boceme as Msr. Lehmann. But they ear eclipsed yb M.r Pleas- Apparently, the union beivles thathe only just a caricature, Plessence i s int u r n vulgar. In this play, the play's not the thing; ti si way to e n tor c e lent, tender,and terrifyingb,uthe nev er P l easence's perform anc e which spellbinds the au- This philosophy is alarmiinng itself, butwhne be believable. M.r Mark Rifkin, the new UFT chapter chairma n, it is supported by a union o f The playItzelf, however, teachiertsb,e- is ton totalcolnvyni memorable event. shrugs his shoulders, blinks his blue eyes, and says comes unthinkable. the universe has gone mad. When these kierst a r e placed in the p e r - Quoting Yeats he comments, "Things fal apart; spective of ptas UFT poliey, they become even Metropolitan Atr Museum the center cannot hold." Mr. Rifkin si troubled, for Displays Frescoes more indefensible. The Usa Fh'T a record of eh belie center us tra opends guly "maintaining an ves hte diti opposition to menanguifl decentralization. By BARBARA ZAHLER change." which si not surprising, becaues decentraliza- Wneh ht e flooding ArnoRiver As Chairm tion of the schol system would fotrhcede- an of the Bronx Science Chapter of the damaged Florence's a r t eratsuers r e s p o n d e d o y contrib United Federation of Teachers, Mr. Rifkin hopes "to centralization fo hte union. yB strikingt,he A m e r i c a n s unity a faculty divided ni politics, in age, in outlook. UFT alienated the black community and frag- uting2.2 milldionllarsthrough mented its own body. Thdeecision of t h e Council of Supervisory Associations to support The monewyast e d torestore Native Son the strikes by closing the chsosol yonl rein- damaged .wksor Born ni the Bronx, Mr. Rifkin was educated ni the forced the beliefs of those who seethe skrites in n o o r c i n ton. the a l a m o v New YorkCity public schools. He attended the High as a conflict between the white establishment ernment, het Pontifical Commis- School of Music and Art and graduated magna cum and the black community. sion o n S a c r e d Art. a n d the Oli- laude from City College. vetti Company elnt hte As a result of the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Met- Although he was active in his college dramatics controversy, the State Legislature may aban- that field b Rifkin never considered a career in traordinary collection of frescoes. ecause, eh explains, "As early as I can don plans to decentralize the city school y-s «The Great Age of Fresco: Giotto remember, & have wanted to be a teacher. tem. T h i s would be the greatest disaster of to Pontormo" included 64 ersfcoes After receiving a Master's Degree in English at all. The overgrown, bureaucratic, inefficien' before been Columbia University. Mr. Ritkin realized his dream Board of Education must be decentralized t o sen outside Italy. Although the He taught French at Yeshiva High School and then provide the flexibility needed to improve the works all portray religious sub went to bodye vocationa h o o . W h e r e jects, they illustrate various styles taught English for five years before joining the city school system. By abandoning meaningful stylized Gothic English department at Science decentralization, the Legislature would deprive figures of Giotto ot hte muscular New York City of a necessary reform. Favors Due Process Sarto. Commenting on the recent leachers w a l k o u t , The creation of a fresco was an M r . K e n s a d t h a t t e n c h e r W e r e T o r c h o o d n Black History i n u o l v o d p r o c e s s . T h e o r t i s t f i r s t The Metropolitan Museum of Art The sinonia (left) and fresco of "The Crucifixion with 8 . Bernard, onstrate that due process must be maintained." sketched his preliminary drawing. "The forces of chaos tried to make the strike seem Traditionally, American education has dis- or sinopia, on a plaster wall. 1hit canvas is pulled offwith the fres Fresco painting was painstaking a strike against blacks." Mr. Ritkin continued. "11 tortedor ignored blackcontributionsto the was covered with athin coat of co attached ot it. Water dissolves work with no margin for wasnot. Itwasagainstchaos." history of America and the world. On the wet plaster. on which the artist the and frees the b e c a u s e d r i e d the plaster 100 According to Mr. Rifkin, "decentralization can be part of many teachers an d textb ook writers, abolied tempera paint. which is then mounted on mason. quickly to al low w o n d e r f u l tool for the imorovement of tesching a combination of ignorance and p a te rna li stic before enaissance, During the early R ite or fiberglass The sinopia •Thesinopias are in , general, more and earning. l " How ever, he oppos es granting local racism has deprived the black student of his the Van Eyck bro thers pop- r e m o v e d s i m i l a r l y m o d e r n a n d fl u i d t h a n t h e t r e s boards the power to allot funds and to hire and fire eritage and denied him his self-respect, arized oil colors, the fresco was ul In h addition to the 46 frescoes, coes. The opportunity to compare teachers. The local boards, he believes, should help past few years, this unfortunate the most durable and wid espread the exhibit contained 24 sinopias, frescoes with draw up curricula and should take an active role situation has begun to change. Responding to type of painting. Italian masters which have been revealed for the probably the most exciting aspect in planning and scheduling school activities in decorated churches with hundreds first time. The fresco painter did of the show. operation w ith the professional staff. th e phenomena of "black power" and "black not el expe ct that these pr i m inary The Metropolitan published a Mr. Rifkin si a b ac helor who enjoys traveling. pride," many high schools nowoffer courses T h e t e c h n i q u e o f r e m o v i n g a sketch es would ever be seen. How- catalog describing each work ni However, he spent last summer in Brooklyn, in African h istory and language. In modern fresco from a wal was perfected ever, they are in some wa ys more remarkable vating his pre-Civil War house. At Scie nce he is textbooks, the familiar stere otype of the con- only in the last decade, Basically, interesting than the frescoes them- were d isplayed through serving his fourth year as the faculty adviser of tent, ban jo-playing plantation slave has been canvas is glued to the work. The selves. November 19. Observatory, the senior yearbook. replaced by a more accurate image. In accordance with this trend, the Social Studies department recently announced plans to add the study of black history to its cur- Students Learn to Program riculum. In detailed report, a n appointed committeeofthe SocialStudiesdepartment explained how the addition of black history School's Computer System will help to balance the historical picture. By ALLEN FRIEDMAN The request for instruction in black history Although school rules forbid gambling, students in a select math- was the most important point in the five "de- ematics course have evaded this restriction. During their lunch per- man ds" which studen ts presented to Dr. Taf- iods th ey co nsecutively hit buttons marked "divide" and waterio fel last June. The students were not aware lock" on the Friden 132 desk calculator in Room 109. A number from that the Social Studies department was al- O through 9 flashes on the calculator screen, and, in the words of one ready on plans to introduce these Junior mathematician, "We've got the largest floating computer crap working curriculum retorms. Hopefully, the depart- ga me i n New York!" ment will now move rapi dly and efficiently These students are using equipment that costs over $350,000, They are members of the Numerical Analysis (Math 11) class. to bring these reforms to the classroom. Clutter, Clutter, Clutter Since 1962, the Math department has owned an IBM 1620 digital The system has since been augmented by such machines S C I E T R VEY computer. four I B M keypunches, Olivetti Underwood programmers, published &times a year by the students of and one accounting machine. The most recent addition is an IBM 1443 printer, which was acquired last term. f r o m International THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL Originally, the computer console w a s rented Business Machines. Two years later, however, it was bought outright OF SCIENCE with funds provided by the New York City Board of Education and Yol, LXIII - No. 1 November 22, 1968 theNationn!DetenceSaucationAct Select Students Operate Computer Kenneth Lieberman sed by approximately 150 students, Pupils select- Arthur Lubow Editor-in-Chief E dito r-in -C hi et The computer is u in sophomore mathtakeMath ed on the basis of th eir ach ievement two semesters in either their junior or senior year. m- T h e y use Henry Dunow 11 f o r nts, and, after co Associate Edi t o r the facilities of the system for their class assignme n a d lowed special periods t ow o r ko Howard Shaw pieting the course, they are al Sports Editor Suzanne Wilkens v a n c e d projects News Editor Contrary to rumors , thecomputerfacilitiesarenotusedtodevise P e a t u r e Editors Deborah Hwa ng, Da vi d K usn et students' Horowitz sche d ules or to store classified information. Teachers occasion- ....M rs. Linda F neby ein gold ids." Computer'sChild all yu se the s ystem for their own work,but,a sMr.Bernard Faculty Adviser said, "Most of the fantastic thing s a redo thek PageTwo 3 Cage Coach Feels Booters Play Ball This Year's Squad Swimmers' Hopes for Season May Be Best Ever Despite Walkouts Rest on Depth and Experience " W e c a n h a v e the best team By JERRY WEINER Science soccer players, for the that we ever had fi hte players work hard so they can fulfill their The 1968 swimming season prom Rahimi, sidelined by appendicitis, there is an second year in a row, have had ing the ball away from the ises suc- abundance of freestylers on the '68 squad. topreparefortheirseasonwhile a n d SCOTLI ane Our ing. cess for a Science team two years in the mak- Captain Lloyd Mayer brought su the best young kids the200- isaseriousthreatin union teachers were out on strike. " u r k s managed two attempts ot T h e booters w o r k e d o u t o n Harris goals but both shots were voided we ever had". Entering Scie nce and 400-yard events, while Andrew in 1966, we found a team Janszky and co-captain John Okasaki will Field every day of the airst two D y t h e e t e r d e That statement yb coach No-r consisting of remnants of the strong '65 squad. provide power in the 50-yard sprints. A com- teacher walkouts. Despite a third strike, Sciences' man Lefkowitz sums u p the po wimmer, Okasaki will also There were several good swimmers, including petent all-around s booters played October 15, and timistic attitude of the 1968 Sel but the ar. Both var- Ira Brawer, holder of three school records, fill in weak spots during the ye members came ot practices on a ence basketball team. Despite the team lacked a winning comb ination. sity and junior varsity members, voluntary basis, and again, as last Danny Neuman scored all-division center Coach Arthur Backm an therefore decided to including vear, most of the squad came out goal for Scienco and Walt Zio- Greg Tillman and star guard Ma-t bu ild a nucleus of freshmen and co-captain b e o r z e Simianand David Sher- e v e r y d a y bro followed with another yt Zwgei, hte dauqs hopes to atke sophomores, man, will be used in the 100-yard event and Althoush the strike kept coach give them experience and style, and aim for yl, but Taft kept pace. The gmae the avision crown and possibly this year. the 400-yardfreestyle relay. Herbert Abend away t r a m remained t e d late in the second the cyti championship, Sander Rikleen, powerful and versatile workouts, D.r Joseph Golomb was half. Then, ni the last twomin- Last years' squad was 16-2 ni The team boasts no spectacular swimmers; swimmer, wil specialize in the 100-yard back- able to supervise tart scored twice the regular season a n d finished but it has depth, hte most important factor stroke. He will swim ni other events at the Golomb, a former player up the win. second t h e i division, behind ni dual meets, since points are awarded the discretion of coach Backman. The Turks' first victory came TheSencice team lost ot first three finishers in each race. Last yea r's Competing for the three breast stroke po official the Science October 17. Playing a strong -lla Tilden i n het playoffs. c a p t a i n s , Brawer and Richie Meyer, have sitions are six swimmers, headed by Joel Eli. s o u n d h a s helped regular around game, the Scienceites -ed Two of hat squad's starters wli graduated, but 24 other members of the squad zur, Randy Forsythe, and Jerry Weiner. The coach Abend run the team since r e n t e d t h e o l o r e r s - be back this year. One of them are back. competition between these boys is expected the beginning of last season. Science took the guard Bruce Lipshutz began last Despite the loss of varsity swimmer Dan to sharpen them for the crucial meets ahead The second w a l k o t early lead as Ronnie Zuckerman season no the bench He got In the butterfly stroke, Science has Ethan time for the squad ot begin its put one past the opposing goalie. enchac ot start when Zweig was Horowitz, Howie Wynn, senson schedule The team Columbus' only goal then knoted injured, andlater stood ni for for. DiSanto. H ardWorkbyHorowi tzandWyanShoul opened with a4-2lossot Morris, the game at 1-1. The score came seeman. He was an October 10 at Van Cortlandt Field. on apenalty shot after afoul dah immediate standout. T h e other make them winners this year. DiSanto, a jun- Inconsistent play by the Science- m o n c a l l e d a g n i n s t S e i c n e o K i n g a f o r w a r d , r e c e i v e d ior, will mature this year and keep pressure Des marked the wame Turgis Kicks Winner litle publicbiutty,hsi consistent on the other two. The Turks got off ot a fast start. Dorian Turgis kicked in the dog ayp,l csoccay under. Swimming team tryouts were held early in Early in the first period, captain g a m e - w i n n e r a t e in the s e c o n d backboards, was an invaluable ar Octobe r. Although the turnout was disap- Walter h o b r o l b r o k e d o w n e d quarter. Coming ni on a break- seto theteam pointing, several of the candidates showed and got by the Morris defenders s h o t t h e ball past ehT only o t h e r man with a set promise. Among the top prospects are free- f o r 4 0 8 ) t h e b o u l e , j u s t i n s i d e t h e p o s i t i o n i s ve e St L e v i n e w h o , - c a S c o t t G i b b s , N e i l N o r w o o d , D a v e quickly retaliated and tied the C O T A I N S Lefkowitz Schneider, and Lew Wolfin; backstrokers Zuckerman capped the scoring "should bena outstanding center." Lewis Jasson, Steve Jones, Larry Kusko, and the Science defense held off the with a strong shot from hte 18- a t t a c k . b u t T u r k yard line. wards Mike Sartisky, Tony Hil, Harry Wolin; flymen Dave Collins and Steve booters also failed ot score. Throughout the game, a n d Satnely James. Fabrikant; and breaststroker Steve Putter- Morris Makes Its Move Densi Blackman, Lewis Fox, and man. Morris dominated the second umbus attack. The Explorers' of. D a v i d Thomas. In the final standings, coach Backman pre- quarter. scoring one goal and com• fense was unable to mount any outstanding pros dicts, Science will be second only to Monroe. ing close on another. Again the serious scoring threats. The Eagles have dominated the league for defense held the Turks in check. Kenny Sargent and several years. According to Backman, Clinton Science looked stronger as the Board Bans Guns "definitely can" n o boaten. The other only second half began. Goalie Peter McLean. Lefkowitz feels that with Orphanos made several good saves Ry o r d e r o f t h e B o a r d or P a t competition in the league will come from Sew- ard, but again Backman feels Science will on Morris shots. The Scie nce of- cation, Science will have no rifle- ter than former stars Tillman and Swimmers work out at an October practice. come out ahead. fense gave an excellent display of Ty t e a m this year. passing and dribbling, but could cided, because of "the gun situa- Those players who do not make not mount a scoring attack, country, A Science foul, deep rifle teams in city public make the junior varsity team. ownterritory, allowed Morris to SCHOOlN this year, for the first time, Scienceites Compete for Basebal Roster Spots s o a h e a d 2 - 1 o n a d i r e c t c o r n e r Just last year, the PSAL had re- junior varsity wil have a ful- Several hundred Scienceites about 40 spots on the varsity and He added, "I can usually tell a kick. Morris scored again later in demonstrated their hitting, pitch- J u n i o r V i t t i t y T o s t e r good hitter by the way he stands p e r i o d o n a s w e e p t h r o u g h riflery divisions, thereby doubl regularly scheduled games. ing, and fielding prowess at Har- Perhaps because of the cold and up at the plate. I just look for Science's backfield. Dorian Turgis ing science's schedule. T h e 19b? What kind of game can Science w e n d y w e a t h e r there was little certain moves. Ican usuallyguess scored the final Turk goal, 68 squad, under the direction of basketball fans expect ot see this ris Field October 4, as the base- good hitting. Few balls were hit right about98 per centofthetime. M.r Martin Greene. hal vent Winnin one ball team held its annual tryouts, out of the infield in fact, Some of these guys havenever wasted the clock for coach Lefkowitz. The boys were competing for were hit at all. Varsity coach Her- bert Abend was not discouraged, While Abend looked at the hit "We're not looking for ters. Junior varsity cosch Tames Sportsviews the hits," he said. "We're looking Hodrinsky scouted the pitching for the way you stand up there at prospects. Some had good control, the plate. It's hard to get loose but few had the speed needed by today." a good pitcher. A False Start Runners Must Overcome Hurdles To Achieve Success in '68 Season Howard Shaw Hoping for better things this year, the Science track team is preparing for the 1968 cross-country season, Coach For the second time in as many years, a teachers' strike for the opening meet. "If there had been school before the Louis Heitner feels certain his squad w i l l t improve on last has forced the closing of New York City public schools. The strike," Heitner said, "I could have organized a team and met year's 0-3 record, effects on students' academic life have been widely publicized the boys in Van Cortlandt Park. But we were in two days Heitner has only one open tryouts were held October 3, - lost classroom time, work having to be made up, postpone- and out again. There was no time to prepare." runner on the team as the 4, and 7. Coach Heitner feels ment of the Regents Scholarship Examination. The swimming team also suffered because of the strike. year begins. (An open runner that the loss of practice time Somewhat less attention has been paid to the disruption Obviously, with schools shut down the squad members could is one who has won a medal due to the strikes hurt his the walkout caused in the public schools' athletic program. not practice at their home base, the Walton swimming pool. in competition and therefore squad a great deal. The effects there were just as widespread as in the academic Most of the boys were able to get in some work on their own may race against thebest Regardless of the strike, area, if not as obviously harmful. at YMCA's or municipal pools, but, according to captain Lloyd runners in the city.) Still, he though, Science has good The most publicized incident in school sports during the Mayer, "We can't get into good shape that way." Mayer feels hopes to build a strong team chances for medals t h e strike did not involve Science, because this school does not that there must be a coach pushing and putting pressure on with the returning trackmen 880-yard and 2-mile relays. have a football team, Although schools were closed, the Unit- the swimmers if they are really to get into top form. and his crop of rookies. The relay teams, anchored by ed Federation of Teachers allowed PSAL football coaches to At least four swimming meets had to be rescheduled as a result of the walkout. Captain Mayer says that, in a way, ers' strikes, the upperclass- are at top strength. Other re- During the first two teach- co-captain Danny Krakow, hold practices with their teams As the season's scheduled opening day, September 2 8 their postponement may work ag ainst S cience. Although it turning members of the squad approached, the labor dispute remained unsettled. The coach- will give our swimmers more ti me to work out, the Science- men worked out inVan Cort- Jeffrey Carter, Pattl ites' individual practice might have given them an advantage landt Park. But there were Chin, Kevin Constant, Mark es announced their intention to play, but the UFT had dif- over their opponents had the meets been held on schedule. no new team members to join Lerner, L u n a r s h c a n s . and f e r e n t ideas. "We permitted them to practice, but they must them until the long-delayed David Tashman. have been naive to think we would let them play," UFT Vice- In the case of soccer, the strike was far from harmful. President George Altomare commented, In fact, claims captain Walter Ziobro, "It helped us. It gave Many schools cancelled their games, but the Clinton and us more free time to practice." Smith coaches refused to give in. Their teams played as sched- The team made good use of the time. Every day of the P E N R O D ' S PHOENIX LABS uled, with Clinton winning, 46-0. s trike, under the guidance of Dr. Joseph Golomb, they prac- CARDS - TOYS - PARTY FAVORS At Science, the effects of the walkout were most strongly ticed for about three hours on Harris Field. Last year's squad, STATIONERY-REVIEW BOOKS 35th St. and 28th Ave. Astoria, L. I. C. 11103 felt by the track, swimming, and soccer teams, since their sea- which folowed much the same procedure during the 1967 706 Lydig Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. sons start earlier in the year than those of other squads. strike, was the best Science soccer team ever. 726-5468 Among the coaches and captains I spoke to, track coach Dr. Golomb, a former soccer player for Morris High Louis Heitner was most vehement in his criticism of the School, is an unofficial coach of the Science squad. He has • LIVE & PRESERVED strike. "It was definitely bad for athletics," Heitner said. helped regular coach Herbert Abend manage the team since BEDFORD ANIMALS The walkout hit the track team especially hard, partly the middle of last year. BOOK STORE because of PSAL regulations. Those rules state that runners • LAB GLASSWARE should have at least 15 workouts beforecompeting in the Soon after the above o pinionswere expressed, the third All Review Books t w o - a n d - a - h a l f m i l e c r o s s - c o u n t r y m e e t s . T h e U F T s t r i k e b e g a n . D u r i n g t h a t w a l k o u t , a l l v a r s i t y s pN o o r wt s a c - • S c h o o l S u p p l i e s • CHEMICALS season was scheduled to begin in mid-October. Because of the tivity at Science, including soccer, came to a halt. the • PROTOZOANS strike and the holidays, track tryouts were not completed strike is over. The swimming and soccer seasons have been : Squirback Bo oks until October 7. To date, the team as a whole has had just extended, so those te ams will not suffer. However, the state Greeting Cards Opent oPublicSat. five workouts, far short of the required 15. of the cross-cou There is a cliché which says, '"You can't please everyone." ntry season is in doubt. 10-4:30 a n d b y Thefirst workstoppage alone did nothurt the team's Another cliché says, "Back t o the drawing board." Which is 584.3663 (Bedford Bivd.) Appointment plans, but the second one, called two days after the first had ended, ruined any chance t h e squad had for being fully ready just where the PSAL planners wil have to go. PageFour Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. Vol. 63, No. 1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Survey, Vol. 63, No. 1 Subject The topic of the resource Science Survey The Bronx High School of Science Description An account of the resource Science Survey, Vol. 63, No. 1. Containing the following articles: School Crisis: Decentralization; Teachers' Strike Cripples Science; New CUNY Admissions Policy Seeks Balanced Ethnic Make-up; 'Survey' Announces Editorial Board; Public Schools Unable to Function as UFT and Local Board Quarrel; 43 Reach Merit Semifinals; History Department Accepts Plans to Initiate Black history; 'Observatory' Announces Editors for Coming Year; 11 Teachers Leave, 27 Join Faculty; Classes Continue Despite Strike, Students Attend Modified Courses; A Costly Strike; Donald Pleasence's Sensitive Performance Highlights Shaw's 'Man in the Glass Booth'; Faculty Corner: Mr. Rifken; Metropolitan Art Museum Displays Fresoes; Black History; Students Learn to Program School's Computer System; Booters Play Ball Despite Walkouts; Cage Coach Feels This Year's Square May Be Best Ever; Swimmers' Hopes for Season Rest on Depth and Experience; A False Start; Scienceites Compete for Baseball Roster Spots; Runners Must Overcome Hurdles To Achieve Success in '68 Season Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Survey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx High School of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 22, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS.001.003.009 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/f779d9f6769da73176e7646077096ce7.pdf 82a0a99a04f1d134c7f27ae113ddfd90 PDF Text Text S CI E N CE SURVEY THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL OF SCIENCE Vol. LXII - No. 5 Mayor Li nd say Gives Speech S t u d e n t s Elect G r e e n b e r g By KENNETH LIEBERMAN Scienceites elected Eric Green- At G r a d u a t i o n C e r e m o n i e s . . president, June berg, 3-4, as SO following 7. a campaign m a r k e d yB ARTHUR LUBOW accompanied yb responsibility and the Parents' Association, MayorJohn Lindsay spoke ta respect for the rights of others and of sented the awards on behalf of the June for democratic procedures.?" exescris, commencement parents, He was followed by M.r particular, D.r Tatfel said, Bernar d M 2 1 , a s 8 7 5 eso nsri graduated. anson, who distributed students should eb wary awards for the faculty. In recent years, universities have philosophy that the end of the s justify Finally, the long-awalted moresistant change, M.r the means, "History shows over M,r Emanuel Bolom, "Be- and over again that bad means ment arrived. Lindsay odtl the graduates. college coordinator, presented the good ends," he noted. cause of the excellent training you destroy D,r Taffel concluded hsi speech graduates and awarded the diplo have mas, ending the high school years vedci,r I think many of by saying that "If the young peothe excited seniors, allied ple o y o u w i l l fi n d yourselves f today pursue their ideas ofThe chamber w i t h forces o f change no the colresponsibility and with youthwith performed Offenbach's "Bal. campus," he added, lege ful energy and imagination, they then let Parisienne." Valedictorian Mart h a t "restraint nd a reason are the will make the world a better place garet Rogow followed, asking her notbullets and L o w e l l are next y e a r s 90.. been." Greenberg. t h a n it has officers. b e s t tools, "questions I have asked Salutatorians Ellen Goldfluss and classmates myself?" traditional processional After hte Kenneth Haas followed D.r Tatadministration." Her After Miss Rogow's speech, Toby during the last year," eiting as an seniors into the Loews' set'l remarks with brief addresses Fixel, 4-19, sang Arditi' ponents were D anei Miler, 3-11, example the S.O's support of het "II Bacio," ParadiseTheater, D.r Alexander The chorus, led y b M .r Anton Ro-l accompanied by Stuarts Bernard a n d H a r r i e t Jacobster, 3-251 on principal, greeted hte sut. land, then sang Bach's "It Thou the piano. A nI her farewel speech a s S.O, she continued, dissension and .pa Taffel, s the graduates joined e h , k l a t his g u e s t s . a n d dents n I But Suffer" Beethoven's n i hte singing of hte "Alma Mater," president, Marthe Gold s a l d that t h y advised the graduates that "the "Brotherhood of Man." the 1 9 6 8 commencement exercises "there have been osme um irtph,s throughout the year. exercise of rights and liberties is M.r Harold Wilkinson, president came to a close. by uncertainty over the future of s t u d e n t h e O r a t i a t o n H e d e feated David Kapelman, 3-24, and the In other contests, Darcy Lowell, 3-13, and Christina Palacio, the posts v vice-president of and secretary, respectively. Disarming S.O. After Dr. Taffel had announced formation the of a student-faculty committee, advisory candidates future role Organization, Dr. the Student of the e x p i ni n e d th at H a t i n ea r m o f t h es .O." Speaking at the Mya 29 S.O. assembly, Greenberg supported "stu. ror no matter how they rights, can be won". H e said that he hopes "loosen the administration's very tight grasp on the Student Calling for changes, Organization." coid he the s t u d en t ed change," and responsive ot em a n d s . T h he em e a n s I on continued, "Is quick communication." effective and "must become S.O. more receptive Promises Promises, Promises, Vice-president Darey Lowell, who dofosted Mitchell Jolles, 3-13, and Peter Poses, 3-5, said grade and tion, she p r o m i s e d to In add! work for a A student faculty advisory com- help o f fi c e r s m a k e The purpose tions. rect most af. w e r e department. w e too much aren't hurting our paring kids concern is over e which The O S. i n students have and in less d i Couneli gates i n hbot the for commitee w doul handle plans. tI would er- total number dele- fo nomina- tions to no meor htan eight, after which the students would elect the required number tives. In order o t eb egilbiel to serve r o n r e s e n t e t h e c o m m i t t e e . D r a student must have passed all his character record. He need not be sire for a committee w i t h m o T addition, some students objected to the re- strictions placed on eligibility for Furthermore, they said, would petition and not by the S.O, Coun represented by the 5.0 r e e deleentes should be nominated by cil. The structure of the committee will be determined next fall. Student a n d f a c u l t y representatives will be chosen at that time chairman. a member of Salutatory the Math Society, Israeli Dance Group, and Debating club, as While at performance of " always Science departcurriculum Gewirtz, "We chairman, said P h y s i e n t w h o s an n r o b l e m s . in complete c o n t r o l a w h i we teach. All elementary classes will be adequately prepared." Dilatory Tactics Mr. Mark Rifkin of the English department said that the d e p a r t literature curriculum so that the teachers would have enough t o tinish the assigned H e a dd e d t h at literature tonies works th e u su a l r an ge o f has been covered i n technical English her future career, Miss K o gow will attend Barnard College next year, The Social Studies department abridged the material required for t h e mid.year e x a m s . Acting Chair- man Mr. Herbert Falkenstein said "roughly the same requirements on this year's tinals a s there h a v e been o n other beautiful ballad "Violets of Dawn," o c t o Haas will continue his education next year at Harvard University. later enter school, he plans to major in biol- ogy, probably specializing in psy- singer Barbara Kaplan as. on the guitar, accompanies Michaele r fKairys, g n u m b e r s of t h e Hootenanny orm during one o f the onenin they p 4-26, on the p i a n o . L i n d a P i e r c e , "Summertime." Next, Ilene Moore, 2-11, sang "Redwing Blackbird," T h e a program traditional ended o n ballad. a light a vaudeville routine, Clown," done by S t e v e n Sterner, 4-26, and Susan Sadoft, "Be "Hootenanny 1968" ized in one week by ler, 4-3. lege Math and College Social s t u d i e s S h e is a c h r o l l e d o winner of a N a tional Honor Society Scholarship Cornell Regents Scholar ship. In the fall, Miss Goldfluss will enter the College of Agriculture ot Cornell U n i v e r s i t y. She is in- terested in the biological sciences, nossibly leading to a career ir Clothing Rules Ended w a s organ Steven Kess. trained and materials Dr. Alexander Taffel, principal, responded to a list of "demands" must be at A uniform list of rules and penalties si being prepared, Dr. Taffel said, and will be ready next fall. a meeting attended by about t h e and de not possibly go outside during free n o t e 1968 S a l u t a t o r i a n s G o l d u s s i s S t u d e n t s M e e t Ta f f e l : this implies intimidation and Donovan's "Catch the Wind." With accompanist Linda Kaplan, two W i s s t feats the purpose of true communication." He then answered each of the demands separately. Students can- Linda Kaplan, 4-26, Darlene De- G o l dw a s s e r . n matter what the S a n t i s . 4-26. S u s e t t e C h u , 4-1, a n d two songs of love, Eric Andersen's n with ways available" to speak dents. However, h e continued, demands, to yield would not River." M a l v i n n R e r n ol d s' " C om e G a v e Miceio, 3-13, a n d i Any Time, Any Place Before discussing the five issues, Dr. Taffel said that he was stu- angle, that of a fish ni the Mekong King." h o n corresponding penalties; has," and "Salty River," an anti- Afterward Robert Kaplan, 4-23, "Celin" a n d sang Phil n o n e w h i s abolition of dress regulations, and i n S.O. elections proce- w a r s o n g " w r i t t e n f r o m a a n t e r e n t tion, " T h e r e O n c e Wa s a Haas has served on several school won year orable mention in Westing- reforms Mind," which she said was "about anti-war e a t m Student demands included during freedom lunch and unassigned periods; the introduction of black history and culture into f o r m a t i o n o f a l i s t of violations T a n n e n n i k o v . Paxton's s o c c e r all dress regulations. t w o o r i g i n a l songs. " C h i l d of Yo u r T o m o r t h e announced that he had abolished "Tomorrow Is a Long Time" was 4-2. sung by Joanne Jacobsen, 3-28, then offered of r May 28. At the meeting Dr. Taffel g" S o n g # 4 ' Wendy Kramer, e 350 students held in the cafeteria, an original composition which he ditions b C h o l o r y . Think song, "When Morning Breaks," and original composi. m Hoping to about t h e secret a m b i t i o n s t h a t e v e r y o n ment delayed certain changes in e a Regents Scholarship. Prix de L/'Alliance Française, and the Literary Editor of Observatory, to winning a Regents Scholarship. d e s or l b e s a s " a s o n e a b ou t m y s e l f," A n n i 1 9 0 8 won several awards, including a National Merit S c h o l a r s h i p H e r t m a n department m house Ta l e n t Search, h e l e n e ? . It's Going to Rain l o d a y "Kathy's Song." Parker They G a m b i n d . n o d r e s s commencement exercises. s a u n a s . ticipant ni many school shows. Ellen Goldfluss, 4-12, is one of Kenneth Haas, 4-8, delivered a this is Miss Rogow is Forum publicity Many students expressed the de- resentatives elected by the faculty. be Margaret Rogow, 4-26, areas indicated n are ever S i r o n ' s with i t h e o Michael Kairys, 4-18, and Bar- close to 90. We won't have any t n bara Kaplan, 4-26, opened the show the Regents exams. Mr. Kopelman said, "The median (Biology Sciencel e May 24. Students Untroubled at st y o u t h today's concerns S.O. sponsored event took place None of the department spokes- score o of love and war, reflecting the c e r t a i any m "Hootenanny 1968" stressed songs areas." expressed V i o By DEBORAH HWANG said. "Our curriculum is so enriched. that n Hootenanny Echoes Today's Youth Advanced Placement exam. Mr. Milton Kopelman, chairman Biology in experience. t that the calculus classes would be the a elected representatives. o n "more have presidents, and only two specially man of the Math department, said the D.r to The second plan would include the S.O. president, laboratory work were unaffected by the lost days. chair. Mrs. H e n r i e t t a for seek 8 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 D C TOM president and four delegates elect- Electives without prepared suggest, C h a n n e . In the first scheme, the students fected, but only n i the early part term. commitee, d e t e r m m e structural plans for the committee, Of those courses whose curricula down, the l a b o r a t o r y o f t h e fi r s t of the o Both provide for five teacher rep- riculum, a Survey study indicates. m t little experience." Dr. Taffel suggested two possible had little effect on Science's cur- c nominations duec fluence in areas like school regula. teachers' 18-day m e n n will School Curriculum of i S O U O I N Does Not Change well T ni school polley. It will osla September Strike senoT assembl s o , Taffel indicated, Is to Dr. T a c h e According The t h e May 29. ef "more a a t announced student lounge. Christina P a l a c i o p r o m i s e d t o "work together" with the other to e Students, Faculty to Form Joint Advisory Committee; Will Start Next September mittee will be created next fall, D.r Alexander principal, SO .. candidacy are "unfair." e a n d th e committee would be only a" nego- dents' June 26, 1968 said, since t h e n o i s periods, would disturb classes i n progress, , and safety hazards would develop to con- the school would be unable w h O enters building. Black culture and history are into the already being introducedindicated. curriculum, Dr. However, he said, "we can't build a course in a minute." Teachers m u s t b e obtained before a full program can be initiated. Although he "feels very strongly that there should be reasonable guidelines for dress,"onsDr.on Taffel attire has abolished restricti "as a response to the students' re- quest for this liberty as their per sonal right." An absence of clothing rules, he stressed, should serve reinforce self-regulation students. He added that a gradual elimination of clothing regulations has been taking place since the beginning or the The students S.O. elections proceC a m a n d e r dure Candidates should b e n o m i said. petition, addition, no student should be disof because office "disciplinary a low record." A Matter of Time In response, Dr. Taffel said that a student who has failed one subjects cannot spend the time that an S.O. office demands. Those students w i t h records," he said, have shown irresponsibility. Nomination by petition, Dr. Tatwould Furthermore, he added, a great number of students could w i e l a y . " the required n u m b e r names on a petition. �Page Two SCIENCE S U RV E Y Wednesday, June 26, 1968 SURVEY James Watson's 'Double Helix' Depicts Personalities Involved in DNA Discovery THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE Ach Du Lieber published 8 times a year by the students fo Otall the offspring ofa modern technological so- 75 West 205 Street Bronx, N . Y . 10468 DR. ALEXANDER TAFFEL, Principal h a r l o s e r s e e s o n i a t Feature Editors most frequently. a n d pettiness o f lite. neW h m i s u n d e r belief, h e resides i n a a b o o k r e f u t i n g this it ydlveresde appears, and dericetd m y t h not notably Francis Crick, i nt h e formation m o d e lo ft h eD N A m o l e c u l e .W o r k i n g i toward vaoirus members botanists Msr. Adviser Associate Board distasteful. at a football game. So, I'll take this opportunity to od what comes naturally. era fi r s t My "delight in gnieb experience with Science left me shaken ideascould toneb easilysdi sentiments other personal book, a r e revealing ti at formation so vital to my education that I would hear ti all overagain i n official period. times T h e first Cold Characters day fo esacl ment. In gym, factory. great literaryachleveThe Double Helix is not a howev,er auhlftaif and entw t-ilrel d e ultimate elation which accompany success. At times. scription of the scientific experience. t h e b o o k i s disturbing: W a t s o n a n d C r i c k c e i e b r a t e I continued m y inquired about tryouts for eagerly Of Truth Demand, Response Editor's Note: D o n ' t t a k e t h i s article seriously: Bernstein is just subm edtti demands by concerned students of Science shoudl b e showing w h a t h e h a s lecrned i n accepted by the administration without delay so that starting next year sutdenst will be By CHARLES K . BERNSTEIN able to lead a fairer, more decent life at this I n t h e centuries s i n c e t h e A l l school. The underlying concept behind the si that s t u d e n t s are individuals right to help make the decisions who m dendas have a which aefct their lives. Although ti may eb acceptable for a parent to tell his child how to dress, it si unacceptable for the school to do so. The administration's decision to abolish all clothing regulations, though long overdue, si an affirmation of this principle. Unfortunately t h e administration has not h u m a n y " Indeed, they h a v e c o h e m e arose from het fervent desire fo humankind to find pragmatic truth, working on the as a s yet seen fi t to extend this principle to allow sumption that, sa W . M . Evarts de students to leave the school building during c l a r e d , "Truthi s t h e gravitation their lunch and free periods. If the adminisprinciple o f t h e universe." Howtration were compelled to eat lunch in the stuprohibitions against leaving the building would be abolished soon enough. But ni a larger sense, regardless of condi- tions inside the cafeteria, students should AIhave the right to eat where they want. though the administration speculates that there may be many difficulties, we think that responsible students will not cause them. Perhaps a trial period will show that there are more responsible students here than the administration believes. The students also asked that a list of school rules with a set of uniform penalties be issued to all students. We a r e pleased that this request has been agreed to and will be implemented in the fall. We are pleased also that the stu- dents' d e m a n d for courses which would include culture has t h e study of black history been agreed to although all the details have not been worked out. Although three of the four demands here discussed either have been granted or are on the way to being granted, a fifth demand of critical importance requesting election forms remains to be accepted. The administration's failure to accept the proposal that students to serve on the new committee should be nominated by petition directly b y the students, not through a n intermediate body, would destroy the effectiveness of the committee which was to have been a new instrument for communication. The administration must correct this procedure the student body from the nominating process. Another flaw in the nominating procedure is the system of prerequisites by which a for S.O. or student is kept from running for disciplinary reasons committee office ever, truth about things can see that Evarts was relatively W h o n The truth-seeker, then, m u s t search for a more enduring definition than those offered by the science-oriented. o n s t r u c t i o n Work given us eternal and u n c h a n g i n can definitions from which we build skyscrapers with the mortar of science lifted by the labor of scientists like the great Egyptian brick u p o n brick. Unque stionably, J ohn Keats was o n e of world's the tem of student government at Science. by screeching whistles, bargain with, 1 learned day T-bal in the cafeteria. D.r Silver offered jotters ot typewriters and dlog Charles Lee, Flower Children the Soon watched people whti they b e g a n assemblies h a d a 90 per to be p r e s e n t e d . carnations being told that be cent averaze a n d twelve s e r v a who promised the world and delivered na extended l e t o o c e o r t h e m s e l v e s members ofthe group fo education. most principles ABC proposes of philosophy aesthetics, and logic outstand. ing foreign exchange programs, of fering courses ni black history. and establishing children's houses to care for pre-schoolers in de nig poets. nI "Ode on a Grecian prived neighborhoods. truth beauty." Our task, now, si to find what beauty si and, by the its primary function is educational. U r " he rhymed "Beauty is truth, At present, ABC believes that On May 17, the fourteenth anni- with scientific fact. Thus, if one of the Supreme Court's desegregate p u b l i c schools, ABC members distributed ful and therefore it is a scientific a circular calling for educational This, then, alleviates much of understanding. This summer, hte finds a beautiful object, ti is truth. fact. the difficulty with science, Aquinas' simple dictum, Pulera sunt quae visa placent, we can deduce that what pleases the ap prehension or sight is scientific fact. Realizing this enduring fact, we are able to discard most present day scientific fact as irrelevant. programs to facilitate interracial Van de Graat generator for STL, a device from which I now get many happy hours of use; I was still to learn the art of sleeping erect in my while "appreciating" music twice a week; and I was still ot have the wide cholce between math and elec tronics as a senior elective, trying not ot think of hte fact that ni college I will probably major ni English. Friendly Persuasion B y this time also, I had begun ot think about the college of my choice, a process ni which I was fre quently and ably helped by members of our guidance department, a friendly group who had the remarkable ability ot determine my life's needs after seven minutes of the first interview. My senior year arrived, and with it a position on the Survey staft. This new situation brought new difficulties, for my new freedom and responsibili- ties led me to use the corridors and the telephone extensively. This created a constant need of passes for of course I could not be trusted to leave home room or the Survey office without daily official t thank our faithful realize documentation, I would like o that theirs si a difficult task. teacher aides for os courteously explaining this idea m e , and for s o gently persuading me to comply. t o noted, member one as Nevertheless, Now my senior year is over and I am leaving this "Discussing the restructuring of c a n . in itsell. be A n d n o w I believe I k n o w school . education your club plans to conduct a survey on students' and teachers' criticisms of curricula. The group's members w i t h an educational experience." a r o n y s c i e n c e STL Students Develop Variations on 'The Box' of conformity and variety explains the almost mystical attraction boxes have for the Science student. For the more scientific student, the box is merely a container for such valuable equipment as digital computers, lie detecting devices, and Van de Graaf By DAVID KUSNET O 1 all the Scienceite's high school achievements, the STL project stands out as his most memorable and creative work, Relentlessly, the project grows piece by piece, while its creator watches, o l e generators. Other juniors, however, have viewed the n as an end in itself, creating that most peren- aghast, as his monster takes on a character of its varnish, This contraption, described by one student as "a and shellac, hoping m e t a p h o r for t h e S T L c o u r s e . " consists of several lights embedded ni a box that lights up and blacks out periodically. Discussing the multiplicity of boxes, Watson, selects his project and plans it carefully as Dr. Charles Cafarella was heard to exclaim, "Be- ware of the b o x ! Box Rebellion work. Little by Little Regardless of how his sketches appeared, the progressing inevitypical student finds his project "the box." Almost tably towards its ultimate form — all examples of this genre consist of five vaguely These five pieces are assembled with either nails from the or screws. All too often the nails protrude the sides, wood. The screws, on the other hand, split ruining the wooden pleces. The entire processto must seek then be repeated causing many students " t h a n o t h i n e b ox " nial of Scienceites' creations - own. During the final weeks, the fledgling inventor ing regulations. Nonetheless, only when tactics compatible pieces of laboriously squared plywood. new, truly representative body with some real influence to take the place of the present sys- Heralded was salesoneverything from Other proposals include expand- pyramids built by the labor of slaves lifting an illustration of a scientific principle, After hours for his of careful research, he finally produces a plan e were not provided for by the S.O.'s structur used, were these rules abolished. We need a president, - ethics, Mr. Bernstein tatives according to his own lights, not according to the judgment of others. well shown that representative democracy at Science at the present is not functionin g. For example, the S.O. officers, as well as virtually all student leaders, had urged an end to cloth- ABC goals to make his project, it inoperable, at least beautiful. The student of STL, himself a future Fermi or The failure of the S.O. to represent the student body before the administration has pretty A (BC.) that bacsi tration needs to recognize that a basic right o r f o r h a v i n g failed one course. The adminis- of the student is that he elect his represen- T o bnegi yda Eventually I became a Junior. By then I thought have1w enk what was wrong with Science, but actually om fredautl a list of 2 ideas and I hadn't seen anything yet. I was still to construct a concerning the suggestions basic t r a n s i t i v e p r op e r t y . t o e q u a t e t h a t John Dryden, the English poet, said that "Truth si the foundation of all knowledge, the cement of societies." It si sad that buildings are not built as well sa they used to be. Nonetheless, ni the quest for an enduring definition of truth, we must turn to our poets who have Curricula The is very elusive. Science si generally satisfied ot discover the "how" of not the "why". In fact, one things, and told to drav t h a t every cause Better Science junior. modenr science h a s shown u s that the onideutac d i s I wa I discovered many other of efil at Science. aspects wanted avoice i n their day, armed wit h a sent home. thenext few weeks nI parenst, careteria ni the drawing, curve, Science pennant and Last November,w h i l e chaoue Later were outstanding school citizens and ice credits htey "Those who are most concerned destined ot lead America; 1 heard an orchestra dem hw ti onst r at e a remarkable brand of guts, if not musical should be consulted o n the issues ability; and I listened o t candidates for S.O. office vile"s. declared t h a t affect their c o n c e n t truth. Science hop.es mechanical hert views of a ratchet. Dazed yb myw en outlook I stopped for a drink of brown water on education, fountain, onyl eno fo whose spouts m orf a nearby worked at a time. I washnet presented whti a Under theauspices o f the New kY ro Educational Workshop, yhet high students from ohter city and asked t h e pervading questions o f where, why, to sought altogetner such t those "fag were t o Science jackets and book bags. sA o honestly now, disregarding the palns forchanging Newbag"s, onefirg York's school system, a group of of theadjective, how many people care ot carry Scienceites decided that they, too, teachers, andpublic slafioicf mighty charged A d a m w i t h t h a t Coulombie spark o f life, men h a v e what extent?" noisy, and a French T-square careful reading that it merits. Student Group Aims to Change School System Bernstein Says crowded, introduced to plan to work i n the sciences, a n d especially those who when a competing scientiat publishes a n incorrect should give it het Al of the five student t h e Watson's narrative moves quickly, describing the efforts, t h e disappointments, t h e jealoustes, a n d t h e ment. It is, Apprentices isolates zooolgsit Characters are superficially drawn. nosW ta gical fields. Ellen Rable, Mark which sceinfi itc of het and their efforts o n po- C r e a t e Photography Editor cafeteria, A s Science, complaining si as natural as cheering comments i n Immediately nopu entering hte building. I was shooed upto het auditorium where, sa every day from S c i e n t i s t s in genera , l adds, are he o f e t n only narrow-minded anddull, but also just hnet on, I asserted m y patriotism and heard the ni h e bridge, England, the two men used X-ray machines, ebacier hasn't hte football team. sA yet, none were scheduled, but het talent of an author c o m p o n e n to fg e n e s . such a s CP .. Snow, who can Barbara Walzer wer openings on an excellent tennis team, erhet characetrs masterful cellular strands which determine heredity. A knowlI n novels concerning which oloked intriguing when you considered that saot,n' The edge of t h e DNA molecule was needed to understand topics similar t o W dgoeil Linda nF its various functions. I t is thought that the discovery explorethe thoughts of the people who worked on they practiced without a net. If I had looked forward of its structure will help to open other related biolo- the structure o f t h e molecule i s only partlysatis t o a comforting unchl period, m y first glimpse of E x c h a n g e Editor dent with as well as sutpexpressed di". These, i nt nC a m Charles Silkowitz mathematical formulas a n d common sense t o dis Sports Editor close t h e secrets o f t h e"molecule o f life." T h e DNA o Business Managers . . Howard Adler, Jonathan rexB molecule, whosehelical structure comes the Emanuel Cherney Circulation Manager O O O % Faculty acled field wher rheit a proved." t h e r o l e p l a y e d b y Wa t s o n , t h e a u t h o r , a n d h i s a x e i s "amuddled l o t " who "wasted lemics. " Crystallographers T h eD o u b l eH e l i xb e l o n g . Richard Schwarz world. naravite community. To Watson, atracts D . Watsons' nietrensitg ehT detached from the banality elevated bubble, i n t h i s category. T h e D o u b l eHelix, a non-fiction w o r k , describes Thelwell Robert Bell, Jeanne Gantt Mark Marilyn Campbell, News Editors scientist i s the According to popular saeJ winnerm Richard Editor-in-Chief Michael Kairys t hte distant, June 26, 1968 Vol. L X I I - No. 5 C ceiyt, sotod. Bronx Science chseme ofhet DNA moelcuel. ,w A syal however, it affords the reader a rare glimpse into an importan t By ARTHUR LUBOW OF SCIENCE There are, however, nonconformists who don't build boxes and even harbor the thought that an STL six-sided solid geometric project should have some function other than pushDiligent junior assembles grade above 65. One girl who emwork. ed during period of creative science-orient i n e form a s t u d e n t s broidered a stuffed elephant for her younger sister finish at all. professional help. Some never one seems to be Thus, for most of the semester, ever;during the final and only doing the same project, charact er of "the box" re- weeks is the individual bers Several mem o f t h e Industrial that this department have speculated Arts combination noted that "STL can be fun if you have the right attitude." Asked to comment o n her unorthodox work, she chose rather to attack the conformists, as she sang a chorus of "Little Boxes." "They all make little boxes, little boxes made of ticky-tacky. They all make little boxes, and they all look just the same. �Wednesday, June 26, 1968 S C I E N C E S U RV E Y Man in the News Dr. Alexander Taffel, Principal In his ten years sa Science's principal, Dr. Alexander Taffel has stressed the importance munication of com among students, fac ulty, and the administration. By removing dress he believes het a' void sponded this year ot da- om se of hte is see it "in p a r t a n by dents wil eliminate of fortunate," he added, students the sioppiness. interpret om se to mean. l a t t e noted that changed ni hte or 0 0 0 3 u n e the have The tsap decade. a courses, duction of the The intro Advanced Pacle- p r o r a m m e n t both students the creation or should not Tafel freelydiscus t have always existed in this h e p i t u i t a r y D.r Taffel, who si celebrating his of the spacialized school. By brnigt e n t h y e a r a s p r i n c i p a l of o c i e n c e together s tudent s of high and simple goiters, cretinism asis a b i l i t y , h e s a y s , a s c h o o l s u c h as the Taffel said. t o u n d detart htat lodine i neics s concen D .r Rawson in eht thyroid, explained. Many computer laboratory, and hte great recevinig doses of l o cured after Regarding het recent events a t mosphere and the facilities ot prounevis.etsri vities are, n i sih opnion, the o.ut development o f these dine. d m e T a f e l d i a s that " s t u d e n t D . r deterResearch workers later during changes standing academci m a i n symbol of s t u a mined the s e r i e s of chemical these years. Today's students are of this type ofschool, Taltel notes, which convert lodine ot nocre dna involvement." dent in peer culture, "more involved prestige. hormone, thyroid question pro some students seek admission even thyroxin, siopre and can, when ero sensitive to poli- healthy, grams, and m to lead the openig ofthe meneitg. desriabel terestedin the special science and .Dr RAt awson described "what maker counet.r and progress." However, world" than were their changes years,oga ten parts Science c a no b t a i n b o t h t h e a t Walter Vogel Memorial Award Sach's John .F Kennedy Memorial Award Ruth Kirzon Group Achievement Award Ellen Goldfluss, 4-12, and Robert N-a have W o n tional Honor Society Scholarships. Open t o all Arista members. the basis of performance on liminary Scholastic ( P S AT ) . All the Aptitude Test Arista members who wish to be eligible take the exam November in of their senior year Class Elections Elections of class o f fi c e r s h a v e said "it wouldn't be fair kids" to have elections in the short time space term. able Candidates would not be to have as much as usual were elections it held this U sua ll y, students running for ofdraw posters a n d speeches in official classes. A l e t a X e The offices affected include those and president, secretary for the sophomore, junior, and senior classes. 'Survey' Takes First In St. Bonaventure Newspaper Ratings The New York City High School press council and S.t Bonaventure t h i s s W a r d given St. Bonaventure University called w e Ah a h os t e t t e r pr e s s D u D some 100 c o m p e t i n g lication f papers. In addition, editor-in-chie rece ived t w o Charles the best newsawards, o n e writing and the other for the best editor editorial P o r n s t e i n w r i t i n similar to New York State. The students b o o elective office, take mination, practice r Charles Silkowitz won the award f o r t h e best c o l u m n o f a n y type, About 800 entries from more than 200 schools ni 20 states were sub- mitted for each of the three cate- gories, Both Silkowitz and Bern- stein received certificates as their that of are to run l a w, write serve o n for the ers and law students, the Boys' The New York Times. Also among the St. Bonaventure awards was t h e Buffalo Evening News to this newspaper. mbia Schol. the Colu astic Press Association rated Survey i n the first place category. ot htree He and presi i s school the articleson in w N e York, D .r Taffel High sH ira T w odnesn intellectually School, a school for B nor w e n t gifted children. H e then attended City College and did graduate work at Columbia, Michigan, and New York Universities, During World War II, he served a s a lieutenant commander n i the navy. the s u a c h Shelley Jaffe James K . Hackett Medal for Excellence in Public Speaking Howard Adler Commencement Committee Award Solomon Levin Citation of the Governor's Committee on Scholastic Achievement: Michael Bodian, Robert Friedman, Ellen Goldflus s, David Greenberg, Kenneth Haas, Walter Hakman, John Latella, Susan Levine, argaret Rogow, David Saffer, Harold Samtur, Steven Scheiner, M John Stock, drug New York State Agricultural and Technical College at Morrisville, June 23-29. Senior P r o m As a result of lack of student May 1 7 . Ehca dedsi- cussed the help he had received t r o m E n c o u n t e r ofm r ed ot help drug users. w h o transferred from S encie to Washnigotn v-rI ,r sadi gni High School last yea hes had edatrst unsig drugs be"didnt' Cause feel sa as the other students." smart Many Scienceites are still using drugs, Miss s a t o get started on pot," she continued, wit's lust a way of copping out." Encounter is staffed by commit- interest, the Senior Prom has been canceled. Not enough seniors bought tickets to make the event possible. All tickets were returned. Math Teams Take First-Place Spots view o . t h e Maria Schift (left). Lois Jackson, Gerson Sternstein, a n d S u s a n Steinberg form the Arista staff, to begin its functions next fall. tees of former addicts and a small Maria Schift, 3-8, is the new group of professional psychiatrists. S a t i r i c a l Songs. Skits The Senior Show combined songs, Maria Schiff to Presidency at the Senior Show Ineludes skits, and fast takes ni a satirical New Arist a Memb ers Elect t r o m addicts their experiences ubcl, Barbara Walzer, Risa Weinreb, Irene Weiss. subject. mastering his Four former bdeircs sev. physics etxst, numoeurs p r e v e n t on totaly report State program si being held at the du Lieber, Doc Taffel," Stern- stein, 3-21, Lois Jackson, 3-3, and vice-president, secretary, and treasurer a t the honor society's May 27 meeting. In her campaign speech, Miss a tongue- in-cheek look at a German class- "wasting One of the highlights of the show panded tutorial program. Students voted after hearing school Kingsley Grant, 4-22, the producer, and Robert Weiss, 4-23, the director of the show was presented June 1 to a boister- ous audience of seniors. Linda Kaplan, 4-26, presented t h e opening number. The introductions were made by senior was a segment of the movie, "Gold- diggers of 3' 3." each candidate present his juniors, all of whom were admitted The program closed with an old were permitted to vote. In a break with tradition, all form ni a one-minute speech. Only the May The Senior Math Team ended its season tied with Stuyvesant High School for first place in the city while the Junior Math Team finished at the top of its division. Last term, the Senior Math Team placed second behind Stuyvesant, with the Junior Math Team winThree meets constitute a season. At every meet, each member of the five-man starting team receives problems in three separate One p o i n t problem awarded for each correct solution. Team rank is determined by the number of total points. s u r v e y 61 Arista assembly, David Spiwack, 4-22, and Ro- Charlton, the of the student show. a lounge scenc was peated several times, with a boy sitting and a girl angrily stomp- i n e h e r t o o t Steven Sterner, 4-26, sang "Ach Mrs. Ruth Ruderman si the ad. viser o f t h e S e n i o r M a t h Te a m , Mr. Abraham Glicksman guides the juniors. FORDHAM BOYS and MEN'S S H O P 2281 Grand requirements for Arista admission This year, the service c r e a t p o u system was revised, shifting the faculty adviser. JOE'S DRIVER E D U C AT I O N FALL 1968 • Students Picked U p • t afedRet ral Army & Navy Store Student Discount CPO SHIRTS - LEES PEA COATS SCIENCE JACKETS Mr. Joseph Cotter advised the GIRLS CYpress 5-4320 Jodoe's Art Shop OIL PAINTINGS participation leadership. Mr. Herbert Rosenfeld is Arista's seniors in the preparation of the BOYS CONVERSE S.O. DISCOUNT For Further Infonmation Write D R O IO TH TO INODNEPATVE. M TE .D W E CA NEW YORK, N. Y. 8 91-09 078463 24 Convenient Schools Also ni Other Bor PAINTINGS RESTORED UN 3-0671 PENROD'S STATIONERY - REVIEW BOOKS ART SUPPLIES PICTURE FRAMING 54A W. Kingsbridge Rd. Bronx, N. Y. go on to the Senior Math Team, which competes in a fuller schedule o f meets. A 90 per cent average and twelve service credits are the FORDHAM INC. of the program. 706 Lydig Avenue, Bronx, N . Y. outstanding Vickie show. achievement in mathematics. After a year of training, most members for Butterfly, I Were a Senior," near the start and Hardy routine, set ni the boys' CARDS - TOYS - PARTY FAVORS selected Chaplin, Michael Nee, 4-6, as Percy 4-26, in the title role. The junior team is composed of students Harwin, 4-26, as Festus Crankshaw, Charlie 4-13, bert Weiss performed Throughout ning first place honors. two beard and pipe, in Bernstein, of Charles editor-in-chief. Nominations were been named for each post. O r a t A guidance scene included Jack Staub, 4-16, as a troubled senior, Grace, 4-16, as his at pluralities rather than majorities of the halted after five candidates had emphasis time." "The Perils of officers were elected on the first president John Morihisa, 4-8, time movie sketch, In City Competition class starring Andrew ballot, with the winners receiving who later returned, complete with with awards, given in cooperation given b y author of the Boys' State Police force. Supervised by high school teacho r continue Marvin Konstam D.r Bernard Relkin Award . for plaque with a laminated facsimile C government opportunity ubcl mem- "w lli -Susan Rovet Pulitzer Scholar . The press council gave Survey its highest award, "Issue of the Year," for the October issue of the publication. All New York City high schools with four-page news- former gifted, Gifted. Ameri The program, Boys' Saet, ed scribed as a" laboratory of prac tical political science," Includes who form 1040 high school juniors, the they Barry Klitzner . Journalism depart ment named Science Survey the best newspaper in its division. competed hte S a . d t papers by sponsored Lexion given been postponed until next fall. Mr. Kenneth Allen, S.O. adviser, the teaching Education's N e ofthe Physics C l u b o f w 3-23, is nowrep- dent Yokr, a n d former president o f the a t a porresenting Bronx Science the f o r Association M o e r t p a t o n i l gram for hte development of citi can Pre s c e n c e Associations, editor o f the Board Robert Mas,cir zenship, the scholarships that het rest Dr.Taffel is president of the High befo t h eudistentr lives."ofsceince e x p l for aining that vicespnaP clir Association, the constant c h a n g e s in modern ofthe Councilof Superdentiespr Teen Government NHS Scholarships scientist." eH odtl het bers Sclence, position a t School Science Surveyings Friedman. a designed to offer." Darlene DeSantis Eli Saklanka .. Award Pythian Sisters fo NY Marilyn MeIntosh Citywide Future Teachers of the Year-2nd Award MORIECES is Kenneth Haas Margaret Rozow ...Robert Sacks, Sharyn Saperstein m i n n o Since license without responsibility?" S C h o o l Parents Association Awards and abnormalities of the school, a n d n e w caused b y lack fo thyroid How.condition a s needed," h e said. m orfed t h e thyroid hore v e r, h e continved, political oriact i n "activities mone helps regulate growth, menoutside t h e school o v e r w h i c h the t a l faculties, and sexual develop ment, t h e detaerunt nciert never s c h o o ln e sn oa u t h o r i t y anohter fore cannot accept responsibility." f u l l y matures. I n the search for a treatment for exestince Dr. Taffel supports t h e is u n "that liberty Science, political knid, stu It withdiferent At ground" "Groups that said. theexrtemes, particumrly from views students Phi Beta Kappa Alumni . D .r Medical Rulon Rawson, dean of New. Phi Beta Kappa Alumnae Award Award College, d i s c u s s e d thyroid gland ta hte Biology Club, Herman .E Mantel Faculty Award Kenneth Haas M ya 31. Herman .E Mantel Alumni Award Marcy Friedman, Mary Stracar D .r Rawson has conducted xe Charles Hodes Memorial Award s on the thyroid, tensive research for General Excellence ni Scholarship David Greenberg One of his Generoso Pope tific contributions i s hsi Frank Pellegrino hteory Richard WellingMemorial Award GO . . Conference Alumni Award concerning het effect ofdilodoty. Marthe Gold dohiyrt compound, no Grand Street Boys Award rosine, a Elaine Bagan Ira .J Sternstein Award Felix Flores Illustrating hsi talk htw i diesl Edgar M . Cigelman Memorial Award o f vcm it s Marthe Gold o t thyroid disorders, Dr.now sR a discussed cretinism, a D.r Martin Luther King Memorial Award , Dolores Smith a called The following awards were presented at the 1968 Commencement: ark t e x p e r i m e n t self-regulation h a v e chartered b y the S . O . . Dr. quishing clothing restrictions, eh says, s h o u l d Graduation Aw a r d s To Biology Group functions strike without preventing student Taffel er- committee, should infringe upon that hte rights and liberties of others,' and feels that het Columbia demo n s t r a t o r s restrictions and creating a student-faculty protestors m hoedts Page Three 4 Former Addicts Relate Past Lives Since 1897 LUdlow 4.7245 J a n5 OLD FASHIONED ICE CREAM PARLOR AND COFFEE SHOP Private Room Available for Parties 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD BRONX, N. Y. Phoenix Laboratories P.O. Box 2123 Astoria, L.I.C. 11102 (212) 726-5468 "Serving the Scientific Community" • LABORATORY APPARATUS • LIVE ANIMALS IALS • BIOLOGICAL MATER Catalogs Mailed on Request �Page Four S U RV E Y SCIENCE Wednesday, June 26, 1968 S t a r Science C a g e r Greg T i l l m a n Racketmen Suffer Undefeated Linksmen few years he has played basketball for Science PSAL Loss of Year C o m m e n t s o n P r o b l e m s o f B l a c k s First In City Title Match Take Top Spot in City Greg Tillman si big, strong, and fast. For the past Science's tennis team lost its championship match ot Bayside, June ,5 by a 3-2 score. It was the Turks' only loss very good brand of ball. He led the team to second place in the divisional playoffs last season asthea center PSAL with an "Honorable Mention" rating from Julian Fifer 6-0. u a t ion . " These friendships are notable because they consist fo the of members of two races, Tillman being one b l a c k m e m b e r s of t h e t e a m Tillman does not think it's that bad being a mem- ber of a very small - though important — minority in this school. "We're not really oppressed here," he said. "But w e do feel a little isolated at times". crucial fifth match, Allan Sceincse' teachers play self to be the better man, win- holes won, rather than on total strokes). Regular-season ning on the fi r s t playoff hole and assuring the victory. contests are only 9 holes. Ed Rosenwasser lost his match on the fifteenth hole. Tillman feels that black people are being oppressed Just considering the sports world this country ,il of which he si a part, he thinks Muhammad A the former Cassius Clay, "has been getting a bad proved their athletic abilitiesot sa htey wonthe Faculty-Student academic prowess, their in Volleyball Match beequal June 12, B y putting the teachers ahead 5-4 51 points, the teachers zoomed ot made up for two line fouls he had again showing great resiliency, tied w to o n e Ali claims to be a minister of Allah and sought At mostly an round (based on number of Te a c h e r s S h o w W i n n i n g F o r m So- good thing" because it has tended to unite the black people. " N o w we have a greater awareness of who we are, and this is good." chance for greater improvement. wound up tied after 18 holes. Scienceite showed him- In the playoffs, each man Latella's triumph proved crucial, as Spiwack lost on the hole. sixteenth the fi r s t set 7-5. H o w e v e r . B a v s i d e Dave Pilossoph evened the conTurks Sink Columbus came back with strong 61, w i n s t o take t h e m a t c h a n d the test by winning on the sevenThe Turks' regular season had ended May 31 with a 5-0 championship. teenth, and J o h n rout of Columbus. The win at scored an easy 13-hole triLance Gordon then Split Rock Golf Course comumph. S c i e n c e B a t s .600 clinched the title, winning on pleted a perfect 6-0 season. 1967-68 golf, tennis, and the seventeenth hole. Dave Sceincse' The linksmen's quarter-fibowling teams the end, nal contest was against Stuyseason play. These three Spiwack fought to ni egrul r i e n e d w a i v e g a n t J u n e 0 lost in 1 8 , but and t h e basketball team all made The Turks won the right to the match, played at Pelham, division playoffs; and were their TotNewtown by edging meet maojr by a 4-1s core. Rosenwasser, contributors t o an overall winning 600 percentaze tenville 3-2, June 12. f o r och Latella, Gordon, and Spiwack R o s e n w a s s e r lost the won for the Turks. nI the season, "When Im ' done with school," he said, "I'm going to aid them ni whatever capacity I can. I'm for. tunate that I came ot Science, where I've had the triumphed 6-3, Engel and Michael Silfen captured probthey lasted well past February, and most belleve whatever he wants." Tillman hopes to help his people after he has finished with college, where he plans ot study govern- day, some suspense. Latella and his opponent battled it out and perfect 8-0 season. o n l y u n a w a y ofthe match but ably will be retained for quite a while past grad- a draft deferment because of hsi religious ties. But he was refused, and was subsequently stripped of "The white man," Tillman said, "shouldn't tell All what to believe. Every man should have the right to their foes 3-2, to close out a 2-5, 62, 63. Eric Saslow and Allen Friedman, soew lal his world h e a v y w e i g h t title. recorded the then first Science win. Displaying an backhand, came early difficulty to triumph Playing basketball was something he really enjoyed dog doing. But it also enabled Tillman to become friends with a number of his teammates. he said about "We're tighter than most groups," seathe squad, which was often seen together. "The son si from mid-October to February, the practice deal." By HOWARD SHAW Science's golf team defeat- eighteenth hole at Staten Island's Latourette Park. Pilos the 1968 New York City PSAL soph also went 18 holes, but championship. Playing at won. Gordon took his match ni 17. Golf C o u r s e Clearview John Latella then provided Queens, t h e Turks downed ed Newtown, June 14, t o win excellent French." He thinks the recently formed Black Cultural season. ponent. Larry Diller held on for three sets, but lost 26, 6-2, 4-6. Nevertheless, he thinks ballplaying, while impor tant, is not as significant as getting a good education. Now that he is leaving Science, he said in an inter. view in early June, eh has "no real complaints about the school. It was not as difficult as I had thought it would be, though I did have some trouble with "Our friendships were formed during the 1968 Captain André Bernard dropped his match 26, 3-6 to a tough op- • fall on full scholarship. Udnoubtedly, he will play undergraduate ball for this year's Ivy sessions sometimes last until six o'clock, the 01 This month he graduates and will enter Columbia got to know each other well." O V i s i o n Greg Tillman in action against Chelsea. schools, I don't think the teachers they try harder." yrt a s hard. Here I" m a convinced that education si one of the best ways we can achieve equality." Tillman si not bitter about the present conditions faculty The scored the first point, for most fo hte game, but never by more than 4 points. ehT students went ahead for the first time at 19-18. However, the service then came to the faculty Mr. Howard Leviton. showing effortless skill, i n A m e r i c a , but he believes "we've waited long 3 points to win the game en ou gh = more than a hundred years for equality." 2scored Other peoples came over t o America, He said, " a n d 1 - 1 9 . In the second game, the students enjoying equality inpractically al — now they're n o t thin e fields. W think we deserve itnow too." black However, the students' attack faltered, and the faculty was able Faculty Jumps They led - lead. After sevbuilt a quick 41 eral non-scoring volleys, it was Mr Following Mr. Solomon's 4 points, to gain a 15-13 triumph. Ping-Pong Bell faculty jumped to an 11-6 margin, Between the first and second within 2 points, 11-9. The teachers games, teachers' lounge ping-pong g o t u p t o 11 a n d t h e s t u d e n t s c a m e C back with 6, to make the score former U.S. champion exhibition game. 17-15. quickly scored twice, u r i t b l e w Lower Left Hand Corner the ball out of bounds. With Myra McCoy serving, the students scored 5 straight points for a come-trom-behind 22-20 vic- Check-out Time tory Charles Silkowitz Towards the end of most of the basketball games played this year in the Boys' Gym, Scienceites began to jubilantly chant "It's all over now!" They followed this by clapping their hands and stamping their feet and pounding on the benches in two thunderous staccato bursts, and then they shouted again "It's all over now!" I t was a victory chant. With Science ahead and the win assured, the students were all joyous that another game was in the bag. And as the big clock ticked off the final seconds of the contest, the fans rose and put on their coats while count- ing off the final seconds too. They did not spend much time ni the gym after the final buzzer. Some hurriedly found their friends to go home with, then left. Others stood around for a while in small groups So Science ceases to be a place to which you rush in the a friend and if mornings. You take your time and wait for know you you miss the Special 2 you're unfazed because you miss it. there'll be another and if you miss the Pledge,g, well, know a The long halls are no longer depressin for you You don't hurry anylot of the people walking through them. the first minute of more because it's no great loss toin miss the hall you haven't seen any class. And you spot some guy slip him five. and Man!" "Hey in a week and you shout an Sitting down and writing something on your desk for late is a intimate stranger in fifth (or is it sixth) to contemp a blank sheet of paper better thing to do than doodling onteache r who gives you a during a boring lesson. And a bad teacher who is a rough mark- high grade is worse than a good sion can be recognized discus talking about the game. A few impatiently waited for the er. And a fine lesson or a heated stands to be rolled back so they could pick up the dog-eared as something all too rare, and treasured. kind of harsh Even the teacher-aides are fun. They are on walking as if but they're actually human so if you keep b e l o w. ing. scream stop lly eventua With everybody cleared out, the floor was gleaming, you were deaf they us name you You write a column and give it a ridiculo s would empty except for some scraps of paper the acustodian there beaming while really grooving sit you and and cool r is cheerleade t a think thrown was that penny get later and a on yourself. had rolled into a corner. and joking grooviest thing of all is sitting in 007 Silas Marner or the Bic that had fallen off the seat to the floor The place was empty, N o echoes remained. But the or philos ophizi ng or j u s t eating your lunch. Or sitting any- or in a rowboat on a beach or under a tree and This month the Class of 1968 is checking out of Science where, on a rug orThe making anLake in Central Park of e middl at the remains in nothing me, for And now. for good. It's all over , feel something you want and a other person, or a few other people to feel. you 205th Street and Paul Avenue except some memories want they them to feel. And you too feel what a factory. modern white building that looks like it could be is n o t a physical structure for me. It's not some Science down the long halls with these square lights and a white line three floors middle getting smaller in t h e distance. It's not cafeteria or an and a campus level of classrooms. It's not a audito rium or a planet arium . it's the people who come here whom you've met. Rather, the mornings and leave a few Those who enter t h e doors in have with them. hours later and the relationships you a sophomore, you're dumb When you are a freshman and ted," whatever that is. educa to "get e and you come to Scienc g to "get educated." So you work hard tryin at least by your senior But by the time you're a junior, or ated" system this "getting educ year, you come to know that is not all it's cracked up to be. It's kind of hollow. Communi- e it's a t . cating with other people, you learn, is wher walls behind. e get out of this place. Leave these he must be So now w thought Science was merely walls, If anybody c o i n g u p t h e m by now. More than likely we'll be back to say hi t o the teache rs btedly we'll see again those who meant something to us. Undou month. We'll all change. We others who are leaving this on changing. few years and we'll keep changed in the pastmeet five or maybe , we can slip each other ophize Wherever we or just philos or joke and down sit then even ten and ce. Scien t a met we first mber reme we'll And e. groov And now you're supIt's all over now, though, for here. posed to Clap! Clap! t t o faze the of the second game, as Then, what might have been the final Leviton volley, Mr. chance for immortality by hitting C a r M.r Alan Bell played bloops, shots at the and other tactics d i d n o t At 18-17, Mr. Leviton got the and it appeared he would become well as the first. h agile M r. Bell, w h o w o n 28-26. Other teachers participating in the day's activities were Mrs. Bar- bara Advocate, M.r Eugene Falk, Mrs. Miss Frances HodRuth Gelfand, Mr. rinsky, Mr. Bernard Horowitz, Mr. Norman Klinger, Mr. Jack Radott, and Mr. Kenneth Allen, who did the "color commentary." Sports Shorts Handball The Science handball team finished its season strongly, winning its last two contests. The wallmen traveled ot Roosevelt May 22, and swept a 21-1 rout. Willy the match 5-0. Steve Lott opened with foe 21-18, and Marty RoNeroulias followed by edging his ne and Wolman-Roth senberg won 21-18. The Presti-Bianco respectively. teams triumphed 21-6 and 21-16, May 24 contest. Science defeated Washington 4-1 in a hted the meet. highlig Shutouts by Lott and Rosenberg n and Roth Wolma while Presti and Biancone won 21-12, picked up a 21-15 victory. to Taft May Earlier, the Turks dropped a 3-2 match the only win27. Lott (21-0) and Neroulias (21-17) were n e r s f o r Science. Elections team met May 23, The members of Science's baseball Valua ble Player for on Most Solom Jerry er pitch d electe and er Ralph Salvietti as next year's 1968. They also chose catch captain. s for the Turks this year, Solomon appeared in six gamea 1-3 won-lost record, but starting three . He compiled only such powerhouses as Clind run average, against just 3.05. In addi tion, h e earne his ton, Taft, and Roosevelt, was gs. (All statistics a r e unout 20 men i n 20% innin struck official.) ce action this season,s i nthe Salvietti did not see much oo f Phil Clendennin, t wSalvietti Paul Hoffman a n d capt ain ever, catc hers . How team's best hitters, are also regu lar receiver. figures to be next year's t e a m pick ed Lloy d Mayer Meanwhile, the swims ming a c a p t a i n .M ayer's specialties are to succeed I r a B r a w e r tyle events. the 200- and 400-yard frees said t h a t his hopes for Mayer Following his election, r student s a championship, greate next season include, besideto come and watch us swim," he support. "We want them said. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx Schools Newspaper Collection, 1933–1969 Subject The topic of the resource Newspapers (The Bronx, New York) The New Deal (Walton High School) Science Survey (Bronx High School of Science) The Walton Log (Walton High School) Description An account of the resource The collection comprises various student newspapers from Bronx schools, including Bronx High School of Science and Walton High School. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The provenance of this collection is varied. Lewis Stone donated the publications from Walton High School in 2020. Dr. Steven Payne found the publications from Bronx High School of Science on a shelf in the library in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933–1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspaper collection Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS Type The nature or genre of the resource Archival collection Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document SCIENCE THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL OF SCIENCE SURVEY Vol. LXI - No. 5 June 26, 1968 Students Elect Greenberg Mayor Lindsay Gives Speech By KENNETH LIEBERMAN Scienceites elected Eric Green- berg, 3-4, as SO. . president, June At Gradua ion Ceremonies t 7. following a campaign marked by uncertainty over the future of the studen O r a t i a t o n H e d e yB ARTHUR LUBOW accompanied yb responsibility and MayoJrohn Lindsay spoke ta respect for the rights of others and of the Parents' Association, feated David Kapelman, 3-24, and the comemxesceris, enceJumneent for democratic procedures.?" sentedtheawardsonbehalfofthe 2 1 , a s 8 7 5 esonsri graduated. particular, D.r Tatfel said, parents, He was folowed by M.r In other contests, Darcy Lowell, Bernard Manson, who distributed In recyenatrs, universities have students should eb wary of the awards for the faculty. 3-13, and Christina Palacio, the posts of vice-president v e e n philosophy that the ends justify resistant change, M.r the Finally, the long-awalted mo- and secretary, respectively. Lindsay odtl the graduates. "Be- and over again that bad means college coordinator, presented the means, "History shows over ment arrived. M,r Emanuel Bolom, Disarming S.O. cause of the excelent training you destroy good ends," he noted. D,r have vedecei,r I think many of Taffel concluded hsi speech graduates and awarded the diplo After Dr. Taffel had announced by saying that "If the young peo- mas, ending the high school years the formation of a student-faculty youwillfind yourselves allied oftheexcitedseniors, withforcesof change no the col- ple of today pursue their ideas The chamber advisory committee, candidates legceampus," he added, with responsibility and with youth- then performed Offenbach's "Bal. t h e f u t u r e role that"restraint nda reason are the ful energy and imagination, they let Parisienne." Valedictorian Mar- of the Student Organization, Dr. e x p i ni n e d t h a t t h e Greenberg. and Lowell are next y e a r s 90.. officers. besttools, nobtulets a n d V i o wil make the world abetter place garet Rogow followed, than it has been." asking her Salutatorians Elen Goldfluss and classmates "questions I have asked committee would be only a" nego- H ati n ea r m o ft h es .O." administration." Her duringthelastyear,"eitingasan After hte traditional processional myself?" Kenneth Has folowed D.r Tat- After Miss Rogow's speech, Toby Speaking at the Mya 29 S.O. as- ponents were Danei into the Loews' Miler, 3-11, example the S.O's support of het seniors set'l remarks with brief addresses and Harriet Jacobster, 3-251 ror senoT c a m o st e n o ever ParadiseTheater, D.r Alexander reenberg supported "stu. The chorus, led yb M.r Anton Ro-l Fixel, 4-19, sang Arditi's "I Bacio," dents' rights, no matter how they nI her farewel speech asS.O, shecontinued,dissensionand .pa Taffel, principal, greeted hte sut. land, then sang Bach's "It Thou the piano. As the graduates joined sembly, G accompanied by Stuart Bernard on be won". He said that he hopes president, Marthe Gold s a l d that t h y dents and guests. In histalk, he But Sufer" can "loosen the administration's "there have been osme umirtph,s throughouttheyear. advised the graduates that "the "Brotherhood of Man." Beethoven's ni hte singing of hte "Alma Mater," exercise of rights and liberties is M.r Harold Wilkinson, president the 1968 commencement exercises very tight grasp on the Student came to a close. Organization." Calling for changes, he coid the S.O. "must become more receptive and responsive ot Students, Faculty to Form student edemands.ThemeansIon change," he continued, "Is q u i c k JointAdvisoryCommittee; and effective communication." Promises, Promises, Promises Will Start Next September d o f o s t e d M i t c h e l l J o l l e s , 3 - 1 3 , a n d Vice-president Darey Lowel, who A student faculty advisory com- elected representatives. m i t t e e w i l l b e c r e a t e d n e x t f a l l , T h e OS . . C o u n e l i wd o u l h a n d l e Peter Poses, 3-5, said grade and D.r Alexander principal, nominations for commitee dele- SO. . a n n o u n c e d a t t h e s o , a s s e m b l gateisn hbot plans. tI would er- candidacy are "unfair." I n a d d ! May 29. duec the total number fo nomina- tion, she promised to work for a The purpose of the commite, tions to no meor htan eight, after student lounge. Dr. Taffel indicated, Is to suggest, which the students would elect the Christina Palacio promised to Tache T i n t o determme Channe. required number ronresente "work together" with the other ni school polley. It wil osla sek tives. officers to help make a "more ef S O U O I N TOM 8 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 DC In orderot eb egilbiel to serve According to D.r on the committee. Dr will have "more i n astudent must have passed all his September Strike fluence in areas like school regula. t i o n s . i n w h i c h s t u d e n t s h a v e d i character record. He need not be Margaret Rogow, 4-26, is t h i s Kenneth Haas, 4-8, delivered a Ellen Goldfluss, 4-12, is one of Does Not Change rect experience. and less in areas Salutatory n od r e s s 1 9 0 8 the two 1968 Salutatorians Many students expressed the de- Miss Rogow is Forum publicity commencement exercises. Literary Editor of Observatory, SchoolCurriculumlittleexperience." sireforacommitteewith moT chairman.amemberoftheMath member orthesoccereatm WissGoldussischrolledo Dr. Taffel suggested two possible a d d i t i o n , Society, Israeli Dance Group, and Haas has served on several school lege Math and College Social The 18-day teachers' structural plans for the committee, some students objected tothe re- Debating club, as s a u n a s . w h i s year won h o n s t u d i e s S h e is a winner of a N a had little effect on Science's cur- Both provide for five teacher rep- strictions placed on eligibility for ticipant ni many school shows. orable mention in Westing- tional Honor Society Scholarship riculum, a Survey study indicates. resentatives elected by the faculty. Furthermore, they said, While at helene?. house Talent Search, i n n o c t o t Cornell Regents Scholar Of those courses whose curricula In the first scheme, the students deleentes should be nominated by won several awards, including a to winning aRegents Scholarship. ship. down, the laboratory would be represented by the 5.0 petition and not by the S.O, Coun National Merit Scholarship Haas will continue his education In the fall, Miss Goldfluss will were most af. c i l . Prix de L/'Aliance Française, and next year at Harvard University. enter the Colege of Agriculture fected, but only ni the early part president and four delegates elect- The structure of the committee aRegents Scholarship. Hoping to later enter ot Cornell University. She is in- of the first term. Electives without The second plan would includethe will be determined next fall. Stu- about her future career, Miss K o school, he plans to major in biol- terested in the biological sciences, laboratory work were unaffected S.O. president, t r e e dent and faculty representatives gow will attend Barnard College ogy, probably specializing in psy- nossibly leading to a career ir by the lost days. presidents, and only two specially will be chosen at that time next year, Cholory. Mrs. Henrietta chair. man of the Math department, said that the calculus classes would be Students Meet Taffel: well prepared for the Advanced Hootenanny Echoes Today's Youth Placement exam. Clothing Rules Ended Mr. Milton Kopelman, chairman By DEBORAH HWANG of the Biology department. said. "Hootenanny 1968" stressed songs Dr. Alexander Taffel, principal, must be t r a i n e d and materials "Our curriculum is so enriched. responded to a list of "demands" m u s t b e obtained before a full that w e aren't hurting our kids of love and war, reflecting the at a meeting attended by about program can be initiated. too much paring c e r t a i concerns today's youth 350 students held in the cafeteria, A uniform list of rules and pen- a r e a s . " S.O. sponsored event took place May 28. At the meeting Dr. Taffel altiessibeingprepared,Dr.Taffel announced that he had abolished said, and will be ready next fall. Students Untroubled May 24. all dress regulations. Although he "feels very strongly Michael Kairys, 4-18, and Bar- that there should be reasonable None of the department spokes- m e n expressed any concern over bara Kaplan, 4-26, opened the show Student demands included performance of " Think freedom during guide ines l for dress," Dr. Taffel the Regents exams. Mr. Kopelman lunch and unassigned periods; the has abolished restrictions on attire It's Going to Rain l o d a y ude nts' re- said, "The median (Biology Siron's introduction of black history and "as a response to the st score at Sciencel is always "Kathy's Song." culture into quest for this liberty as their per They Parker al right." An absence of cloth- close to 90. We won't have any Gambind. w h o san g"Song#4' formation of a list of violations son w i t h i t corresponding penalties; t h e ing rules, he stressed, should serve an original composition which he reinforce self-regulation t h e Physient Science depart- desorlbesas"asoneaboutmyself," abolition of dress regulations, and r e f o r m s i n S.O. elections proce- students. He added that a gradual m e n indicated curriculum elimination of clothing regulations n r o b l e m s . H e r t m a n Gewirtz, has been taking place since the d e p a r t m e n t c h a i r m a n , s a i d "We "Tomorrow Is a Long Time" was Any Time, Any Place Before discussing the five issues, b e g i n n i n g o r t h e a r e i n c o m p l e t e c o n t r o l a w h i sung by A n n i T a n n e n n i k o v . 4-2. The students C a m a n d e r we teach. All elementary classes Joanne Jacobsen, 3-28, then offered Dr. Taffel said that he was S.O. elections proce- will be adequately prepared." two original songs. "Child of Your ways available" to speak with stu- dents. However,h e continued, dure Candidates should b e n o m i Mind," which she said was "about petition, said. Dilatory Tactics would not y i e l d to demands, the secret ambitions that everyon matter what the addition, no student should be dis- Mr. Mark Rifkin of the English has," and "Salty River," an anti- t h i s i m p l i e s intimidation and de office because of department said that the depart war song "written from a anterent a low "disciplinary feats the purpose of true communi- ment delayed certain changes in angle, that of a fish ni the Mekong record." cation." literature River." curriculum so that He then answered each of the A Matter of Time the teachers would have enough Linda Kaplan, 4-26, Darlene De- demands separately. Students can- In response, Dr. Taffel said that t o tinish the assigned works Santis. 4-26. Susette Chu, 4-1, and not possibly go outside during free a student who has failed one H e a d d e d t h a t t h e u s u a l r a n g e o f subjects cannot Wendy Kramer, periods, s a i d , s i n c e t h e n o i s literature tonie s has been covered ditions of Tom Paxton's anti-war on the guitar, accompanie s singer Barbara Kapl an as would disturb classes in progress, spend the time that an S.O. office Those students with i n technical English son g, "When Morning Breaks," and Michael Kairys, they perform during one of t he oneni ng numbers o f t h e Hootenanny. safety hazards woul d develop, and demands. original composi. the school wo uldbeunabletocon- records," he said, The Social Studies department t i o n , "The re Once Wa s a King." and Donovan's "Cat ch the Wind." note a vaudeville routine, whO enters have shown irresponsibility. abridged the material required for Afterward Robert Kaplan, 4-23, "Be Clown," done by Steven building. Nomination by petition, Dr. Tat- sang Phil n o n e "Celin" and With accompanist Linda Kaplan, piano. Linda Pierce, Sterner, 4-26, and Susan Sadoft, Black culture and history are wou ld the mid.year exams. Acting Chair- manMr.HerbertFalkensteinsaid Malvinn Rernolds' "Come 4-26, on the already being introduced i nto the wielay." Furthermore, he added, "roughly the G a v e Miceio, 3-13, a n d "Summertime." Next, Ilene Moore, 2-11, sang "Redwing "Hootenanny 1968" w a s o r g a n curriculum, Dr. the required indicated. agreatnumberofstudentscould n u m b e r same requirements on this year's G o l dw al ballad. namesona asser. petition. by Steven Kess. However, he said, "we can't build ersen's Blackbird," a tradition two songs of lov e, Eric And ized in o ne week in a minute." Teachers tinals as there have been o n other beautifulballad"VioletsofDawn," The program ended on a light ler, 4-3. a course Page Two SCIENCE SURVEY SCIENCE SURVEY James Watson's 'Double Helix' Depicts Ach Du Lieber published 8 times a year by the students fo Personalities Involved in DNA Di THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL scovery Bronx Science OF SCIENCE By ARTHUR LUBOW chseme ofhet DNA moelcuel. ,w 75 West 205 Street Bronx, Otall the ofspring oaf moderntechnologicalso- Asyal however, it N. Y. 10468 ceiyt, hte scientist i s the mosftrequently. m i s u n d e r and nietrensitg world. affords the reader a rare glimpse into an impo rtant Richard Schwarz DR. ALEXANDER TAFFEL, Principal sotod. According to popular behliefr,esidesi n a distant, elevbuabtebdle, deftarocmhetdhe banality ehT naravite i s ac l ed with ebacier comments As Science, complaining si as natural as cheering Vol. LXII - No. 5 June 26, 1968 a n d petiness o f lite.neWh a b o o kr e f u t i n g this m y t h dericetd towvaoirusard members of het sceinfiitc at a football game. So, I'll take this opportunity to aiptpearsydlve,resde atracts "amuddledlot"who od what comes naturally. commuTnoitWy.atson, botanists and zolgsist era Charloserste winnermsaeJ D .Watsons' T h eDoubleHelixbelong. Richard lemics. "wasted their efforts onpo- My first experience with Science left me shaken Editor-in-Chief inthis category. " Crystalographers "delight ingnieb in T h e DoubleHelix, a non-fictionwork,describes a field wher rheit ideacsoultodneb easilysdi Immediately nopu entering hte building. I was shooed Michael Kairys e s o n i a t e theroleplayedb yWatson,theauthor,andhisax provedS.c"ientists in genera,l he adds,areofetn upto het auditorium where, sa every day from notablyFrancisCrick,intheformation not onlynarrow-mindedanddull,butalso justhneton,Iasertedmypatriotismandheardtheni News Editors Robert B e l l , Jean ne T h e l w e l l modelo ft h eD N Amolecule.Workingi nCam sutpdi". These,as wealls othpersronal sentiments formation sovital to my education that I would hear expressed i nt h e booka, r e revealing ti at times Feature Editors Marilyn Campbel, Mark Gantt bridge,England,thetwomenusedX-raymachines, distasteful. ti all overagain i n official period. Sports Editor Charles Silkowitz mathematicalformulas andcommonsenset odis Cold Characters The first day fo esascl continued my Business Managers . . Howard Adler, Jonathan rexBo closethesecretso ft h e"moleculeo flife."TheDNA ment. Ingym, I eagerly inquired about tryouts for Circulation Manager Emanuel Cherney molecule, whosehelicalstructurecomesthe Characters aresuperficiallydrawn.nosWta hte footbal teamsA. yet, none were scheduled, but Exchange E d i t o r Barbara Walzer O O O % componento fgenes. het talent of an hasn't C r authsourch a s Photography Editor cellular strands which determine heredity. A knowl- e a t e m a s t e r f u l characetrs C P. . S n o w , w h o c a n I n novels concerning erhet wer openings on an excellent tennis team, F a c u l t y A d v i s e r Msr. Linda nFdgoeil edgeoftheDNAmoleculewasneededtounderstand topicssimilart o Wsaots,n' The which oloked intriguing when you considered that Associate Board itsvariousfunctions.Itisthoughtthatthediscovery explorethethoughtsofthepeoplewho workoend theypracticed without a net. If I had looked forward ofitsstructurewillhelptoopenotherrelatedbiolo- the structureo fthemoleculei sonly partlysatis t oa comforting unchl period, m y first glimpse of gicalfields. factory. Ellen Rable, Mark Watson'snarrativemovesquickly,describingthe TheDoubleHelixisnota grelaiteraryachleve- t h e crowded, noisy, altogetner chaoue careteria d i s Apprentices efforts,t h edisappointments,t h ejealoustes,a n dt h e ment.Itis, howev,er auhlftaif and entwt-ilrel d e such hop.es Later ni the day, I wa ultimateelationwhichaccompanysuccess.Attimes. scriptionof the sciexnpetrieinfice.c introduced to mechanical drawing, armed with a thebooki sdisturbing:Watsona n dCrickceiebrate andespeciallythosewho platonworkinthesciences, T-square and a French curve, and told to drav whena competingscientiatpublishesanincorrect shouldgiveithet carefaudlingthatitmerits. hert viewsof aratchet. Dazed yb mywen outlook o n education, I stopped for a drink of brown water Student Group morf a nearbfoyuntain, onyl eno fo whose spouts Bernstein Says work aetda timIe. washnet presented whti a Aims to Change Science pennant and sent home. Of Truth nI thenext few weeks I discovered many other Demand, Response aspectosfefil at Science. To bnegi with, 1learned EditoNr'sote:Don'ttakethis Al of the five student demands submedti article seriously: Bernstein i s just SchoolSystem that every yda was bargain day in the cafeteria. by concerned students of Science shoudl b e showingwhath ehaslecrnedi n Heralded by screeching whistles, D.r Silver ofered accepted by the administration without delay Last November,while parenst, saleosneverything from T-bal jotters ot typewriters teachers, andpublic slafioicf were t o Science jackets and book bags. sA ot those "fag so that starting next year sutdenst will be By CHARLES K . BERNSTEIN onefirfg palns forchanging Newbag"s, honestly now, disregarding the able to lead a fairer, more decent life atthis I nthecenturiess i n c et h eAll York'sschoolsystem,agroupof oftheadjective, how many people care ot carry s c h o o l . m i g h t y c h a r g e d A d a m w i t h t h a t Scienceites decided t h a t t h e y , t o o , The underlying concept behind the mdendas wanvtoeidcein their onideutac and dlog si that students are individuals who have a Coulombiesparkoflife,menhave Under thaeuspiceso f the New Flower Children right to help make the decisions which aefct asked t h e pervading questions o f kYro Educational Workshop, yhet h u m a n y " where,why,to and studfernotms ohter cihtyigh Soon the assemblies began to be presented. theirlives. Althoughtimayebacceptable for a parent to tell his child how to dress, it si what extent?" Indeed, they have watched people whti carnations being told that be cause t h e y h a d a 9 0 p e r c e n t a v e r a z e a n d t w e l v e s e r v unacceptable for the school to do so. The ad- sought c o h e m e c o n c e n t Better Curricula A(BC.) "Those who arme ostconcerned ice credits htey were outstanding school citizens and ministration's decision to abolish all clothing truth. hwti destinedot lead America; 1heard an orchestra dem regulations, though long overdue, si an affir- Science arose from het fervent should be consulted o n the issuesonstrate a remarkable brand of guts, if not musical mation of this principle. desire fo humankind to find prag- t h a t a f f e c t t h e i r vile"s. d e c l a r e d ability; and I listened ot candidates for S.O. office Unfortunately the administration has not matic truth, working on the as ABC president, Charles Le, a who promised the world and delivered na extended asyetseenfittoextendthisprincipletoallow sumptionthat, saW. M. Evartsde Sciencejunior. l e t o oc e o r t h e m s e l v e s students to leave the school building during T h e memboeftrhse group have Eventually I became a Junior. By then I thought theirlunchandfreeperiods. Iftheadminis- clared,"Truthisthegravitation omfredautlalistof2ideasand1wenk whatwaswrongwithScience, butactually tration were compelled to eat lunch in thsetu- principleoftheuniverse."How- suggestions concerning the basic I hadn't seen anything yet. I was still to construct a dent cafeteria, prohibitions against leaving ever, modenr scienceh a sshown goals fo education. ABC proposes Van de Graat generator for STL, a device from the building would be abolished soon enough. u s that the truth about things is that bacsi principles of philosophy which I now get many happy hours of use; I was still to learn the art of sleeping erect in my But ni a larger sense, regardless of condi- very elusive. Science si generally Mr. Bernstein - ethics, aesthetics, and logic while "appreciating" music twice a week; and I was tions inside the cafeteria, students should satisfied ot discover the "how" of Other proposals include expand- still ot have the wide cholce between math and elec have the right to eat where they want. AI- things, not the "why". In fact, one great Egyptian pyramids ing foreign exchange programs, of tronics as a senior elective, trying not ot think though the administration speculates that can se that Evarts was relatively built by the labor of slaves lifting fering courses ni black history. of hte fact that ni colege Iwil probably major ni there may be many difficulties, we think that Whon brick upon brick. and establishing children's houses English. responsible students will not cause them. Per- The truth-seeker, then, m u s t Unquestionably, J ohn Keats was Friendly Persuasion haps a trial period will show that there are search for a more enduring defi- one of the world's most outstand. to care for pre-schoolers in de By this time also, I had begun ot think about the mor e re sponsible students here than the ad- nig poets. nI "Ode on a Grecian prived neighborhoods. nition than those offered by the At present, ABC believes that colege of my choice, a process ni which I was fre ministration believes. U r " he rhymed "Beauty is truth, science-oriented. truth beauty." Our task, now, si its primary function is educational. quently and ably helped by members of our guidance The students also asked that a list of school to find what beauty si and, by the On May 17, the fourteenth anni- department, a friendly group who had the remark- rules with a set of uniform penalties be issued onstruction transitiveproperty.toequatethat Work of the Supreme Court's able ability ot determine my life's needs after seve n to all students. We are pleased that this request John Dryden, the English poet, with scientific fact. Thus, if one desegregate p u b l i c minutes of the first interview. has been agreed to and will be implemented said that "Truth si the foundation finds a beautiful object, ti is truth. schools, ABC members distributed My senior year arrived, and with it a position on in the fall. We are pleased also that the stu- of all knowledge, the cement of ful and therefore it is a scientific a circular calling for educational the Survey staft. This new situation brought new dents' demand for courses which would include societies." It si sad that buildings fact. programs to facilitate interracial difficulties, for my new freedom and responsibili- understanding. This summer, hte ties led me to use the corridors and the telephone the study of black history culture has are not built as wel sa they used This, then, alleviates much of club plans to conduct a survey on extensively. This created aconstant need of passes been agreed to although all the details have the difficulty with science, students' and teachers' criticisms for of course I could not be trusted to leave home not been worked out. to be. Nonetheless, ni the quest for Aquinas' simple dictum, Pulera of curricula. room or the Survey office without daily official Although three of the four demands here an enduring definition of truth, we sunt quae visa placent, we can The group's members realize documentation, I would like ot thank our faithful discussed either have been granted or are on must turn to our poets who have deduce that what pleases the ap that theirs si a difficult task. teacher aides for os courteously explaining this idea theway tobeinggranted,afifthdemandof given us eternal and unchangin Nevertheless,asonemembernoted, tome,andforsogentlypersuadingmetocomply. prehension or sight is scientific fact. Realizing this enduring fact, critical importance requesting election definitions from which we can Now my senior year is over and I am leaving this "Di scussing the restructuring of build skyscrapers we are able to discard most pre- your education c a n . i n i t s e l l . b e school. And now I believe I know forms remains to be accepted. with themortar of science lifted sent day scientific fact as irrele- an educational experience." witharonyscience The administration's failure to accept the by the labor of scientists like the vant. proposal that students to serve on the new committee should be nominated by petition directly bythe students, not throughanin- termediate body, would destroy the effective- elop Variations on 'The Box' STL Students Dev ness of the committee which was to have been of conformity and variety explains the almost mys- a new instrument for communication. The ad- By DAVID KUSNET tical attraction boxes have for the Science student. ministration must correct this procedure O1 al the Scienceite's high school achievements, For the more scientific student, the box is merely which isolates the student body from the the STL project stands out as his most memorable a container for such valuable equipment as digital nominating process. and creative work, Relentlessly, the project grows computers, lie detecting devices, and Van de Graaf Another flaw in the nominating procedure piece by piece, while its creator watches, olen generators . Other juniors, however, have viewed the is the system of prerequisites by which a aghast, as his monster takes on a character of its as an end in itself, creating that most peren- student is kept from running for S.O. or own. During the final weeks, the fledgling inventor nial of Scienceites' creations - "tha nothin e box " committee office for disciplinary reasons varnish, and shellac, hoping This contraption, described by one student as "a metaphor for the S T L course." consists of several or for having failed one course. The adminis- to make his project, it inoperable, at least beautiful. lights embedded ni a box that lights up and blacks tration needs to recognize that a basic right The student of STL, himself a future Fermi or out periodically. Discussing the multiplicity of boxes, of the student is that he elect his represen- Watson, selects his project and plans it carefully as Dr. Charles Cafarella was heard to exclaim, "Be- tatives according to his own lights, not ac- an illustration of a scientific principle, After hours ware of the box! cording to the judgment of others. of careful research, he finally produces a plan for his The failure of the S.O. to represent the stu- w o r k . Box Rebellion dent body before the administration has pretty Little by Little There are, however, nonconformists w h o don't well shown that representative democracy at build boxes and even harbor the thought that an STL Regardless of how his sketches appeared, the Sci ence at t he pre sent is not functi oning. For ge ometric typical student finds his pr oject p rogressing inevi- Di lig ent jun ior assembles six-sided solid project should have some function other than push- inea students form during period of creative science-oriented work. grade above 65. One girl who em- examp le , the S.O. officers, as well as virtually tably "the box." Almost towards its ultimate form — broidered a stuffed elephant for he r younger sister all student leaders, had urged an end to cloth- all examples of this genre consist of five vaguely Some never finish at all. noted that "ST L can be fun if you have the right ingregulations.Nonetheless,onlywhentactics compatiblepiecesoflaboriouslysquaredplywood. professionalhelp. attitude." Asked to comment on herunorthodox were nails Thus, for most of the semester, ever; one seems to be not provided for by the S.O.'s structure These five pieces are assembled with either the same project, and only during the final work, she chose rather to attack the conformists, as used, were these rules abolished. We need a Al too often the nails protru de from the doing f "the box" re- she sang a chorus of "Little Boxes." "They all make new,truly represen w tativ ood. eb The ody with some real or screws. screws, on the other hand, split the sides, weeks is the individual character o members of the Industria Arts l little boxes, little boxes made of ticky-tacky. They the place of the prese nt sys- ruining th e wooden pleces. The en tire pro ce ss must Sever al this co mb ina tion all make l ittle boxes, and they all look just the same. influen ce to take causing many students to seek department have spec ulated that tem of student government at Science. then be repeated Wednesday, June 26, 1968 Wednesday, June 26, 1968 SCIENCESURVEY Page Three Man in the News 4 Former Addicts Relate Past Lives Graduation Awards Dr. Alexander Taffel, Principal To Biology Group The folowing awards were presented at the 1968 Commencement: In his ten years sa Science's he believes het protestors should D.r Phi Beta Kappa Alumni Award . Rulon Rawson, dean of New. Kenneth Haas principal, Dr. Alexander Taffel has a'void mhoedts that infringe upon ark Medical Colege, d i s c u s s e d Phi Beta Kappa Alumnae Award Margaret Rozow stressed .Robert the importance of com hte rights and liberties of others,' functions and abnormalities of Parents Association Awards the Sacks, Sharyn Saperstein munication among students, fac and fels that het Columbia dem- thyroid gland ta hte Biology Club, Herman .E Mantel Faculty Award onstrators should have called a Mya 31. Kenneth Haas ulty, and the administration. Herman .E Mantel Alumni Awards student strikewithout preventing D.r Rawson has conducted xe Charles Hodes Memorial Award Marcy Friedman, Mary Stracar B y r e m o v i n g dress restrictions students withdiferent viefwroms tensive research on the thyroid, and creating a student-faculty da- One of his for General Excellence ni Scholarship David Greenberg committee, Taffel er- At Science, political tific contributions i s hsi hteory Generoso Pope Memorial Award Frank Pellegrino sponded this year ot omse of hte ground" should n o t concerning het effect ofdilodoty. Richard Welling GO. . Co nfe rence Alumni Award chartered b y the S.O.. Dr. Tafel Marthe Gold t h epituitary minno rosine, a dohiyrt compound, no Grand Street Boys Award quishing clothing restrictions, eh said".Groups that freelydiscus Ira .J Sternstein A Elaine Bagan says, is "in part an experiment t ward Illustrating hsi talk htwi diesls Felix Flores see it self-regulation by the stu Memorial Award knid, havealwaysexistedin this o f vcmits o Edgar M. Cigelman Marthe Gold dents wil eliminate thexrtemes, school,a n dn e w Drno.wsRa discussed cretinism, a t t h y r o i d disorders, D.r Martin Luther King Memorial Award , Dolores Smith particumrly of sioppiness. It is un morfed a sneeded,"h esaid. How. condition cbauyseldack fo thyroid Walter Vogel Memorial Award Darlene DeSantis fortunate," he added, "that omse ever,h econtinved,political oriact Since t h e thyroid hor- Sachs' John .F Kenn edy M emorial Award students interpret liberty to mean. i n "activities monehelps regulate growth, men- Ruth Kirzon Group Eli Saklanka Achievement l i c e n s e w i t h o u t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ? " o u t s i d e t h e s c h o o l o v e r w h i c h t h e t a l f a c u l t i e s , a n d s e x u a l Award B a r r y K l i t z n e r latte noted that both the s c h o o ln e sn oa u t h o r i t y anohter ment,the detaerunt nciert d e v e l o p P y t h i a n never S i s t e r s f o N Y. . A w a r d Marilyn MeIntosh SChool students have forecannotacceptresponsibility." fullymatures. Citywide Future Teachers of the Year-2nd Award Pulitzer Scholar -Susan Rovet changed ni hte tsap decade. The Dr.Taffelsupportsthe exestince I nthesearch for a treatment for Marvin Konstam 0003une or a courses, The intro D.r Taffel, who si celebrating his cretinisamndsimple goiters, neics D.r Bernard Relkin Award duction of the tenth year as principal of ocience o f the spacialized school. By brnig- Shelley Jaffe Advanced Pacle- togethers tudents high asis t o u n d htat lodine i sconcen ett Medal for Excellence of James K. Hac k ment proram the creation or the a b i l i t y , h e s a y s , a s c h o o l s u c h a s d e t a r t i n e h t t h y r o i d , D. r R a w s o n H o w a r d in Public Speaking computer laboratory, and hte great parts ten year,ogsa Taffelsaid. Sciencecanobtainbotht h eat explained. Many A d l e r Regarding het recent eventsat mosphereandthefacilitiesotpro- cured after recevinig doses of lo Commencement Committee Award Solomon Levin vities are, ni sih opnioin, the o.ut unevis.etsri developmento f these dine. Citation of the Governor's Committee on Scholastic Achievement: standing academci changes during D.r Tafel dias that "student dme- main Researchworkers later deter- Michael Bodian, Robert Friedman, Ellen Goldfluss, David Greenberg , these years. Today's students are a symbol of s t u of this type osfchool, Taltel notes, mined thes e r i e s of chemical Kenneth Haas, Walter Hakman, John Latella, Susan Lev ine, Mar- "more involved in per culture, dent nocnrec dna involvement." prestige. which convert lodine ot garet Rogow, David Saffer, Harold Samtur, Steven Scheiner, John question pro MORIECES some students seek admission even thyroxin, thyroid hormone, Stock, Barbara Walzer, Risa Weinreb, Irene Weiss. grams, and mero sensitive to poli- healthy, and can, when sioprepr lead t o desriabel Atthe world" than were their counet.r changes and progress." However, terestedinthespecialscience and .Dr R a w s o n d e s c r i b e d "what openig otfhe meneitg. New Arista Members Elect maker i s desigtnoeodffer." a scienteHist."odtl het positiona t Sclence, b e r s t h a t t h e y "wl l i c o n t i n u e ot Dr.Taffelispresidentofthe High be udstesnt ofsceince for het rest ubcl mem- Maria Schiff to Presidency School spnaPclir Asociation, vice- fo t h e i r lives." e x p l a i n i n g t h a t Science Surveyings dentiespr otfhe Counciolf Super- the conchsantgaesnt in modern Associatioendsit,orf the scence p r e v e n t t h e s u a c h t r o m Board Education's reponrt totaly mastering his subject. NHS Scholarships Teen Government teaching the giftedf,ormer presi Ellen Goldfluss, 4-12, and Robert Fouformer drug addicts de- Robert Mas,cir 3-23, is nowrep- dent ofthe PhysicsClubo f wNe F r i e d m a n . have W o n N-a resenting Bronx Science a t a por- Yokr, and formerpresidentof the bdeircs their experiences at the tional Honor Society Scholarships. gram for hte development of citi Moertpatonil Association f o r the ubcl, May 1 7 . Ehca dsi- O p e n to all Arista members. the zenship, sponsored by hte Ameri Gifted. He i s the cussed the help he had received t r o m E n c o u n t e r scholarships the c a n L e x i o n author of htre physicetxst,s sev. b a s i s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o n t h e P r e school ofmred ot help drug users. The program, Boys' Saet, ed w h o transferred liminary Scholastic Aptitude Test and numoeurs articleson scribed as a" laboratory of prac ( P S A T ) . A l l A r i s t a m e m b e r s w h o from Sencie t o Washnigotn v-rI t i c a l p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e , " I n c l u d e s wish to be eligible take the exam 1040 high school juniors, who form B n o r i n w Ne Y o r k , D . r T a f f e l g n i H i g h S c h o o l l a s t y e a , r s a d i in November of their senior year government similar to that of w e n t Twodnesn sHirar High hes had edatrst unsig drugs be- Cause "didnt' feel sa smart New York State. The students are School, a school for intellectually as the other students." Class Elections given the opportunity torun giftedchildren. He thenattended ManyScienceitesarestillusing Elections of class officers have elective office, take City College and did graduate drugs, Miss s a t o been postponed until next fall. m i n a t i o n , p r a c t i c e l a w , w r i t e f o r work at Columbia, Michigan, and get started on pot," she continued, Maria Schift (left). Lois Jackson, Gerson Sternstein, and Susan Mr. Kenneth Alen, S.O. adviser, the o r s e r v e o n t h e New York Universities, During wit's lust a way of copping out." said "it wouldn't be fair Boys' State Police force. Encounter is staffed by commit- Steinberg form the Arista staff, to begin its functions next fall. kids" to have elections in the short Supervised by high school teach- World War II, he served a s a tees of former addicts and a small space time ers and law students, the Boys' lieutenant commander ni the navy. group of professional psychiatrists. Maria Schift, 3-8, is the new pluralities rather than majorities Stern- of the Nominations were term. State program si being held at the stein, 3-21, Lois Jackson, 3-3, and halted after five candidates had Candidates would not be able New York State Agricultural and Senior Show Ineludes been named for each post. to have as much Technical College at Morrisville, as usual it elections were June 23-29. vice-president, secretary, and trea- A 90 per cent average and twelve surer a t the honor society's May held this Alet Sa.d service credits are the Satirical Songs. Skits 27 meeting. requirements for Arista admission Usually, students running for of- draw posters and t a X e Senior Prom This year, the service c r e a t p o u The Senior Show combined songs, du Lieber, Doc Tafel," a tongue- In her campaign speech, Miss system was revised, shifting the speeches in official classes. As a result of lack of student skits, and fast takes ni asatirical in-cheek look at a German class- "wasting time." emphasis participation The offices affected include those interest, the Senior Prom has been v i e w o . t h e s c h o o l leadership. president, and c a n c e l e d . Not enough seniors Kingsley Grant, 4-2, the One of the highlights of the show panded tutorial program. Mr. Herbert Rosenfeld is Arista's secretary for the sophomore, jun- bought tickets to make the event All tickets were returned. producer, and Robert Weiss, 4-23, was a segment of the movie, "Gold- Students voted after hearing f a c u l t y adviser. ior, and senior classes. p o s s i b l e . t h e d i r e c t o r o f t h e s h o w d i g g e r s o f 3' 3 . " e a c h c a n d i d a t e p r e s e n t h i s O r a t was presented June 1 to a boister- A guidance scene included Jack form ni a one-minute speech. Only Math Teams Take ous audience of seniors. D R I V E R ' S u r v e y ' T a k e s F i r s t Staub, 4-16, as a troubled senior, juniors, all of whom were admitted L i n d a K a p l a n , 4 - 2 6 , p r e s e n t e d G r a c e , 4 - 1 6 , a s h i s a t t h e M a y 61 A r i s t a a s s e m b l y , E D U C A T I O N In St. B o n a v e n t u r e First-Place Spots t h e opening number. The intro- were permitted to vote. ductions made by senior were The program closed w ith an old In a break w ith tradition, all FAL 1968 Newspaper Ratings InCityCompetition class president John Morihisa, 4-8, time movie sketch, "The Perils of officers were elected on the first The Senior Math Team ended who later returned, complete with s t a r r i n g Andrew Harwin, 4-26, as Festus Crankshaw, ballot, with the winners receiving The New York City High School beard and pipe, in press council and S.t Bonaventure its season tied with Stuyvesant of Charles Bernstein, survey 4-13, Charlie • Students Picked Up Journalism depart High School for first place in the editor-in-chief. Chaplin, Michael Nee, 4-6, as Percy Butterfly, Vickie C h a r l t o n , • tafedRetral city while the Junior Math Team David Spiwack, 4-22, and Ro- JOE'S ment named Science Survey the best newspaper in its division. finished at the top of its division. bert Weiss performed 4-26, in the title role. and Hardy routine, set ni the boys' Mr. Joseph Cotter advised the FORDHAM INC. The press council gave Survey Last term, the Senior Math Team seniors in the preparation of the Army &Navy Store its highest award, "Issue of the placed second behind Stuyvesant, I Were a Senior," near the start show. G I R L S BOYS For Further Infonmation Write Year," for the October issue of the with the Junior Math Team win- of the program. CPO SHIRTS - LEES DROITHED CATOINDEPT publication. Al New York City ning first place honors. Throughout the show. a scenc CYpress 5-4320 Student Discount PEA COATS MOT.WE ONAVE. high schools with four-page news- Three meets constitute a season. of the student lounge was N E W Y O R K , N . Y. papers competed for this sWard peated several times, with a boy At every meet, each member of SCIENCE JACKETS given sitting and a girl angrily stomp- the five-man starting team receives 8 91-09 078463 24 inehertoot Jodoe's Art Shop CONV ERSE plaque with a laminated facsimile Convenient Schools Also ni Other Bor two problems in three separate Steven Sterner, 4-26, sang "Ach S.O. DISCOUNT St. Bonaventure University called problem One p o i n t OIL PAINTINGS PAINTINGS RESTORED C w e Aha host e tterpress DuD awarded for each correct solution. UN 3-0671 ART SUPPLIES lication some 100 competing Team rank is determined by the PICTURE FRAMING number of total points. PENROD'S papers. In addition, editor-in-chief The junior team is composed of Charles Pornstein rec eived two CARDS - TOYS - PARTY FAVORS 54A W. Kingsbridge Rd. Ph oenix Labor atories awards, one the best news- students selected for outstanding STATIONERY-REVIEWBOOKS Bronx,N.Y. P.O. Box 2123 Astoria, L.I.C. 11102 writing and the other for the best achievement in mathematics. After 706 Lydig Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. editorial w r i t i n b o o r editor a year of training, most members Charles Silkowitz won the award goon to the Senior Math Team, (212) 726-5468 for the b est column of any type, which competes in a fuller sched- ule of meets. LUdlow 4.7245 Since 1897 About 800 entries from more than Mrs. Ruth Ruderman si the ad. "Serving the S e c ci ntifi Community" 200schoolsni 20statesweresub- viser of the Senior Math Team, mitted for each of the three cate- gories, BothSilkowitz and Bern- M r. Abraham Glicksman guides J an5 • LABORATO RY APPARATUS stein received certificates as their the juniors. awards, given in cooperation w ith OLD FASHIONED ICE CREAM PARLOR • LIVE ANIMALS The New York Times. Also among AND COFFEE SHOP • BIOLO GICAL MATERIALS the St. Bonaventure awards was FORDHAM BOYS and given by the Buffalo MEN'S SHOP Private Room Available for Parties Evening News to this newspaper. Catalogs Mailed on Request the Columbia Schol. BRONX, N. Y. asticPressAssociation rated Sur- 2281 Grand 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD vey i n the first place category. ... Page Four SCIENCE SURVEY Star Science Cager Greg Tillman Racketmen Sufer Undefeated Linksmen Comments on Problems of Blacks First Loss of Year TakeTopSpotinCity Greg Tilman si big, strong, and fast. For the past In City Title Match few years he has played basketball for Science Science's tennis team lost its very good brand of ball. He led the team to second PSAL OVision place in the divisional playoffs last season as a center championship By HOWARD SHAW match ot Bayside, June ,5 by a 3-2 with an "Honorable Mention" rating from the PSAL Science's golf team defeat- eighteenth hole at Staten Is- 01 t h e 1968 season. score. It was the Turks' only loss ed Newtown, June 14, t o win land's Latourette Park. Pilos This month he graduates and will enter Columbia Captain André Bernard dropped the 1968 New York City PSAL soph also went 18 holes, but champi • fall on ful scholarship. Udnoubtedly, his match 26, 3-6 to a tough op- hip. o n s Playin g at won. Gordon took his matc h he wil play undergraduate bal for this year's Ivy ponent. Larry Diller held on for Clearview Golf C o u r s e ni 17. three sets, but lost 26, 6-2, 4-6. Queens, the Turks downed John Latella then provided Nevertheless, he thinks ballplaying, while impor Julian Fifer t h e n recorded the their foes 3-2, to close out a some suspense. Latella and his tant, is not as significant as getting a good education. first Science win. Displaying an perfect 8-0 season. opponent battled it out and Now that he is leaving Science, he said in an inter. excellent backhand, In the playoffs, each man wound up tied after 18 holes. view in early June, eh has "no real complaints about came early difficulty to triumph a n p l a y Scienceite showed him- the school. It was not as difficult as I had thought Friedman, man, win- 2-5, 62, 63. Eric Saslow and Alen round (based on number of self to be the better it would be, though I did have some trouble with match ofthe day, triumphed 6-3, holes won, rather than on to- ning on the first playoff hole onlyunaway French." 6-0. tal strokes). Regular-season and assuring the victory. Playing basketball wa s something he really enjoyed nI the crucial fifth match, Allan contests are only 9 holes. Latella's trium ph proved doing. But it also enabled Tillman to become dog Engel and Michael Silfen captured Ed Rosen crucial, as S wasser lost his piwack lost on the friends with a number of his teammates. the first set 7-5. However. Bavside match on the fifteenth hole. sixteenth hole. "We're tighter than most groups," he said about the squad, which was often seen together. "The sea- came back with strong 61, Dave Pilossoph evened the con- Turks Sink Columbus w i n s t o t a k e t h e m a t c h a n d t h e t e s t by w i n n i n g o n t h e s e v e n - son si from mid-October to February, the practice championship. T h e T u r k s ' r e g u l a r s e a s o n teenth, and John sessions sometimes last until six o'clock, soew lal had endedMay 31with a5-0 got to know each other well." scored an easy 13-hole tri- rout of Columbus. The win at "Our friendships were formed during the season, Science Bats .600 umph. Lance Gordon then Split Rock Golf Course com- but they lasted well past February, and most prob- Sceinc se' 1967-68 golf, tennis, and clinched the title, winning on pleted a perfect 6-0 season. ably will be retained for quite a while past grad- b o w l i n g t e a m s t h e s e v e n t e e n t h h o l e . D a v e The l i n k s m e n ' s q u a r t e r - fi - uation." ni egerul season play. These three Spiwack fought to the end, nal contest was against Stuy- These friendships are notable because they consist and t h e basketbal team all made but lost in 18, vegant June 0 riened wai of members of two races, Tillman being one fo the their division playoffs; and were The Turks won the right to the match, played at Pelham, black members of the team maojr 600 winning contributors toan overal meetNewtownbyedgingTot- bya4-1score.Rosenwasser, Tillman does not think it's that bad being a mem- percentaze for och tenville 3-2, June 12. Latella, Gordon, and Spiwack ber of avery smal - though important —minority Rosenwasser lost the won for the Turks. in this school. "We're not really oppressed here," he said. "But we do feel a little isolated at times". He thinks the recently formed Black Cultural So- good thing" because it has tended to Teachers Show Winning Form u n i t e t h e b l a c k p e o p l e . " N o w w e h a v e a g r e a t e r awareness of who we are, and this is good." Sceincse' t e a c h e r s p r o v e d t h e i r Tillman feels that black people are being oppressed athletic abilitiesot beequal By putting the teachers ahead 5-4 51 points, the teachers zoomed ot their acadepromwiescs, June 12, i n t h i s c o u n t r y Just considering the sports world sa htey wonthe Faculty-Student made up for two line fouls he had again showing great resiliency, tied of which he si a part, he thinks Muhammad A,il Volleyball Match wt o the former Cassius Clay, "has been getting a bad o n e deal." Ali claims to be a minister of Allah and sought faculty Faculty Jumps However, the students' attack The faltered, and the faculty was able a draft deferment because of hsi religious ties. But Greg Tillm an in action against Chelsea. scored the first point, They led Following Mr. Solomon's 4 points, to gai n a 15-13 triumph. he was refused, and was subsequently stripped of for most fohte game, but never his world heavyweight title. schools, Idon't think the teachers yrt a s hard. Here by more than 4 points. Ping-Pong Bell "The white man," Tillman said, "shouldn't tell Al they try harder. faculty jumped to an 11-6 margin, ehT students went ahead for the what to believe. Every m an should have the righ t to I" ma co " nvince Between the first and second d that education si one of the best first time at 19-18. However, the within 2points, 11-9. T he teachers game belleve whatever he wants." ways we can achieve equality." s, teachers' lounge ping-pong service then came to the faculty g o t u p t o 11 a n d t h e s t u d e n t s c a m e C h a t t o r M.r Alan Bel playe d Tillman hopes to help his people after he has fin- Tillman si not bitter about the present conditions Mr. Howard Leviton. back with 6, to make the score former U.S. champion ished with college, where he plans ot study govern- i n A m e r i c a , but he believes "we've waited long showing effortless skill, 17-15. exhibition game. enough =more thana hundred yearsforequality." scored3 pointsto win the game At 18-17, Mr. Leviton got the bloops, shots at the "When Im' done with school," he said, "I'm going Otherpeoples came overtoAmerica,He said,"and 21-19. quickly scored twice, and other tacticsdidnot to aid them ni whatever capacity I can. Im' for. now th ey're enjoying equality inpractically al — In the second gam nts and it ap e, the peared he would become stude faze the agile Mr. Bel l, wh o won tunate that Icame ot Science, wh ere I've had the n o t thin fields. We thinwkdeeserve itnow too." built a quick 41- le eral ad. After sev- of the second game, as 28-26. chance for greater improvement. At mostly black non-scoring voleys, it was Mr well as the first. Then, Curit Other teachers participatingin what might have been the final the day's activities were Mrs. Bar- volley, Mr. Leviton b l e w bara Advocate, M.r Eugene Falk, Lower Left Hand Co rner chance for immortality by hitting Miss Frances Mrs. the ball out of bounds. Ruth Gelfand, Mr. Hod- With Myra McCoy se rving, the rinsky, Mr. Bernard Horo witz, Mr. students scored 5 straight points Norman Klinger, Mr. Jack Radott, for a come-trom-behind 22-20 vic- and Mr. Kenneth Allen, who did tory the "color commentary." Check-out Time Charles Silkowitz Sports Shorts Towards the end of most of the basketball games played So Science ceases to be a place to which yourush inthe thi s year in the Boys' G ym, Scienceites began to jubilantl y mor nings. You take your t ime and wait for a friend and if Handball chant "It's all over now !" T hey followed thi s by clappin g their mi ss the Spe cial 2 you' r e unfazed because you know The Science handball team finished its seaso n strong ly, twothunderousstaccat and pounding on the benches in hands and stam p ing t heir feet there'll you Pledge, well, you miss it. be another and if you miss the winning its last two contests. o bursts, and th en they shouted again The long halls are no longer depressing , for you know a The walmen traveled ot Roos "It's all ov er no w!" lot of the people walk ing through them. You don't hurry any- evelt May 22, and swept I t was a v the match 5-0. Steve Lott opened with a 21-1 rout. Willy ictory chan t. Wit h Scien ce ahead and the win because it's no great loss to m iss the fi rst minute of assured, the students were all joyous t Neroulias followed by edging his foe 21-18, and Marty Ro- the bag. A hat another game was in any class. And more you spot some guy in the hall you haven't seen cone and Wolman-Roth nd as the big clock ticked off the finalsecondsof in a we ek and you shout "Hey Man!" and slip him five. senberg won 21-18. The Presti-Bian the contest, the fans rose and put on their coats while count- Sitting down and writing something on your desk for an teams triumphed 21-6 and 21-16, respectively. stranger in fifth (or is it sixth) to contemplate is a Science defeated Washington 4-1 in a May 24 contest. ing off the final seconds too. intimate They did not spend much time ni the gym after the final ingtod t o han do odling on a blank sheet of paper Shutouts by Lott and Rosenberg highlighted the meet. buzzer. Some hurriedly found their friends to go home with, better th g lesson. And a bad teacher who gives you a Presti and Biancone won 21-12, while Wolman and Roth during a borin then left. Others stood around for a while in small groups high grade is worse than a good teacher who is a rough mark- picked up a 21-15 victory. talking a boutthe game. Afew im patiently waited for the fine less on o r aE heated discussion can be recognized arlier, the Turks dropped a 3-2 match to Taft May stands to be rolled back so they could pick up the dog-eared as something all too rare, and treasured. er. And a 27. Lott (21-0) and Neroulias (21-17) were the only win- SilasMarnerortheBicthathadfallenofftheseattothefloor Even the teacher-aides are fun. They are kind of harsh ners for Science. below. but they're actually human so if you keep on walking as if Wi th eve rybod eared o y cl ut, t he floor was gleaming, yo u were deaf they eve ntually sto p screaming. Ele ctions empty except for some scraps of paper the custodians would You write a column and give it a ridiculous name you The members of Science's baseball team met May 23, get later a nd a penny that was throw n at a cheerleader and think is cool and you sit there beaming while really grooving Player for had and elected pitcher Jerry Solomon Most Valuable rolle d into a cor ner. on yourse lf. 1968. They also chose catcher Ralph Salvietti as n ext y e ar's But the grooviest thing of all is sitting in 007 and joking The place was empty, No echoes remained. or philosophizing or just eating your lunch. Or sitting any- captain. T his m onth the Class of 196 8 is check ing out of Sc ien ce w here, on a r ugor on a be ach o r unde r a tree or in a rowboat Solomon appe ared in six games for the Turks this year, starting three. He compiled only a 1-3 won-lost record, b ut for good. It's all over now. And for me, nothing remains at the m iddle of T he Lake in Central Park and making an- in erson, or a few other people, feel something you want his earned run average, against such powerhouses as Clin- 205th Street and Paul Avenue except some memories and a other p was just 3.05. In additio n ,he modern w hite building th at lo oks like it cou ld be a factory. them to feel. A nd you too feel what they want you to feel. ton, Taft, and Roosevelt, struck out 20 men in 20% innings. ( All s tatistics a r e un- Science is not a physical structure for me. It's not some long halls with these square lights and a white line down the these wals behind. official.) So now we get out of this place. Leave Salvietti did not see much action this season, since middle getting smallerin thedistance. It's not three floors If anybody thought Science was merely walls, he must be PaulHoffmanandcaptainPhilClendennin,twoofthe and a campus level of classrooms. It's not a cafeteria or an coi ng u p th em by now. team's best hitters, are also catchers. However, Salvietti auditorium or a planetarium. More than likely we'll be back to say hi to the teachers Rather, it's the people who come here whom you've met. figures to be next year's regular receiver. whomeantsomethingtous. Undoubtedl y we'll see again those hile, the swimmingteampickedLloydMayer Those who enter the doors in leave a few themornings and ing this month. We' ll all c hange. We M eanw tosucceedIraBrawerascaptain. Mayer's spec ialties are hourslaterandtherelationshipsyouhavewiththem. others who are leav earsandwe'llkeeponchanging. you are a freshman and a sophomore, you're dumb changed in the past few y slip each other five or maybe the 200- and 400-yard freestyle events. for When ducated,"whatever that is. Whereverwe meet, wecan ze or just Following hiselection,Mayersaidthathishopes and you come to Science to "get e even ten and then sit down and joke or philosophi nextseasoninclude,bes ides a championship, greater student So you workhard trying to "get educated." y gro ove. And we'll remember we first metatScience. support. "We want them to come and watchusswim,"h e But by the time you're a junior, or at least by our senior year, you come to know that this "getting ed ucated" system w, though, for here. And now you're sup- said. is not all it's cracked up to be. It's kind of hollow. Communi- It's all over no cating with other people, you learn, is where it's a t . posed t o Clap! Clap! Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. Vol. 62, No. 5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 5 Subject The topic of the resource Science Survey The Bronx High School of Science Description An account of the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 5. Containing the following articles: Students Elect Greenberg; Students, Faculty to Form Joint Advisory Committee, Will Start Next September; September Strike Does Not Change School Curriculum; Hootenanny Echoes today's Youth; Mayor Lindsay Gives Speech at Graduation Ceremony; Students Meet Taffel, Clothing Rules Ended; James Watson's 'Double Helix' Depicts Personalities Involved in DNA Discovery; Demand, Rresponse; Of Truth; Student Group Aims to Change School System; STL Students Develop Variations on 'The Box'; Ach Du Lieber: Bronx Science; Dr. Alexander Taffel, Principal; 4 Former Addicts Relate Past Lives to Biology Group; Graduation Awards; New Arista Members Elect Maria Schiff to Presidency; Senior Show Incluees Satirical Songs, Skits; Science Surveyings; 'Survey' Takes First in St. Bonaventure Newspaper Ratings; Math Team Take First-pLace Spots in City Competition; Star Science Cager Greg Tillman Comments on Problems of Blacks; Racketmen Suffer First Loss of Year in City title Match; Science Bats .600; Undefeated Linksmen Take Top Spot in City; Teachers Show Winning Form; Chekc-out Time; Sports Shorts Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Survey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx High School of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 26, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS.001.003.008 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/888f6b6d09ebb7e34ebd574ea3ebac34.pdf c0eea1bac49450cebee84e91b813839c PDF Text Text ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx Schools Newspaper Collection, 1933–1969 Subject The topic of the resource Newspapers (The Bronx, New York) The New Deal (Walton High School) Science Survey (Bronx High School of Science) The Walton Log (Walton High School) Description An account of the resource The collection comprises various student newspapers from Bronx schools, including Bronx High School of Science and Walton High School. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The provenance of this collection is varied. Lewis Stone donated the publications from Walton High School in 2020. Dr. Steven Payne found the publications from Bronx High School of Science on a shelf in the library in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933–1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspaper collection Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS Type The nature or genre of the resource Archival collection Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document SCIENCE THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL OF SCIENCE SURVEY Vol. LXII - No. 4 May 31, 1968 English Department to Initiate 1500 Boycott School in Peace Dem l New Curriculum for Seniors; onstration; Protestors a n d Counter-Demonstrators C ash Changes Allow Specialization By ARTHUR LUBOW The senior English curriculum A c c o r d i n g t o Mr. Nadel, science Almost half ofSciences' student student ni the world were ot stay wil undergo major changes next si the first public high school ni body and one quarter fo het fac- department 26, peaceue woudl eb on colver ot man M.r Max Nadel announced. The system si in effect ni several L a c h S e n i o r E n o l i s h t e a c h e r w i l l i supporting a n international high schools and private schools dent strike The general feeling of the strik specialize in one of six fields. Each in the country. war and American racism. ing teachers was expressed by Mr. student in the normal Senior Eng- Donald Schwartz, a history teach. "This plan," M.r Nadel said, Approximately 700 Scienceites lish program will be programmed students to nave mor etachers picketed het er and an organizer of Science's f a c u l t y Steering for four of the six courses and chs o.ol T h e y we er j o i n e d by dele Committee odence t anows for brodaer com Peace, "The very fact that astrike will change his subject and was called," Schwartz said, "made teacher every quarter. Seniors will tact with different kinds of litera- 250 students antedachers, from it incumbent o n m e t o s t a y o u t ture and diferent personalities," neighboring Walton and Roosevelt The schools," he continued, "are a The six courses are the novel he continued. "Teachers will reayl Hgih Scho.sol particulary vulnerable instrument a n d short story, satire a n d c o m e d y become experts and specialists." Stoned of the establishment." Shakespeare, modern drama, con- " h e o n e d r a w o i c k . M r w i d e Counter-demonstrators, number- "menta classies, and k u s h boe Mr. Louis Heitner, Mr. Herman said, "si student and ingabout 571 students, gathered nearthe efnce o f Harris Fleid, Levy, Mrs, Henrieta Mazen, Msis know each other." Roda Neugebauer, and M,r Ernest o n occhausrlinigon stones, eggs, "nethevear Strom a r e t h e o t h e r members of exam will consist a n d ep thets ta t h e peace marchers Arista Enrolls 182 of a critical essay. In dition, ad J acqurline the Faculty Steering Commite. nBbraumi, 3-21, seniors will be required to write p e a c e demonstrator. Mrs. Mazen, Acting Was s h r u c k on of the Mathematics department, During Assembly; a paper fo about 50 wocrsi eachhte head hwti a stothnreown by said she stayed out "asa matter 3 Teachers Speak quarter. The students wil be wel Scienceitespicketthe school, Joining 200,000students who boycoted of conscience.""Thisis avigil, not pr epared for the Regents exam, amontghe co untar-dem onstrators classes ni the New York City area, in s u p port of the strike fo o n Harris Wield. S h e was a k e n to r peace. apicket line," she observed. "We Arista inducted 182 new mem• Mr. Nadel promised. ni the committee feel that no coer bers at its semi-annual assembly. In another change, the Fordham Hospital. Two students dent whom he had insulted with M.r Alexander Breinan, Admi- cionshould be put on people who May 16. Six seniors and one hun- Literature elective course will be racial slurs. However. it ei still nistrative Assistant, told Survey want to come into school.' sX discontinued. Other English hon- jured near Sencel. mitted ot hte honor society. programs will eb unattected unclear whether the assailant was C h a n i m "Peace Now" and an anti-war or counter-demonstra- Steer Right that 1,681 of Science's 3,222 stu- A l i s t o f t h e n e w m e m b e r s ap- by these curriculum changes. other anti-war sloganst,he demon. dents attended school. Survey esti- pears on page 3.] marched t o Hunter C o l mates 1,725 students entered the Mr. Emanuel Harrison, of the M.r Louis Heitner, of the Social Social Studies department, a sup- Addressing the Aassembly, M.r lege in the Bronx where students Studies department, said that eh building. The discrepancy may be a result of some student's attend- American involvement Herman Levy of the English de- Dr. Taffel Cancels had twice ing classes but not reporting ot of- ni the Vietnam war, partment said t h a t " t h e h u m a n Field Day Despite borough gathered tohear anti-war gorio for egg-throwing at Science. ficial class for attendance-taking goals and the methods condition can flower only so far speeches and to watch peace skits. "Louisjustlaughed,"saidHeitner. purposes. of the "My main com as our humanity will allow it to Protest by Students violent confrontations Dr. Alexander Taffel, principal, Inside the school, most of the plaint," he against the do s o . were reported at Hunter. Several requested and eceived bolted teachers present continued with teachers who are imposing their We are witnessing, Levy said, Moldanynsoconcancoledor counter-demonstrators, shouting ra- supervision of the demonstration their current lessons, " T h i s b o y . political stu- the destruction of America as a this year, Dr. Alexander Taffel charged, with fists ta Science. cotting classes] should be a sacri- dents. By combining racism and place where "ideals and freedoms announced May 16, W i t h o u t flying, into a line fo black peace The police, Heitner complained, fice for those students who chose the draft with Vietnam, aminority are maintained." Every American c e s s , m o r e t h a n o n e - t h i r d or t h e did not treat the t w o o p p o s i n g t o b r o y o u t , s a i d o n e t e a c h e r , M r was able to impose itself upon the must work so that "we can ex. student body had signed apetition peace demonstrator snatched ared, The peace demon. Alan Bel, of the Mathematics de- majority. The march," he added, triente ourselves from the morass demanding a field day this spring. strators were compelled to main into which we are dally sinking." Dr. a r e s n i d h a n s h o r t o n e d nearby boy. tain a constantly moving, circular K e n n e t h Appelbaum, 4-7, "IsStudent no continued Louis DeGregorio, 2-21, a count- marchs counter. cused, requiringa from Whenyouentera university, l o r e d o n y ' s c a n c e r t i o n er-demonstrator, was struck wasnot preparedstandarized notesfor Levy advised, "do not let a gate Yielding to student pressure, Dr. the face with abat wielded by an restricted ni this manner. The po- PA), termed the demonstration students who participatedinthe close behind you, cutting you off unknown assailant at Hunter Col- lice, Heitner claimed, acted slowly "highly successful" and considered strike. f r o m r e a l i t y l e s t y o u g r a d u a t e izers that the signatures of 90 per- DeGregorio was taken cosstully sonarate the obbosing de. and indecisively. They did not sue- it "indicative of the views held into a society c o n t o r t h e s t u d o n t p o d y w e r Fordham Hospital. may be irrevocably moving toward quired before he could According to one witness. De. monstrators nor did they succeed Marilyn McIntosh, 4-16，prest- disintegration." ino told day manosts Gregorio was hit by a black stu. in preventing violence. dent of the Binek Culturn! Society Quoting excerpts from essays by dents were unable to obtain the and vice-president of the S.O., ex- scientist Robert Oppenheimerand required number of signatures. M r s . "Next year," Taffel said, "I am Weiss Sees 'Surprises' "This [strike) isn't for the end of racism at all. Henrietta Mazen, acting chairman hoping that we will set up a fac- On the Way in Polities Martin Malin, 2-6, a leader of the Math department, discussed u t ystudent advisory committee the Bronx Science chapter of the the responsibilities of the scientist that will discuss student problems National Student Committee for in modern society, She spoke at a n d s t u d e n a s . so that plans the B assembly. can be made well in advance." Reform Democratic Councilman "Politically, it promises to be a Vietnam defended At the C assembly, Mr. Lance In March. the a c u l t y vetoed n Theodore Weiss predicted more very surprising year," Weiss said. America's Vietnam policy, "In ad- "I would not be surprised if, dur- commented "a high Geshwind, of the Physical Science field day to Bear Mountain for surprises in the election campaign ing the Democratic National Con- department, explored man's rela- the seniors and to Rye Beach for atthefinalmeetingoftheForum, vention. a candidate who has re schoolisnotanappropriatetarget for political activists. tionship to nature the other students. moved himselt from the e l e c t o r r eemerged." Several students and teachers opposed to the war also considered h o w e v e r Weiss said, the like- lihood is that President Johnson form of protest. Mr. Irwin Dubno, Police Join in Conduct Talks will not re-enter the race, adding, of the Social Studies department, Counter - demonstrators c h a r g e "I se some of you are as pleased t that prospect. termed "irrelevant," down the Harris Field hill, toward A meeting between police rep- school asked the police to dror asama commenting that "even if every peace marchers across the sircer resentatives, the senool adminis charges against Fleming, the re- Evaluating the aspirants for the Democratic nomination. Weiss es tration, student political leaders, and faculty members was held f o r A u g u s t 2, timated that the present strength Erezumasaidhehadfoundthe of Hubert Humphrey exceeds the 24 Students Win Honors May 9 in Dr. Taffel's office. distributed leaflet combined forces of Senators Bu- sene Mechrthy and Kobert Ken Responding to charges of slow- thousands of people who had been In Annual FSA Co ntest ness of action and of partisanship "butchered" by Fidel Castro under nedy. Weiss said t h a t n t i r s t M e at the April 26 student strike, the "Venceremos" George Arnold, 4-19, is the win- Adrenal and Testicular Cortisone and Testosterone on the p o l i c e representatives g a i n sh all defeat the enemy] . Carthy was "not really interested i n r u n n i n g f o r P r e s i d e n t s o m u c h ner of a nat i o nal award in this issuew "rock throwing si definitely out." leaflet had concluded with that as ni raising the issue of the Viet- year's Future Scientists of Ameri M i c e " ; Mitchell Kaplan, 3-11, Herea fter, they indicated , police He added, however, n a m W a r . " B u t M c C a r t h y d r o p p e d en ty-t h ree other "Polycythemic Mice Produced by would be placed on Harris Field w a s n e v e r right. Scienceites received recognition in Hyp ca competition, Tw oxia in Silicone Rubber Mem- a n y dangerous situation n o s e D r e s e n t a the "protest image" after Kennedy the contest. brane Enclosures"; Stuart Levitz, agreed that everyone had the right entered the race. Effects Intra- literature Looking outside the sphere of Six students won regiona l awards Violence Deplored presidential politics, Weiss wards are based while sev enteen others earned hon- muscular Injection of Mednoxy- Members of the Student Com- building unharassed. progesterone Acetate on the Preg- Albert Victory Vietnam In the future, if h arassment should pressed his hope that the nation orable mentions. A w i l l n o t b e t o r n b y r a c i a l u n r e s t on writte n reports d escribing inde- nant and Non-pregnant Mouse"; said at the meeting that they had Police cars arrive while students o c c u r , representatives this coming summer. pendent work in math or science. Barbara Rosenberg, 3-24, w h e n tative Determination of the Causes urded their followers to attend agreed to inform Dr.Taffel,who "Rut the likelihood is that we Arnold,whoexploredthe"Ap- would set as unofficial mediator willhaveriotsthissummer,"he plication of the Snobo l Language of the Cold Inactivation of the 29 schoolonthedayofthestrikeand that they deplored any violent i n the ensuing events, Tepper com- Composition," received Rosterionhare": andAllenSam- plained to the police, who refused It school officials could not , the police would try to said,"andwewilcontinueot have 250 dollars. Hisawardwas to Musical O n e arC., 9어, "TheEtfectofPlasmin cidents that developed, rea c h e d to arrest Erezuma a nd ordered the riots as long as America nscanbe effect a compromise. In any case, nted throu g hout the t h o Inhibitoro fC'I Allpresentagreedtoimprove crowd ot shout 15 etudents stande twenty gra Serum w o u l d b e m a d eto persuaded millions n ation, of Esterase." communications. Before any future ing outside the school to disp erse. avoid any arrests. dollars ni Vietnam, but not on the Amold pro srammed the c o m The studen ts who gained honor demonstrations, the groups agreed Robert 2-11. Fleming, waronWavery ablementioninthe competition to compose mus ic, correlat- S U S S their logistical plans rested. Speaking of the "ditficult and puter 95・PrtBer i n o c e r t a i n "frequency of occur- were Gary Alevy, with the police and the adminis- I n a n i n t e r v i e w . F l e m i n g s a i d tension-filled times ahead of us," musical ner, 3-10; Michael Fifer, 2-30; Ted t r a t i o n . a s w e l l a s w i t h o p p o s i n g he had been distributing literature Coming Events Weiss said there were some signs rence W i t h w i t h of hope. A willingness on the part notes when arrogting nolicoman " I was disappointed Goodman, 4-24; Sammy Gutmann, JUNE Arnold said. 3-16; Esther Hu, 2-5; Lois Jackson, Another incident which resulted ordered him to move. The officer 6-13, 17-19-Regular school days. ofblackandwhiteAmericansto myfinal "he musica compositions w ene 3-3;Linda 3-11;Eric i n charges against the police o c thenstarteDushhim.tem. work together, following the assas- 3-13; Robert Rosenbert -Senior Show Luther lure than a success." Salt- curred May 6. At about 2:35 pm ing said, and co ntinued, "'I guess 20- Graduation Rehearsal sination Dr. more a fai Rubin,4-16;David The six regional w inners were 3-14; Joel King, is one reason for this hope. om- 3-20; Robert Nacks 4 - 2 4 : thatday,GlennTepper,4-10,was I didn't move fast enough." Timothy Buchman, 4-25, "A C distributing a leaflet outsid e the Fleming 24-No student attendance Weissconcludedbysayingthat 4-16;Gregory was charged with dis- Adina 26-Report cardsand diplomas "onlyby working togetherdowe tiee o fMinite Number Systems"; Tarle,4 . 2 4 :G o r d o n pu ter Investig ation of the Pr oper Woulft, 3-5, school protesting police orderly conduct b u t this w a s later the April 26 s t r i k e . Angered, changed to a summons, allowing 27-Summer school registration have a chance of solving our prob. and Benjamin Yalow, 4-18. h i m N o o n e . Although 28-No student attendance lems." John Grippo, "The Effect o f JostErezuma, 4-3, struckhim. In PageTwo SCIENCESURVEY Friday,May 21,1968 SGIENGE SURVEY T.P.D. Course Offers *2001' Views Space Exploration published 8 times a year by the students of Public Speaking Tips BY JANET OBERTS THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL Science future oriented Rare indeed is the Scienceite who admits that he s c h o o l a n d many of its students OF SCIENCE can't hold hsi own i n na argument about Vietnam, genetics, k o n swoboda's tielding, or any other topic nig the future. wil have na integral part ni shap. Yol.Theo. May 31, 1968 of importance, Nevertheless, every day 81 juniors If only for the wonder of seeing and seniors devote their first period to a course in rick's five-year project, Editorial Board Taught by SO. . resAivd MrK.enneth Alen, TPD Charles Bernstein, Richard Schwarz, Michael Kairys, stresses methods of p u b l i c speaking w h i c h Mr. A l l e n Though the film has other inter. Robert Bel, Marilyn Campbel, Mark Gant, Charles considers "essential to developing the student's self- esting aspects, het staggering sgiht Silkowitz, Jeanne Thelwell. confidence and personayt"i.l Students participate in orouter sonce avishly nhabited Faculty Adviser .Ms.r Linda Feingold debates. Dane d i s c u s s i o n s such yb man, wihsith spacecraft, space 4 D cocci: PRESU topics as civil disorder,hte election campaign and stations, dna Hilton hotels is an lowering the nvgiot ga.e e x p e r i e n c e Scene from 201: A Speca yeOsyd exhibits Kubrick's technical skil. encourages students ot take an The film starts no a ylulasvi extracurricular interest ni hte oeptsi that they beautiful, though extremely cus ni class. Recently, several T P D students volun. c a l l e d "The D a w i He,r as a etchnciain, Kubrcik ex- gateD. ullea enters Jupiter v i a A First Step cels. Throughout the film, Kubrick magnificent, multi-variegated, Cir teered to atbualet responses to a questionnaire that fO "M.na nI this segm ent, apes unbelievnole CongresJsonmathanan Bnigham setnot residents eramadescent ot find himself ni a By alowing the S.O. to sanction acollection Louis of his district present a n unswervinglayccurate suite of money for the Poor People's Campaign, the Freedom and Picnics Richard'ausrSt delightfuly pom- othel arb s appears eh ages osA"l hcaSrp Zarathustra." w h e n h e Science administration has s i v e n tacit ap- course, several m e m b e r s The apes lind a huge black sat Sick, Sick, Sick he shnriks into anembryo, Perhaps pr ov a l to political activity within the school. of the TPD sascl saidhtat hettim e devoted tofree and not knownig twah itis, wor- But the increasingly banal story shit represents man's intellectual We applaud this progressive first step. dscuoisin crea"tead ceratni communication between ship it. The fi l m then csut to o u t e r line, niculdnig a totally irrelevant infancy compared to other life ni Considering the deep involvement fo today's 18 people of the same a g o . " Allen was space anhedt matured ape, man. the universe. students in worldly sa well as academie af- absent for wot days, the students held peniesi on Swimming in thevast emptines, o u r a w e However, snice the story si really fairs, a school realistically insulate Senoo) a i m m i n e s itself f r o m contemporary political activity. sMrmeb ofhte TPD classear selected nothe waltz,isa spaceship about todock The black salb is discovered to breath-takingly fantastic voyage ot onlyna adorment ni this film, the True education is impossible when students ORSIS achevemen a n d s o c i a l be the instrument of intelligent Studies. T h e y take TPorfD one t e r m in either their are kept unaware of the ideas shaping the eW are umoor showthneinterior oheft fiel no Jupiter. A mosini, headed the future i s wlel worth the bore senior e a t s t a t i o n m i n u t e s t Dy K e r Dulles, si sent to v e s t i world around them. It is clear ot us, although the S.O. claims collection for political purposes. Surely, coletirinapolithisni pose, aprove,a the Poor People's Campaign is a solely hu- Senior Describes Search for College Acceptance seeks the passage of legislation and that nietrveiw I began tohave some self-doubts. A would be hard to argue that a movement that By MARTIN GRINGER the leter aside to, slit waiting for Cornell's answer, arouses the leading Republican presidential sA a sophomore, I couldnever imagine myself delimma developed that might seem ylsi now, but dueno April 15. candidate to criticize sti aims, programs, and wanting togotoa pgeriste colPlregveio.usly, hte was h e n c u e s t i o n o r e o r d e a t h , w o n d e r e d Aplri 15 eventually came. (I bet that's a big sur- D c u r e ro somcond eyagler awaiting het mailman whether after I sat down I should cros ym legs. methodsissolelyhumanitarianinnature. foreither a"thick" or"thin" enveolpe wouldbring realized that if I did cros ym legs. I might ap- prise orf you.) The letter I received wasn't really athickorthinletter, Itmusthavebeeneithera Now is the time for Science's "underground" a smeli of superiority t o my lips. You see. T h a d pear to be impolite tub fi I didn't I might become thick "thin" letter or a thin "thick" leter. When political organizations ot apply to the S.O. for it lal figured out, ta thmiate.t I was ot go ot Cyti uncomfortable dna hten nervous dna tense. I also I opened the letter I learned why it was neither official sanction. In addition, we call on the smipel, uncomplicated, cheap, and perfectly -ed began ot doubt whether hte interviewer would be thick nor thin. I was put on Cornell's waiting list. administration to issue a definitive statement sirable City. I swa one ofhtose ear creatures who thrilled by my unmistakable Bronx accent. permitting distr ibution of political literature would have been perfectly happy to attend CCN Y. The interview had hardly begun when I realized and collection for political causes. After all,However, during the next wto years I was brain- my interviewer's name swa Irving D. Rosenman. This w a s not emotionally prepared to be put on a the precedent has already been set. w a s h e d wsa no Arab. I immediately crosed my elgs and waiting list. Even being rejected would have been Whenever asked about college, Irevealed my am- lapsed into my Son of yMllo better. But 1 resigned myselt to stll further walthe bition ot attend City. Shocked and aghast ta any my " f r i e n d s " t r i e d t o c o n v i n c e m e t h a t 1 From Attraction to Addiction I returned to school and found out all the gossip Student Voice a b o u t c o l l e g e a c c e p t a n c e s . F o u r S c i e n c e i t e s made should attend one of the "better" colleges. After al, During the interview, Ifound myself saying strange Harvard, ten Yale, thirteen University of Pennsyl- As evidenced by campus revolts across the you never know what kind of people are going ot thinks = thinks like how I w a n t e d to g o to Cornell vania, five Vassar, and two Radcliffe. In the next nation, students are demanding that they be a public college. more than anything else in the world and what a few days, everyone from my drivers' ed teacher to given a role in making the decisions that affect Although I at first rejected this kind of middle great place C o r n e l s . Y o t s e my neighbors to my closest friends inquired whether the idea of attending a prestige college when I said those things. I was finally hooked on I had made Columbia. At first I vigorously protest their IIves. Certainly, the high school atudent, I relished the C o r n e r ed that I didn't apply there, but later on 1,began due to his generally insufficient maturity, image of me, hte ofmrer stickball player, mxinig I sadi ot myself even it I don't make Cornel, I ot say Columbla accepted me and had offered me should not be given as much authority as uni- with the tennis set at Harvard. Yale. Dartmouth. or would be just as happy at Stony Brook. Then the a full scholarshio. After all, as one of my neighbon versity students. However, it is important that Princeton. drug scandal hit Stony Brook, Reputation, reputa- said, "Columbia, Cornell — they're all the same to high school students serve in at least an ad- tion, reputation. Laughter greeted me whenever I visory capacity at their schools. Fortunately common sense prevailed ni my de- said that I had applied ot Stony Brook and I was I was comforted by the fact that about 45 per cent AtScience, the StudentOrganization has cision to apply to Stony Brook, Kensselaer Poly- getting abit sensitive aboutit. Idecided tiwould of the seniors were to be going t o City University proved itself ot be unwieldyand ineffectual technic Institute, and Cornell University. Only Cor- be for the best C o r n e l l did take m e and s o colleges and about 15 per cent to State University in granting participatory democracy to Sci- nell could be considered a prestige school and I began the wait for a "thin" or "thick" envelope. colleges. These colleges I told myself are all fine e n c e i t e s . T h e r e f o r e , w e p r o p o s e t h a t a D i - w a s n ' t s u r e w h e t h e r I w o u l d g o t h e r e i f a c c e p t e d . nI F e b r u a r y , S t o n y B r o o k a c c e p t e d m e . T h i s w a s i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d m a n y o f t h e m a r e c o m p a r a b l e t o partite advisory committee of students and Soon, alas, my rational approach to college slipped not a big thrill because it appeared that everyone the so-called "better" schools I realized now f r o m m e . " fi r s t b e r a n t o r e a l i z e t h i s j u s t b e f o r e else at Selence was also accepted. I put hte notice what matters si not whether I go ot Cornell, Stony faculty be formed ni order to advise the ad- my Cornell interview. I was going to be my usual, of acceptance aside to wait for Cornell's response. Brook, City, or even Bronx Community, but rather ministration on vital questions affecting the unaffected Bronx self However. the night before In March, Rensselaer accepted me but Iput that counts si what Iaccomplish there. Right. student body. Matters discussed by the com- mittee would include curriculum, discipline procedures, clothing rules, political matters, ete. The body would also serve as a review The Bronx's answer t o t h e 'Dynamo's' Achievements board for student complaints against teachers P Hayden Planetarium of regarding discipline, marks, and other mat- fum. Surprisingly, the instru- Fall Short of Excellence ters. Although the committee would have no ment has never been fully util- By CHARLES BERNSTEIN ultimate authority, it would make recommen- ized and ni the past couple of Perhaps it is unfair to be harsh works. Lastly, Ina Cholst's story dations to the principal or department chair- years seems to have been used man, who would then determine what action ni one's judgment of a high school was a fascinating and somewhat exclusively for midnight witch literary art publication, especially successful attempt ot delve into should be taken. hunts held by the senior drama when it can boast of many first. the real feelings of a girl talking Recently, Dr. Taffel proposed a committee rate pieces and is as good or bev to her father on the phone. of parents, teachers, administration, and stu- The roof-top installation in ter than past issues. Yet, i n the On the deficit side, the several dents to discuss school-related matters. Even the not been "Dynamo 1968" is pieces that seemed to be over if this plan is adopted, as it should be, there much because of the mechan- disappointing its many ambitious and tried will still not be adequate representation of ical ills of the projector. fine pieces indicate just how good found, used forced even awk student sentiment, since parents do not neces- s e o r e m b e r . Science's principal, Mr. Kligm an (left) and Mr. Gesh- it could have been. ward — language, becoming m ere sarily reflect the opinions or concerns of their Dr. Alexander Ta f f e l , a s k e d wind admire newly revived pro- one sees a tre- ly exercises in formality. the Board of Education's local iector. inside school p l a n e t a r i u m mendous amount of triteness, both also too clear that faculty adviser children. The bipartite committee would still man, the District Superinten- in theme and in writing style. The Mr. Robert Rossner's lament last be needed to give a potent voice ot student and d e n t to arrange to have the "except the stars stories, the poems, and even the January that there faculty opinion regarding discussions vital to "slip" in the projector repaired, out of focus," M.r Kligman ad- art showed a marked lack of ori- morous stories submitted for pub- their everyday lives. It is a voice that could What was this "slip"? mits. a nd boldness. う つ fact lication was painfully t r u e not be ignored. e Holzman has al- A Very Good Year Mr. Jerom thatart and writing has radically h i s changed in the last decade, both Visually Beautiful It seems that just as the pro- ready classes up to see the revitalized content certainly teetor would be set on the and style, The photography in "Dynamo" planetarium . "I loved it," cooed might have was superior. Christopher Dun Annual Show night sky of September, senior Danette Riso. "You get publication whose name, after all, can's 14 pictures showed remark projector would slip and June oking ably good composition and clarity, The best tribute that can be paid to al those would p r a c t i c a l l y a cramp in your neck lo but I love the stars." Soon, "Dynamo" tried ot be exciting and who were responsible for the Annual Show is before school had begun, Two the HDS classes and the Astro- foiled itcouldbeadmiredforthe FredHemley'stwophotographs that, remarkably, one quickly forgot that it planetarium-fixers nomy-Physics cl ub will utilize attempt. But for the magazine to o n l y a n was a high school production. "they fixed the slipping but the the planetarium, in order to present a very unimaginative col- cellent writer but also a fine pho- Everything about the show was superior. stars wouldn't work," observe constella tions, merid. lection, with several poor works, tographer. In general, the art work ing to Mr. Jack Kligman of the ians, eclipses, lunar phases, and is disappointing. was appropriate if unimaginative. The sets, lighting, costumes, and makeup, un- Physical Science Department. the planets. Certainly, however, there were noted th at der the design and supervision of Mr. Alan The two HDS teachers, Mr. some very fine pieces, and if all staff of "Dynamo" is not neces- Schlussel, were fresh and exciting. The senior Jack Kligman and Mr. Schwarz Says.. drama class, directed by Mr. Martin Greene, Geshwind, as wel as Physical Survey editor-in-chief Richard the pieces g o o d a s t h e sarily to blamefor the paucityof best of them, there would be little outdid even the brightest expectations. Science Schwarz voiced the feelings C a mm i n i n "Donamo. good Fred student body A high school play is usually something to Mr. Herman Gewirtz, tinkered editorial our Hemley's poems were out be condescending towards. Somehow-through with replacing s aid, "We are pleased that s t a n d i n g f o r t h e i r extremely aot. with patronslike hard work, luck, and, mostly talent-this year's and checking contacts, editorial of last November has finally borne fruit." even beautiful, descriptions of na- the Son of the Eternal Forest, Dow show transce nded that. In a school which can Finally, Mr. Gewirtz discover- ir To. with invariably observant, C h e m i c a l S t Jerome theLesser, ed th e faulty contact and, with repri nted in Toward T he well written verse. James Howard, boast of having some of the finest student ditorial doubtless the Associated Press, "Peace,"and assistance of Mr. Kligman morrow, this e scientists and mathematicians, Science can be Tamar Head, Susan Levine, and -the enemies of the Red Baron ani and Mr. Geshwind, soldered it. gained influence. MO AinsSchwarznisohadverytine the BoardofEducation,onemight proud that it also has a near-brilliant theatre Now, at last, everything works, i n t e r e s t i n i have expected more. group, both dramatically and technically. youth." Friday, May31,1968 SCIENCE SURVEY Page Three S. M. Bogdonoff Addresses 5 Clubs New Arista Members MathBulletin P rofessor Seymo ur M. Bogdonoff ics clubs, Mr. Bogdonoff examined numerous air molecules, it slows The following are the new Arista of Princeton Univ SeelstoHac ersity discussed e high speed aerodynam ics before a problem involved in flying down and eventually returns ot with great speed at high altitudes joint meeting of five science clubs, Wide Appeal As altitude decreases, Bogdonof! Certain vehicles, notably weath- Addressing the explained, there si an increase ni satellites, should The Math Bulletin has taken on Math, F a r a d a v the concentration of air molccules When a spacecraft collides with close to the earth, he said. It is anew look for 1968. Chemistry, Astro. nomy-Physics, Biology, and Bion- theob the o r scientist to deter "This year's Bulletin wil n ot mine an orbit low enough for the for a select few," satellite ot make acurate H a r o l d Samtur, 4-17, S.O. Will Sponsor 3WinAwards chiet. "Our a editor-in- rticles are easter ot Collection of Funds sti nwo maintenance. understand, but their quality has I n C i t y - W i d e not been sacrificed." "Ten years The e d i t o r s of t h e j o u r n a l c u For Poverty March S c i e n c e F a i r donoft predicted, "we'llbe doing their printing costs in half by typ The Student Organization adopt- Three Scienceites nwo prizes ta fo ye.t There's ydobon in aepdipl ing their articles on a rented IBM ed resolution s u D o o r i n e t h e the annual city-wide Science Fair electric typewriter. The saving was Poor People's Campaign, May 17. April 4. Bret Berner, 31-0, invested in a color cover, the first For one week, twenty v o l u n t e e r s o n e o f t h e t w o m a j o r a w a r d s . earned ustdynig if y o u do, ni the history of the Buletin, will collect contributions during obnsiolevfiete years. Berner's project, "Polyploidy's Inanother break with tradition, the morning official period. Effect on Resistance ot Ultraviolet Professor Bogdonoft i s the cerdi the Bulletin wil contain an article T h e r e s o l u t i o n w a s p a s s e d b y Light ni Physarum Polycephalum," each from a freshman, a sopho a large majority. Several dissent- hte effect of certain atPnriceotn Uy.nvtiesir more, and a junior. The remaining ing delegates mute Mons on the slume mold's ter pieces are the work of seniors. a political action, and therefore sistance to ultraviolet light. John Churnin, 4-9, is the other outside the jurisdiction better varchosed t h e threr END-YEAR EXAMINATION SCHEDULE editor-in-chief of the Math Bule- n a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F a i r , d h e l i n D e - tin. Fred Wu,3-24, Is assistant Mr. Kenneth Alen, S.O. adviser, troit. T mi e T u e s d a y , J u n e 4 t h " c a n e s d a y , J u n e o t h CORRECTION wasn error said he dia not "view it the re. Kenneth Lieberman, 32-6, and 8:30 Mhta 4 Eng. 2 Science Survev its report that Me M. J. Walsh s o l u t i o n as a partisan political Robert Rosenberg, 3-14, w o n t h e t o Eng. 6 had threatened disciplinary action w e h a v e a n obligation to Army and Navy Awards, respec- 10:00 respond on a humanitarian basis tively. Lieberman studied Teh" against students refusing ot stand Tiny Tmi endorses all birect or ricrotoxin no Memory 101:5 Eng. 4 Int. Sci. 2 for the Pledge of Allegiance dur- ing the April 5 assembly. Mr. of the many fine "To use the word 'political' -sdi Capabilities ni Planaria". Rosen. 11:45 N.S.5 B Walsh made no su editors deeply ch threat. The Sadie Vrintz products tion," Mr. Allen said. "Since wel feets o f Partial Presures o f Oxy- regret this error. S.S.6 King, we wanted ot show we wer hwGotr o f Plants." Mitchell Beaelm an. 2.27. was n 11:30 H.D.S. Chem4 DRIVER EDUCATION NONE phrases. B y passing this resolution, first palce winner ni the xnoBr Ph3ys Approved by: Mchlteli • N.Y.S. Department of Education Two new received S.O. Kaplan, 31-, nad Aeln Salzberg. cMisu Chem 3 • N.Y.S. Motor VehicleBureau Phys. 4 • Leading Insurance Companies supervised by Eugene Falk Third acepl awards went to M-ti 3:15 chel Tolles, Ku. Hovenver. 3-o OUR SAVIOUR LUTHERAN H.S. ty adviser, of the Model Airplane Barbara Rosenberg, 3-24, and Eric горку, 3-15. 1734 WLILAIMSEROIGE RO, phone 79256 Pk. Ave). Bornk, N. .Y10161 Club. REGENTS EXAMINATION SCHEDULE APPLICATIONS BEING ACCEPTED FOR THE FAL TERM NOW Write or phone C l e s s e s m e We e t d e y , S e t u r t e y Puerto Rican Students' Club Time Fri., June 14 9:15-11:15 Begins Activities in Science 12:00- 3:00 COLLEGE-LEVEL COURSES .F Lang. 2 yrs. FOR HIGH SCHOOL JUNIORS AND SENIORS Aspira, a new club for Puerto 1961. founded ni Rican students, held its first meet. Time Mon., June 17 AT THE NEW SCHOOL'S ing, May 14. The m o m b o r g c h o s e "El Cont 9:15-12:15 English Amer. Hist & Chemistry SUMMER Acting president Gladys San- quistador" as a name for their M o r l d c h r tiago, 2-14, deseribed Aspira as a group. The club will sull be known "private, non=brot sa Aspira in the Dayli Buletin. 151-: 4:15 11th X.r Math INSTITUTE FOR designed to develop Mrs. Dorothy Weiss is the fac. 9th yr. Math potential in The Puerto ulty adviser. YOUNG ADULTS Mr. Kenneth Allen, S.O. adviser, UN 3-0671 Nineteen courses for high school juniors and seniorsseeking introductory s h i d t h e r e had been a science PENROD'S collegeworkinanatmosphereof c h a p t e r o r a s p i r i b e v e r a l y e a r ago. It is unnecessary, he said, for Phoeni x Laboratories CARDS - TOYS - PARTY FAVORS serious intellectual inquiry. Under- graduate credit will be available the club to reapply for an S.O STATIONERY - REVIEW BOOKS ollowing the student's graduation P.O. Box 2123 Astoria, L.I.C. 11102 706 Lydig Avenue, Brons, N. Y. from high school. Aspira offers opportunities for (212) 726-5468 INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY scholarships, advice colleges Tues. and Thurs. 10 A.M.-Noon and careers. and a way to "ind BEDFORD INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY an identity" for the Puerto Rican "Serving the Scientific Community" BOOKSTORE Studen ALLREVIEWBOOKS Mow and Wed. 10 A.M.-Noon INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY At the initial session, members discussed plans for future m e e t • LABORATORY APPARATUS SCHOOL SUPPLIES TECHNIQUES OF LITERARY ANALYSIS ings. Several topics of discussion PAPERBACK BOOKS Fues. and Thurs. 10 A.M.Noon were suggested on the theme of • LIVE ANIMALS GREETING CARDS Tues. and Thurs. 13- P.M. the plight of the Puerto Rican in • BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 10% Discount on any purchase INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY: urban society. over $1.00 with this ad from POWER AND AUTHORITY The club will attempt ot fune- May 31 ot June 7 Tues. and Thurs. 10 A.M.-Noon tion as an integral part of the Catalogs Mailed on Request 4 EAST 200th ST. ( Bedford Bivd.) SOCIAL ACTION MOVEMENTS school. Similar groups in schools Tel. 584-3663 Mon, and Wed. 3:45-5:45 P.M throughout the city are affillated SOCIAL CHANGE NI RUSSIAN SOCIETY with the main guidance center of Tues. and Thurs. 1-3 P.M. THE SCIENCE OF ASOCIAL PROBLEM DRIVER INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION Earn an A.A.S. Degreein Tues. and Thurs. 01 A.M.-Noon INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING FALL 1968 RMW any of these technologies: Mon. and Wed. 3:00-5:00 P.M. Scholastic High HISTORY OF JAZZ Tues and Thurs. 3-5 P.M. • Students Picked Up PAINTING FOR THE YOUNG ADULT D r i v i n e Tues, and Thurs. 9A.M.-Noon L mi t LEARNINGSEEINGYBDOING:ABASIC edRegistodie ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY APPROACH TO DOCUMENTARY PHOT OGRAPHY J O E ' S Dept. " edeation Tues. and Thurs. 1:30-3:30 PM. . FORDHAM INC. 1⁄2 Unit of Insurance Reductions AIR CONDITIONING FILM-MAKING WORKSHOP Apply now for classes Mon. and Wed. 3:00.5:00 P.M. Army & Navy Store GIRLS BOYS For Further Information Write DRIVER EDUCATION DEPT. ion-profit, •and Thurs. 1-3 P.M. CPO SHIRTS - LEES MOTHER PEA COATS ON AVE. NEW YORK. N.Y. Cal or write for Catalez D. ELECTRONICS ACTING WORKSt Tues,andThurs.1-3P.M. SCIENCE JACKETS 8 91-0916 46-324 call ACTING FOR THE YOUNG PROFESSIONAL CONVERSE Tues. and Thurs. 4-6 P.M. Convenient Schools Also ni Other Bores Classes will begin July I and 2 S.O. DISCOUNT Shivewee MATERIALS Since 1897 PROCESSING Office of Admisions at The New School LUdlow 4-7245 All classrooms art air-conditioned Jaln'a OLD FASHIONED ICE CREAM PARLOR AND COFFEE SHOP Private Room Available for Parties COMPUTER BUILDING AUTOMOTVIE TECHNOLOGY LITHOGRAPHY CONSTRUCTION VOORHEES TECHNICAL INSTITUTE t i 450 West 41st Street v New York, New York 10036 •LO 3-1370 THE NEW SCHOOL 66 WEST 12 ST. N. Y. 10011 OR 5-2700 Survey a prolixpublication Adv" 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD BRONX, N. Y. Page Four SCIENCESURVEY Friday, May 31, 1968 Science Netmen Win Bronx-Manhattan Title Tennis Team Takes Crown For 6th Time in 7 Seasons Baseball Team Closes Season With 3-7 Record By HOWARD SHAW The Science tennis team, with a perfect 6-0 record, has won the weak-hitting, weak-fi elding lided with th 1968 Bronx-Manhattan championship. e center fielder, and Science baseball team has finished Urrico came around to score. The team swept four of its matches on the way ot its sixth title 15 1800 season With a disappoint Selence added three more runs ing 3-7 record. The team ni the seventh on singles by Mazel received R e h e r a l and Hofman, and amighty center B U L L E T I N g o o d p i t c h i n g , day 2-0 wni s a n i ht e o p e n i n g fi e l d h o m e r u n b y C l e n d e n n i n . Gompers, but The hitting fell off again May Science's tennis team won its semi-final match May 27, defeat- scored more than three runs o n l 10 as the Turks lost ot Monroe b) ing Tottenville 4-1 wtcei ducing the year. a5-2 score, Bernard opened with a 6-4, 6-3 triumph, and Diller followed by Evehteu pitching wasof, how- Paul Hoffman allowed the hard winning 6-0, 6-0. Fifer lost his match 1-6, 2-6. Saslow ever, in octenco's 70 loss to Clin hitting Eagles just three hits over man then clinched the victory, winning 6-4, 6-2. Silfen and Engel on,t April 26. the first five and two thirds in also triumphed, 6-3, 8-6. t h i inning, three ninys - Science erors dna several other However, the Turks managed A report on the finals, May 29 against Bayside, wil appear ni ngdiflle plays let in foun only twohits all game, both their the next issue of 'Survey? runs scoring on three errors by the dah two hits in the Monroe shortstop. The racketmen showed efficiency and a diversified attack ni rout- i n n i n g , o n e a f t e r In their May 14 contest against ing Music & Art 5-0, May .8 that, and despeti geting six walks, Roosevelt, the Turks kept it close In the first singles match, Andre Bernard overcame occasional for five innings, then let up and lapses of control to 6-2. Larry Diller then crushed hsi op- Lou Maz,el injured in a n lost, 6-1, ponent, 6-0, 6-0, and Julian Fifer won handily, 6-0, 6-1. Both doubles starting hibition returned In their onlyextra-inning game teams, Eric Saslow and Allen Friedman, and Michael Silten and Alan fineup Tori the Clinton of the year the Turks lostto Engel, shut out their foes 6-0, 6-0. game. However, theteam lost ace Dodge, 4-3, May 17. Ditchen 300 Priceman who suf Science Scored first the Taft provided stiffer competition for the tennis team May 9. Bernard was forced to make a comeback, dropping his first tes fered from n dol blood blister Baseball team third inning, when Lionel Phillips and a new er iniury captain Phil Clendennin tak MERAR L O T es cut in game against tripled with a man on first base 4-6, then winning the next two 8-6, 10-8. The marathon match lasted April 26 contest ot the Governors, 7-0. two and one half hours, and was decided only atter Bernard Droughy ot 1-2 whti a 2.5nwi over Smith, Despite the protests of the The Tukrs brought their record Dodge took a onerun lead ni the fourth on a walk and twr his service under control. He clinched the match with a service ace Ap29.ril Science players and fans, and the The Science hitters finally came errors, and added one more in the o n t h e t i n a l p o m t The flist ehrt Smith baters fo obvious disappointment of even Morris. to life May 7 ni an 8-2 romp over sixth on a pair of singles and a Fifer, after a streak of erratic play, rallied ot win 3-6, 6-2, 6-3. the game gott o starting pitcher several Evander players, the game sacrifice fly. The other Scienceites found their opponents easier prey. Diller Paul Hmofan for a wali, a home was stopped. Mingione again walked ot open In the bottom of the seventh, and the two doubles teams all won 6-0, 6-0. thegame, but this time catcher reliever Fred Wallach Science's racketmen continued their winning ways May 10 against run, and a line drive single. Turk w ere virtually Hottimen drove him in w i t h Pinch hitter Ralph Salvietti was Clinton. Wallach Given a Ring shackled May 3 as they lost et n o m e r u n over Crotona Field's safe on an error and stole second. Bernard faced a struggle ni every set, but held on ot win 7-5, Taft, 6-0. left field fence 4-6, 6-2. Diller overcame some early difficulty to triumph 6-2, 6-0. Coach Herbert Abend called After giving up two first-inning Starter Fred Wallach set down Mazel Bounces Serving trouble plagued Fifer, but eh recovered enough ot gain a 2-6, ni pitcher Fred Walach, Walach, runs, Science starter Jerry Solo- the first ten Morris 6-1, 7-5 victory. who had been brought up from mon nitover order. But he tired in the fourth Mazel then bounced a single Saslow and Friedman, 6-1, 6-0, and Silfen and Engel, 6-2, 6-2, the junior varsity ot replace the the next three frames. However, over second base to drive in the and Morris tied the game on two injured Friedman, retired the side Scionceortorsorinorunsim tying runs. were hardly challenged. singles, a walk, and a fielder's However, ni the eighth, three The shutout string ended as the Turks defeated George Washington on a double play and a strikeout. the second. choice. Moanwhile Dom Minstone. who walks and a sacrifice fly produced 4-1, May 15. Wallach went on to finish the the top of the sixth, Phil the winning run for Dodge. Unable ot produce an effective attack, Bernard suffered his first game, giving up only two hits and led off the game with a walk, was Clendennin singled and stole sec- the the only science onserunner i n h e season loss of the year, 5-7, 3-6. Diller followed with a 6-2, 6-0 rout. Fifer, striking out eight. ondthenscoredonasingleby May 20, losing a 12-4 fiasco to a hampered by a sore shoulder, still took his match with a pair of 6-1 Science tied the game as Roy first five innings. The only Turk relief pitcher Solomon. Roy Urrico very ronkCoumoussouse Urrico walked with the bases full Misin the w m e were seventh t ONlowed drive t Only two of the Columbus runs sets.TheSaslow-Friedmanteamwonconvincingly,6-2,6-2,whileSilfen in both the second and fourth ni- ning singles by Lou Mazel and right, As the fielder at were earned runs, the rest coming Paulottman. and Engel chalked up an easy 6-2, 6-1 victory. tempted to catch the ball, he col as aresult of errors. In the fifth, after three walks Revenge Is Bitter had again loaded the bases for Selence, Phil Clendennin lIned a In a bitterly contested match, May 17, the tennis team avenged to right, driving ni two Marriers H i t H a r d Times last year's loss ot Stuyvesant with a 3-2 victory. runs. A bunt, a walk, and another Larry Diller clinched the win and assured the championship by bunt brought ni the final Turk downing a very powerful opponent 6-3, 5-7, 6-4. Before this, the team of Saslow and Friedman was unable to The game was called after six In City-Wide, Dual Meets mount a consistent attack, and bowed 4-8, 6-3, 4-6. In the second innings d u e to a league-imposed Science's mile relay team finish. had hoped for a better perfor- ners for Science were David Tash- doubles, Silfen and Engel trounced their opposition 8-6, 6-1. curfew, which prohibits any in. edsecondinnfieldofeightat mance, but fourth place in the 2. man, 11:53.6 in the two mile run, In singles contests, André Bernard lost to an aggressive Stuyve- ning from starting after 5:45 the New York Relays, April 27. mile relay was the best the Turks sant player, 1-6, 3-6, but Julian Fifer breezed to a 6-3, 6-2 triumph. In a May 1 contest, the curfew The team ran n 3:44.9 mile. the could do. and the 880 relay team of Adel. TheracketmenclosedouttheseasonMay20bydowningColum- workedduanstheunks.asthey track team's best showing at the The Turks finished their regular Sebag. bus 5-0. droppeda4-3decisionot Evander. running the dual-meet season with a 1-3 record. man. The Saslow-Friedman team bounced back from its Stuyvesant Science, trailing 4-1 a n e r third leg, "broke novice" by win- Competing against The Turks battled t w o teams loss to win 6-0, 6-1. Silfen and Engel battled ot a 7-5, 6-4 triumph. innings, was able ot cut the lead ning his nirst medu April 25, Science dominated the simultaneousl y May l os i n g t o Bernard took his singles match 6-3, 6-), and Diller won easty to one run by the sixth The squad managed only three running, but scored only six points Taft 621⁄2-221⁄2, and beating Mor- 6-3, 6-0. Fifer lost his first set 3-6, but came back to complete the Then, as Evander batted ni the the in the field events, and lost the Tls 691⁄2-221⁄2. sweep 8-6, 6-1. bottom of the sixth, 5:40 came, shipsMay 14. Coach Louis Heitner meet 54-52. Against the understaffed Morris Lenny Adelson (54.9), Jerry team, Science won every running Sebag (56.6), and Steve Zelner event except the 100-yard dash. Gunars Lucans, however, w a s Lower Left Hand Corner (59.6) took first, second, and third places in the 440-yard dash. the only individual winner against Harold Schwenn won the 20 Taft, edging out the opposition in w i t h a 2 4 . 8 c l o c k i n g . O t h e r w i the 880 with a time of 2:07.5. Destroying An Image Golfers Win 5 Straight Science's golf team has gotten tinal match of the vear t oClin of to a strong start, winning its ton, 31⁄2-11⁄2. This season, for the Charles Silkowitz first five matches of the 1968 first time ever, the Turks swept a match from Clinton, 5-0. season. Playing May 6at Van Cortlandt, The linksm en opened the season Spiwack took his opponent in the Since this school's inception 29 years ago, generations of This "bad" image led to demands by other schools that against Monroe, April 29 at Van minimum live holes John Latel- Scienceites have been ca refully cultivating an image that rivals the programs at Scie nce be discontinued. "Break up Bronx The Turks took la, substituting for Kator3100 the creations of Madison Avenue for mass appeal. Science!" became a favorite chant of rival cheerleaders. the contest 31⁄2-11⁄2. Lance Gordon each w o n in six They have tried to foster the image that Scienceites are It is quite obvious that there is asinister plot here. Per- Saience recordedits first shut moles. all brains but no brawn. haps it is the last gasp of a vengeful Board which wants to out of the yearMay 3, as The Turks met Roosevelt at Pel T h e v a r i o u s m e d i a p i c k e d up t h i s s t e r e o t y p e a n d s e e u s d e s t r o y e d b e f o r e i t t o o g o e s . B u t I w i l l n o t a c c u s e t h e m . g o l f e r s t o o n e d E v a n d e r o n t h e h a m B a y P a r k M a y 1 0 , a n d w o n ported the achievements accordingly: high academic and low And that brings us to the present situation, which is very Split Rock course. 4-1. The third sweep of the season athletic accomplishments were taken for granted. joyousindeed.ActualproofthatScienceites arenolonger tothe5-0score wereEdRosen physicallyinferiorhascometomyattentionthroughtheread- Dave Spiwack, came May 13 against Taft at Van The Scienceite's physical appearance of the past, char- Dave Pilossoph, and Cortlandt. This is the second year acterized by thick glasses, baggy pants, and an overstuffed ing of Survey's sports page. (Yes, I really do read it.) Lance Gordon. in a row that the linksmen have briefcase, did nothing to discourage those of th e public at The Scienc e basketball team has advanced to the divisional Last year's linksmen los tt heir shuto u ta large who believed in this image. However, the increasing playoffs two years in a row. The bowling team won its divi- popularity of contact lenses, the recent rule change that per- sional championship. The soccer team won more games than mits the wearing of jeans, and the discontinuation o f the W a l l m e n H a v e W o e s production of the green and gold "Science fag-bags" are help- it lost. so, some skeptics dismissed these remarkable ac- Even After losing two close matches, the Science handball team finally ing to change the outsider's concept of us. complishments as mere flukes. But the events of the Tenth of May on the tennis courts at the Oval Park are enough to won its first of the year May 2. More thananything else, though, the Turks' historyof de oulias stroy these diehards' delusions. The ice-breaker was a 5-0 sweep ag , Marty Rosenberg, and ainst Roose velt. Steve Lott failure i n varsity athletic competition promoted our institu- tion's image. For years, everybody had known Science was not It doubles teams Joe Caruso and Dona wastheretheSciencetennisteamdefeatedtheircoun- openedwitha21-2victory.WillyNlderRoth,andNatKestenmanand a n athletic powerhouse. And those few who hadn't known terparts from De Witt Clinton five matches to none. A shutout! Len Wolmanalso won surely guessed it. Larry Diller and the first and second doubles squads dis- The wallmen opened against Taft April 25. Lott scored a 21-0 rout Also, our "loser's image" had a bad connotation for most posed of their opposition and cruel efficiency. Tired André a n d Rosenberg w o n 21-18. the teamlost3-2whenCarusoandRothwereedged outsiders. I t i s part of this nation's heritage that "the good Bernard and sleepy JulianFifergavetheircompetitiona However, g u y s a l w a y s w i n i n t h e e n d . " S o w h e n we l o s t , w e s m a r t g u y s thrillby prolongingtheirmatchestothreesets. 20- 21 after a long, hard-fought strugele. were equated with t hebadguysintheinf antile minds ofthe S o ,i n onematch,themythsofClintonsuperiority and TheTurkslosta3-2contesttoDodgeApril30. Lott came through with another shutout and Rosenberg won 21-15, victors. The result was, of course, vicious anti-intellectualism, Science inferiority were shattered. with brutal insults like "See! Ya ain't so hot after all, ya bad- Nevertheless, you are still advised to walk past Clinton b u t t h e o t h e r w a l l m e n m e t w i t h l e s s s u c c e s s . Neroulias (21-10) w a s t h e o n l y winner M a y 9 , w h e ntheteam sm artloser!"invariablybeingtosseda tScienceathletesas onl y w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t o f caution. Some o f t h a t school's stu- they dejectedly left the field after another humiliating defeat. dents might not have gotten the message yet. losta 4-1matchtoClinton, Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. Vol. 62, No. 4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 4 Subject The topic of the resource Science Survey The Bronx High School of Science Description An account of the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 4. Containing the following articles: English Department to Initiative New Curriculum for Seniors, Changes Allow Specialization; Arista Enrolls 182 During Assembly, 3 Teachers Speak; Dr. Taffel Cancels Field Day Despite Protest by Students; 1500 Boycott School in Peace Demonstrations, Prostestors and Counter-Demonstrators Clash; Weiss Sees 'Surprises' On the Way in Politics; Police Join in Conduct Talks; 24 Students Win Honors in Annual FSA Contest; A First Step; Student Voice; Annual Show; Public Speaking Tips; Senior Describes Search for College Acceptance; 'Dynamo's' Achievements Fall Short of Excellence; Planetarium; S.M. Bogdonoff Addresses 5 Clubs; S. O. Will Sponsor Collection of Funds for Poverty March; 3 Win Awards in City-Wide Science Fair; New Arista Members; Math Bulletin Seeks to Have Wide Appeal; Puerto Rican Studetns' Club Begins Activities in Science; Science Netmen Win Bronx-Manhattan Title; Tennis Team Takes Crown for 6th Time in 7 Seasons; Baseball Team Closes Season with 3-7 Record; Harriers Hit Hard Times in City-Wide Dual Meets; Destroying An Image; Golfers Win 5 Straight; Wallmen Have Woes Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Survey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx High School of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 31, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS.001.003.007 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/1276aa3c4b14a66c558570db9669c637.pdf d3ae8281225d83661b5e74deaafb0630 PDF Text Text ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx Schools Newspaper Collection, 1933–1969 Subject The topic of the resource Newspapers (The Bronx, New York) The New Deal (Walton High School) Science Survey (Bronx High School of Science) The Walton Log (Walton High School) Description An account of the resource The collection comprises various student newspapers from Bronx schools, including Bronx High School of Science and Walton High School. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The provenance of this collection is varied. Lewis Stone donated the publications from Walton High School in 2020. Dr. Steven Payne found the publications from Bronx High School of Science on a shelf in the library in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933–1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspaper collection Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS Type The nature or genre of the resource Archival collection Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document SCIENCE THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL OF SCIENCE SU RV EY Vol. LXII - No. 3 May 3, 1968 School Mourns Dr. King's Death P.. Apel V Vielnam Situation eiws Science responded ot the assassi- said, "there seemed t o eb a tre- Rev. D.r Martin mendous spiritual The For Joint Meeting Luther King Jr. ni a variety of wehol porcesosin had the effect of By JOYCE LEVINE feeling toward the man and hsi being ni na open-air church for R. W. Apple, aNew York Times our hour?. correspondent in Vietnam for the T h e m o o d o f t h e s c h o o l o n t h e "Although m adniffyerent politi- p a s t t h r e e y e a r s , s a i d t h a t t h e day after the assassination, Friday, cal onsiusaspreewre represented," April 5, appeared solemn. A few Rosenfeld said, "the feeling Igot a beating" in the Vietnam war United States wil eventually "take students black armbands, fromspeakingto people who might while many others showed their be called exwtaresmethaatploe-l He spoke before a joint meting mourning with saddened faces. In ple o f fodwli andh u m a n i t a r i a n of the Behavioral Science, Social general, the school instcinactns w o r k and demon- Theories, Human Relations, and quieter than usual. Political Science clubs, March 2. [The school held amemorial as- f o rthe society into palce sembly, April 10. See page )3 w h e r e their deais m e y be real- "We are not going to win until we can accept the possibility fo Dr, latel gave a live minute eulogy for Dr. King over the P.A. Tnh i strib ute,D r . Tafel said losing," Apple commented. Ameri- system, April 5. At the end of his "Inaworldofviolence, Ma-r can troops, he continued, should addres, eh asked that everyone t i n D u s h e r K i n g r e m a i n e d a men a c t a l y D o w i t h d r a w n . a n o t h e t w o m i n u t e s in silent ofreacet otreend,but he made South Vietnamese n ocompromisewith ".evli government tribute to the murdered human "He f T a f f e l said, should satte1ender nie standing.most ough evil t ," take on more of sti obligations. own MERIT WINNERS: Schneider (left), Weinreb, Rabinowitz, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King J.r " i n his wno unique, i m a g i n a u v e , Campbell, students seemed reflective, Friedman, Yalow, and Rogow, are the Science Scholarship winners. n a d t e a r s t h e n c e 1929-1968 antmili bunton-violent way,be- Charged Apple Earlier that morning, at the late causeh e elievtehdatonly ni that s e s s i o n a s s e m b l y i n t h e a u d i t o - w a y c o u l d t h e w i n n i n g o f m e r ' s Apple charged that the present ec a p p o i n t e d b y t h e S c i e n c e S t e e r i n g sdnmi and heartscome about, aud S o u ht V i e t n a m e s e g o v e r n m e n t i s 8 E a r n M e r i t S c h o l a r s h i p s ; rium, a large group of students Committee of the United Federa refused to say or stand for the onlyi n that way choteuldvictory "out of touch with reality." He added that the US.. has done little Pledge of Allegiance, evidently ni tion of Teachers to represent the 3 R eive ' spontancous protest. Mr. J. Waish, facultyofthe school. "Ifwenacmermebre hisdream", to get a "more responsiv e"govern- National ' Pri s, ze w h o s i n i c h a r g e o f t h e a s s e m b l y , C o m m e n t i n g o n h s i e x p e r i e n c e s , D r T ' a f f e l a d mo n i s h e d . " a n d t r u l y m e n t . ordered the protestors out of the R o s e n f e l d s a i d t h a t h e w a s m a k e i t o u r w, o n i f e w c a n l i v e C o m m e n t i n g d o m i n o 5 G a i n S p o n s o r e d A w a r d s auditorium and threatened deeply impressed yb "the complete that dream sothat the evaiglsainst theory, Apple said he is " r a t h e r c o u n a r y h o w e v e r d e d i c a t i o n t h a t e v e r y o n e ( a t t h e w h i c h fought b a n i s h e d w o r r i e d b e c a u s e we h a v e m a d e further action was taken against funeral] seemed to have ot King f r o m the w o r l d , M a r t i n Luther the domino theory true by mak- Eight Science students have ments outside the classroom, qua- the students, 1 6 C 9 1 8 1 especially the King wnilolt have died in vain ing Vietnam a n a l l o r n o t h i n been awarded Merit Scholarships lities of leadership, and school re would happen throughout ideals of love and kinship between and hsi spriti wil illumine and proposition." T h e d o m i n o t h e o r y this year. Three Scienceites won commendations are considered in the next week, many people." enrich our lives in all the days to states that fi Vietnam were ot eb including science and mattesus "Throughout the procession," eh lost all or outhoast Asin w ould four-year Nationa l Merit Scholar- About 1,100 four-year sponsored pended regular study to discuss the fall ot Communism. ships (NMS), while the remain- Merit Scholarshios w e r e a w a r d e assassination, D.r King, the black The U.S., Apple said, does not ing five received four-year spon in 1967. The winners are selected revolution and racism. keep in t o t e h with M e t n u t e s sored Merit Scholarships. from the finalists in accordance memory of Dr. King, the BULLETIN civilianleaders. No American, eh are Robert with criterin e b l i s h e d Music Appreciation club played half of Science's student body boycotted classes April 26 pointed out, met with any fo the Friedman, 4-1: Margaret Rogow, sponsors of the individual awards Verdi's "Requiem," April .5 Almost civilian candidates until wot weeks 4-26; and Risa Weinreb, 4-26. Ma- H o w e V e r B e l o Al public schools were closed school. protesting the Vietnam warnda racismInAmerica. Seven hundred beforo the national elections. rilyn Campbell, 4-4; Amalia Frie study or college choice may also A Two Scienceites were hospitalized as a result of incidents arising pril 0, the day of D.r Sci enceites and 03 teachers picketed hte quality a finalist for a sponsored What's It ot the Voters der; David Rabinowitz, 4-18; David Sonnelder. Benarin choi nni n King's funeral. At Selence, a large number of students indicated that during the demonstrations. Ja cqueline Birnbaum, 3-21, wan struck by The elections. continued, 4-18, won the sponsored Penn i e s f r o m H e a v e n ittheschoolhadnotclosedthey a stone thrown by one of the 175 pro-war hecklers. Louls DeGregorio, were "maninulated" b yt h eSouth awards Theusualminimumstipendfos would have refused to attend clas. 2-21, a pro-war demon strator, was hit in the face with a baseball bat Vietnamese government, since the erit competition is initial- The M n stude nt. It was not clear whether the assailant M e r i t Scholarships i s 250 dollars ses. Many black organizations had wield war demonstrators. Both students ed by an unknow opposition candi. yl based on the Merit qualifying boycotts for "black was one of the anti- w e r e t a k e n dates were barred from the race test, the a ye ar for four years.The stand. ard maximum stipend i s1,500dol urged such to Fordham Hospital, Was not Tuesday?" studen of the junior year. In this year's lars annually for four years. Herbert Rosenfeld, of the Survey estimates that 1725 students report ed to school while 1500 held. He also noted that the Viet- competition, ts who scored Fina ncial need, while not a fac- Mr. were either absent or p icketing. T hirty-six teachers did not report to namose over did not u nderstand why 148 on this test became semi- Math department, attended xt they were voting. According ot finalists. these 97 tor ni selecting the winners, is the King's funeral ni Memphis, He was school. Full details in the ne issue. cent only criterion in d e t e r m i n i n g t h e Apple most Methieseen "It went on to become finalists. Sci- amount of the award. thegovernment saysot doit,then ence had 51 students in this cate Oneofthisyear'swinners,Mis you d o i t . Frieder, left Science last Diplomat 0. Edmund Clubb Sees Answering a question about the The Corporation going to Barnard on early admis morale of the troops, Apple said t h a t " e n e h finalistis considered sion. "very a u t fully qualified for a Merit Schol- Mr. Friedman, Mis Campbell, General Westmoreland's great arship; if sufficient funds were and Mis End of Rule by Idealists' in China pride in them. He warned, how- available, each would receive a Survey staff. . Edmund Clubb, a former United States diplomat ni China, characterized the Chinese ever, that the American generals Merit Scholarship." This year, a new, one-time, non O Revolution as a "conflict between political idealism and organization man expert- have a "very poor understanding The 40 NMS winners were se- renewable National Merit 1000 C ultural of the war" and are thinking of lected state-by-state competi- dollar Scholarship was introduc ise," a t the March 2 1 Forum. Clubb said that the political idealists, under Mao Tse-Tung, and not the pragmatic it "in terms of World War II." tion. High school grades, achieve- ed. No Scienceites won this award. politicians, are in control of the Chinese party and government Student structures. However, he predicted from Hunter Scores White Society that the "organization man" w i l l eventually s u b d u e T h e "blind him from the savage jungles ol will deter mine whether our race disagreed about how consciou idealist" and Ra In control A student of African culture spoke on "black cognizance" Africa," Stafford continued. "whe will live." they should be of their racis ident ites the Black Cultural Society, March golden nuggets of our past history Assailing w h i t e h o e r a i s the Trying to regain some of his 15. ONly n o w being unearthed. speaker said. ""White libera l' is "People just have to be aware t prestige and authority, Mao we realize who we are nastiest name in t h e b o o k they black," girl said. los instituted a policy the of t o t a l i t a r i a n - Mr. Edward Stafford, who at. At last Another disagreed, tends Hunter College in the Bronx, Our past si great. Our future wil Forget about this liberal business. ism which demands loyalty to the be greater." The downfall of every black man someone's complexion "You shouldn't consider the color s t a t e C U D D However, urged his audience to retain their black identity, "When you make is in the trust of a white liberal." added, total regimentation of the the transition into the white w orld, " uiescen All the acq ce is over Stafford dec laimed again st white you're making a friend. Everyone Chinese n a t i o n been has some prejudices," c o m be careful," he said, "The trade. and al the passive resistance is "dis tortion" of b lack history. "He achieved. mark of a black fool is a C adillae over," DOwer advocate mented, "but people are basically [the w hite m an) i s giving a whole Responding and a white woman." t o l d t h e B l a c k C u l t u r a l S o c i e t y alike." lot of hogwash. This man has stolen China's re lation to the Vietnam Dressed costume, April 5. Students also talked about Adam War. Clubb said China would en o u r h i s t o r and put himselt Cinvion Lowell. Defending Stafford encouraged "We've turned the our place. The American educ a• ter the war only i t t h e Tiniten other cheek civilization, until our neck won't turn tional system is one of the biggest congressman ,onegirlpointedto States instituted a ground inva Swah i l i told "all the good things Powell has of the North or threatened Staf. Speaking o n the day m a n would stop and admit his doneforblackpeo "You can learn only so much of farther," Edward Stafford proble ms our peo ple face. Ifthe ple .B efore he sion your history here in school," t h e k r o u p . came, you couldn't even get a job N o r t h V i e t n a m with destruction. ford said. "The Man [white aftertheassassinationofRev.Dr. lies thingscould change." on125thStreet."Anotherstudent ci ety has told you so many lies Martin Luther King Jr., Mr. Stat- Van Johnson, who accompanied added, "You must realize that this C h a r l e s M o e r d i e r New York that now he doesn't want to con- ford said that the death was "rest- the speaker, informed the club double standards. A countrys City's lldings former B Comm u is. tradict imself man h h astob ." e compl ing hea v ily on everyone." o f n club desimmed te etely Mr. Moerdler sioner and Go vernor Rockefeller's "Any black man "As long as Dr. King went along who is born educate the black American black have realized a camonisn manaren ssi s t an t in this count ry is schizophrenie," with the system," he said, "every black culture. The purpose of the pure. Powell should he stole, was black. Hedidn't, Coming Events 1964, discussed the '68 election at chid Stattord. "On ne hand he is o thing was fine. When he attacked club, the New Africa Society, is he and he was caught." the P orum . M arch 19. born u n d e r the Stars it violently, w h e n he objected "attain liberation lack Coveral club q ues- MAY Issues r t h a n ather party lines Stri pes, in a country which p r o strenuo usly,itattacked him vio- thr o v en education in black" tioned the value of learning A tri- 3, 4-Annual Show are "polarizing" noliticians in the mises liberty and freedom for all. lently. I t put him to death." a nhistory." W h ydoes i tmatter upcoming election, he said. Fur- At t h e same time, he is assured "King was man's Adan Clayton where youcame orthe 8-Arista Assem bly thermore. a ccording to Moerdier, by the republ that he ic , his father, friend. This man [the murderer) Black power, the goals of black people, Y o u r grandfatherwas?" 14.Conhomore College Guldance this "phenomeno n" will be a major and h is mo th er are all grinning, killed his friend. The white man's Powell, African culture, and civil rights dent asked. "All tha t mat ters is Meetink factorina c n y a n d i d a t e ' s w i n n i n g watermelon - eating triend,"h e declared. developments were among the to- where you're going." Exams the election. darkies whose ma " o n l y value is in ford, who had spoken at th e club t h e March Arguing for teaching black his- 15-Musi Asse c mbly Roc kefel ler, he continued, wil serving the l white n. earlier, quoted a message pics examined meet ingoftheBlackCu u a tor l tlSy r, o- Mr. Donald Sch wartz, facul- Assembly probablytakea"dovish"standon " h e Amerienn Negro has been It Don Rrown. now o u to fjall, t adviser.said,"Theblackpeo 30-Memorial Day Vietnam, w h i l e dupedintothinkinghehasnohis- inwhichhesaid,"Ourwilltolive ciety. psbetween ple'squestforahistoryisalegi- Discussing relationshi ntity." wil l continue to p resent his more tory w orth learning, and he should supersed e ourw ill to whit b ksth esa n d l a c e r s tesearchforan tight, because o u r will t o fight , ememb tima id e 4,5-End-YearExaminations " h a w k i s h " position. thankthewhiteman for rescuing Page Two Friday, May 3, 1968 SCIENCESURVEY S GI E WGE SURVEY Music Lovers Form New Club published &times a year by the students of By MARK GANTT constituted "great musical mas- the m e m b e r s f o u n d the THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL Twice spend terworks." ranged characters of hte hero and his vci minutes r o o m 336 "only M a c h Wagner's mits, Donna Anna and Donna Elvi- OF SCIENCE Breater roleser Rngi cycle ot John Cage and the ra,psychologicaly fascinating. -Al degree, music. The required m-u avant-garde though sti meaning is perplexing. Vol, LXII • No. 3 May 3, 1968 sic course at Science musti M.r M a d o n the described every major development ni mu- hopteosgive hte students nisgiht study ingenui"s. Editors-in-Chief C. K. Bernstein, R. Schwarz caveman dramatic and emotional Michael Kairys levels fo musoicn a nonet-chncial Ana Rusels' lampoon of Wag- many students, h a v i n g p a s s e d the the ner's Ring cycle illustrated "Hu- • COCK PRES w i l l b e M a r c h 2 exam, bid a longogodbye opera mor i n Music" at t h e t o b a c h , Beethoven, and Berg. I n opearnad program music the meeting. Unfortunately, somofe T h o s S a l t Some students. surorisingly..an udtsesnt can observe how music casm surovefy clarifiesanendlarges the swa lootsttheaudience be Student Strike... not satisfied whti this meaning caues fo htrei unfamiliarity with serious music. Thsi mret some o f o f the poloft mehet Magrite's 'Pleasure' mocks 'rationale of society. A comparatively large number of Science- Apre- Wagners' work, In a tribute to M a r t i n L u t h e r ites refused to attend classes as & p r o t e s t ciation culb to enrich their Henry from Hills against what they termed the y o l e n c e and o y m e n t ro m u s i c m n a r e l a x c a . I n The first aorpe diswcaussseKdnig J,r. culb played Glus. Mozart'snDo Giovanni, describedsepe Vsedr'i superbyl theatrical M by odern Artists racism of American society, April 26. These formal atmosphere. Radtot sa "thme ost meupres andmighty Requeim Mas. committedstudentsjoinedtheranksofthou- which Von workofartever peIntnised."Expnersig s a n d s of fellow across day,s is directed byMr. Jack Ra- a mus ical versioonf the herreactionto the elgend ub,cl one member said, "It'vsery EvaluateWorld demonstrating their disillusionment with dof,f of the Social seudiSt depart of nDo JuaanS,panishplayboy. entertaining." American society in one of the few ways Those who aetnded ResM'ctozarognizing astounding Traditionally, fusi on ofcomicand Hopefully, one thmgi also addedu. a r t has reflected the values of os open to them. t r a g i c e l e . o.nialcat ciety. The Odl Masters represented their world real isticaly and with order. However, just before World For most students, the educational struc- Wra I agroup ofartists, eld byMarcelDuchamp ture si the symbol of the establishment. By AVital Question who saw the traditional order reflecting only middle class values, the school of society overthrown started an "anti-art" move- system perpetuates the moral shortsighted- movement was known was a ness of America, and such shortsightedness reaction against 19th century Rationalism. By sub The Draft: An Examination and anacking the taste h a s led to d e g e n e r a c y. strike against bourgeois society, these pioneers tried to expose the schools. therefore, i s a meaningful protest mentshave neb abolished. Although a local board conventional be- against the society which runs the schools. As a resutl of the niceransig Tactically, such boycotts are also quite ef- het war ni Vietnam, het dtafr hasbecomea altvi there i sn o longerany guarantee of .ti Men can Surrealism, which developed ni the early twen c a l l up o f men fon magyrant a deferment to, ,yas a high schol teacher, eilfs. fective. Short of violence, there are few ways nicreasnig number o f gnuoy men- alsosecka F4 deferment rof reasons ofhealth or ties, went beyond the anarchism of Dada by sys for the high school student to show his con- a quoeinst al Sceince boyswill eventualhlayvephycsial defeDcesfctts. include poor eyesight, mis- tematizing for the irrational, Deeply cern and disillusionment with the state of ot ace.f The unpopularity ofthewar,as waeslla aligned ro pepidcrl o,est asthma and flat feet. De- influenced by Freudian psychology, Surrealism at America. A boycott serves to show non-strik- growing sentiment opposedt owari ngeneral, hasefmrenst for hearelatsohns are based on a state- tempted ot create self-understanding order to ing students, teachers, and school administra- build a new society. out sfohet draftlaw. i n s and ment froma cilensed physician and can extend ot tions that at least some students will not per- The Museum of Modern Art si presenting a com pelecte SeArcvitc,eex- mental "health" probelms attested toyb a state- mit business to go on as usual while the war tended for four years on July 1,1967,w a soririnalls ment from a psychiatrist. prehensive view of Dada, Surrealism and Their Heritage, through June 9. The exhibition clearly still lingers on and black men are still not approved by ar amended ver- The Resistance shows that Dada and Surrealism proposed a kind of free. osin oheft Selective Service Atc of1948. Title I of Mnay men ineligible for deferments, and unwil. philosophy of life, a philosophy ridiculing all con. this Acrocrats to t h e d r a The Act establishe ... and Racism 18 classifications. of whchi a r edeferments or ing to joinhet Armed Forces, have turned ot re- Dada employed many techniques ni order ot show exemontons. The Act states that, "In Class 1A shal non-cooperation , and may eb employed at any point that-as Marcel Duchamp said-art was not de sistance Such resistance usually takes the form of A very healthy thing has been happening beapceld yvere registrant woh has failed toestab from the registers (at 18) t the tached from but rather existed within at Science in the past few weeks: white sut- that heis eligible forclassification ni another mite receives ones' induction notice. The non society. Piciaba's machine paint- a tework dents have begun to examine their racial at- uysulal destroys or returns hsi draft card, ings had the ironic humor of a human being reduced titudes. Many have perhaps for the first time Deferments refuses to out forms or give information about ot the state of a machine, Jean Arp, another Dada cooperter realized that to be a white American. even if Under the present version of the law, a high himself, or refuses ot report for physicals and hear- leader, Introduced accident or automatism. Here, one is not avowedly a racist, is to share in school ro college student is given a 2S (student) ings. Resistance si a federal offense punishable yb a the way papers had fallen on a piece of cardboard the delusions, distorted perspectives, easy deferment until hsi graduation from college. or, it maximum of 5 was used as a point of departure for a work which years ni jail and/or a fine of up ot therefore had no preconceived notions and by its comforts and unearned opportunities of the he enters medical, dental, or divinity school, until 10,000 dollars, although the fine si rarely levied. very nature challenged the literal world. white majority of a racist nation. his training is completed. H e is t h e r reclassified When person's draft board becomes convinced Romp of Social Sarcasm It is, of course, tragically symptomatic of 1-A, unless he is granted deferment for heewdliontrpeportatet,nehusidoc,wdedeircuentand TheDadaistswerechaoticallymakingfunofso the sickness of our society that it took the mocking of 35 Graduate students were formerly W ord a s red br e vio u sy whether ciety, rationate. Meanwhile, rt o c lassi fie d con Retusal death of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., perhaps report Freud was saying that there was a meaning and the greatest American of his time, to convince ments were recently extended 2-S deferments, but such graduate defer makes eno liable ot indictment by a Federal Grand peculiar logic in seemingly The Jury. whites that the deep rooted racism Those ear moraly opposed to killing b"y Surrealists, picking up this idea, tried ot bring form reason of religious training and conviction" may Scenic Canada ot the chaos of Dada. André Breton described Sur. which the President's Commission spoke of only several weeks earlier really exists. It a p o l y f o r a " c o n s c i e n t i o u s objector" (C.O.) status, A number of men unwilling ot face imprison- the real functioning o f the mind." realism as psychic automatism (expressing) would be inexcusable for anyone to return to which, i t them the other two ment have decided to take up legal residence in a Surrealism employed many of the techniques of the kind of complacency that until n o w h a s 1-A-0 (available for non- foreign u s u a l choice. Dada-automatism, biomorphism, f ou n do bi ec ts - forced the black man to be enslaved in his combatant duty in armed forces, often as a medic) h i s m e a n s manent loss of American citizenship o n l y but used them ni order to express a Freudian dream- own country. W h e n one has left the country state. Automatism became stee associaton to military service of any kind). The law makes no escape induction or classification he si declared de- Any good math teacher or student will ex- provision for non-religious or atheist C.O.'s. l i a b l e to arrest should he at any of Joan Miro and André "fixing" of a dream-inspired plain that settinganup a problem correctly is time in future return to America, since there Problems, Problems, Problems of l i m i t a t i o n s applicable to draft led ot the more "realistic" works of René Magritte mode in portate student and tea th and Salvador Dall, What united the two groups was c h er solving it. Sutely, evely commit Those who are opposed to the Vietnam war, al- evaders. At the conclusion of a war, the President a commitment to visionary and poetic subjects. now to setting up the problem-understand- though not to war general, have abigger prob- is empowered to grant "amnesty" to all those who Dear Old Dad ing the plight of the black man. Most of all, lem. Ineligible for CO. . status, fi they decide to re- have fled the country to avoid fighting in that war, The heritage of Dada and Surrealism is readily every white person must accept part of the seek deferment on other thus effectivelydropping the charges against them. aboarent in contemporary a r t Presently This has been we are blame for Dr. K i n g s d e a t h b e c a u s e white grounds, resist the law and risk imprisonment, the history of the experiencing the same kind of reaction to the horror America stood idly by for too long while leave the country. Abblicants for C.Ol U.S., Civil War. war—and life—-that the Dadaist years blacks were oppressed. have been rejected by their local and Many have objected to the apparent in- ago. Both abstract expressionists such as Jackson For the Scienceite, ti is important to realize boards have the additional possibility of appealing equities in this system. Some cite selection by local Pollack and "Pop" artists such as Robert Rauschen- that the race question is not merely an im- the decision, although such appeals are often un- board discretion as undemocratic. Others see in- berg are, to a great degree, ideological children of successful. equities ni the lack of broad-base deferments. Many lada personal problem to write your Congressman College graduates ineligible for continued 2S have objected ot conscription ni general, believing it William S, Rubin, has written a superior book about. We must devote all our energies to deferment who seek deferment on other grounds to be contrary to one's basic rights. As aresult, many based o n the showing, Dada. Surrealism a n d t h e i finding out where the black man is really at. have few legal choices open ot them. With the new have gone to prison or left the country, and many Heritage (published by the Museum of Modern Art). And then we must do something about it. version of the law, virtually all occupational defer- are employing other means of protest. Senior Drama Clas Prepares Arthur Miler's Play The Crucible 2 S . S . C o u r s e s telntthat Miller's The Crucible, tonight and of doing the same scene over and tomorrow night, is the result of ExpandScope a term of fun, education, and hard Mr. Martin Greene. Dedicated, the work by the senior drama class. "Total social studies" is the theme behind the changes in the socialstudiescurriculumforunderoassmen Auditions began in February after school, but also Saturdays for the lead parts in the Annual and part of their baster recess to Eastern Studies, the new freshman S.S. course, replaced the tradi- tional World Geography curriculum this year. Instead of studying only Show. Since the class has twice rehearse, as many girls as boys. two stu. Tinkosher Award the geography and economics or a country. the n e w syllabusdeals dents share each female role. One with the cultural development, history, and traditions of the non- Of course, no drama class would Western world girl will play in tonight's D e r complete w i th o t t e n a m s . formance while the other takes and Science's si no exception. For New-Even More Effective o V e r the Saturday night, example. Steven Sterner sudden Does this cause rivalry between m a n a m i Ed Wynn, Mr. Donald Schwartz, who is teaching the " n e w "social studies the budding thespians? Of course whinnying laugh, during the read- along with M.r Edwin Karpf and Mr. Harold Goldman, said of the ing of one act and sent the rest now curriculum. «Tt is both imnossible a n dbeautiful.I ti eimpossible "We're a close-knit group," ob- because it requires the teacher to be an expert i n many different served Victoria Charlton MichaelNeeoccasionallygavehis Albert areas It is beautiful becausesometimes i tc a nsucceedi nmakingan- imitation T i e l d s . o n c e other society's culture to come to life forthestudents." Burn, Baby, Burn Miss Charlton (one of the biggest Mr. Green e (right) directs scene from Annual Show, at rehearsal. Commenting on the S.S. 1 and 2 changes, Mr. Karpf expressed Miller's play is a half-fiction- hams) a n d switched concern that Latin Americaisnotstudiedi ndeothantimei nhigh alized, half-historical account of parts. norDanforth.Theproductionfea- andwiththehelpofthestage school.Healsonotedthatduetothecomplexmaterialinthenew thowitchtrialeinColomMacen. The stars of this year's Annual tures a group of girl singers di- squad, constructed and painted syllabus, teachingthenewEasternStudiescoursetofreshmenmight chusetts, during the Puritan era. Show are Carol Lipton and Gail rested b y Karen Rernstein. David them.Thebackgroundisunusual, abstract, and, of course, " visually be difficult. I t i s m o s t interesting. however, T u t e t i n a s A b i s a i l W i l l i a m s . C o r Gross is the stage manager. Vic- exciting." For sophomores, Western Studies will b e introduced i n the fall. asa psychologicalstudyofsuper- rineGoodmanandVictoriaCharl- torin Tinomen a n d Maggie Rozow Usingthesameapproachtosocialstudiesasthenewfreshmancourse, tonasElizabethProctor,Michael designedandmadethecostumes. Tobe sure,TheCruciblewill Proctor. Mr. Alan Schlussel, of the Art be givena beautifulproduction; WesternStudieswillcoverthenationso fEuropefromtheiremergence Despitetheplay'sgrimtheme, Nee John department, supervised the de- a f t e ra l l ,t h ebeautyi sin duringtheRenaissancetothepresent.Currently,S.S.3and4isa trying. generalsurveyofworldhistoryfromtheStoneAgestoWorldWarII mal. Indeed, they had to be to re- Steven Sterner a s Deputy Gover- GuardiolaasReverendHale,and siano ft h esetsagainthis year. Friday, May 3 , 1968 S Cg I E N C E S U R V E Y Page Three Assembly Honors Dr. Kin Several Students, Teachers Madrigal Singers Marilyn M eInto sh, dent fo 4-16, D r e s the Black Cultural Socie- she explained, "we do not ask s a n e white man--that I have no Prote s Perform Varied ty, told the for your pity W e n o longer t Spe ech by M responsibility," she said. "But we elnto sh s t u d e n t s and C h o f s c i e faculty orale Selec t i o n s nce that " n o matter which sting from the share ni hte responsibility." Several teachers a nd students at Science have charged that M The Madrigal Singers of W her for making the road you [whites) m declared racist, ROTT you out there who tre mourn (blacks) W e l l ay ta ke, we c a n w e feel the slow silent stab ing Dr. Kings' death," Msi Gold rilyn MeIntosh, a- ash deliveredspech, "ala. the shortest 4-16, delivered a "de w road to the attainments of that of a subtle prejudice." alt ith only the true feelings asked, "will you remember in two racist cal ot violence ta the April special assembly, which was lawfully "Your path," she told whites, weeks What he stood for?" 10as semblies Society. ofthe members of hte Black Cul ours ni Amer We. Underthedirectionof Dr. Ot 1776 and rightfully "Is your concern—-whether ti take Aosl at hte Angela Mr. Joseph Cotter, of the English asked by land W. Johnson, the Singe rs p er niGods' universesince the da acute Curm Toward Valcarcel, 2-20, delivered a brief department, said, Renaissance "It is presumt several and be tuousfor hetm"It adistretsesesl emti h s a he conti s a n t a o r d i n e gree fo equality for all men or account of the life of Dr. King. asixteen year-old girl ot nued, "ot think that some white including "Sing Baroque•chorales Speaking hte assemblle: whether ti continue on its mery Marilyn Sasportas, 2-24, sang tell me how ot run ym country." We Dorier Thomas "Take My Hand. Precious Lord.' studentsandteachersshouldthink O" MagnumMysterium" memorializing the Rev. Dr. Mar- In addition, ni aletter ot D.r Alex- that my speech wsa acal to vio by T. L. De Vittoria, tin buther King Jr., April 10, Miss which p r e j u d i c e n e v i t a b l y favorite hymn Dr. King's. Taffel, Coter wrote that lence. c o n t r a r y . the feel. and "Cruda Amarill" by C MeIntosh rep eate dly leads." a She was accompanied no the piano on one had hte right ot force stu- ings I expressed were very mod- laudio Monteverdi. sked d r e n c e . "Where do We go from the au- W h i t e s V i e w e d by Philip Clendeninn, 4-25. dents a n d teachers to sit through crate compared with those now Mov ing up ot th e 19th c entury, here?" He they sang "Dieu! Qu'l r voic el C h a r t e d " T h e w h i t e r a c e " M! s s i M e I n - Haughton, 2-3, read sermon the speech being the Gheto, with R e g a r d e r ! " l a Fait Bon a n d emotion, she said. "Where od wo K i n g a f e w Others felt that tosh stated, "should won eb elba by start ing her The violence si ni the white stu. Ouyle Tambourin" byClaude De 8 o t r o m n e r e w h e n some amons o s e e c h a r n e t o r beofer h i s death. The chorus, speech, "Brothers and dents' min ds and probably shows you wouid like to shake under t h e direction of M.r Anton sisters, and o t h e r s t u d e n t s . " Mis bussy. the hanc manifested in the product ofits Kolnher guilt complexes performed Bachs' "It on their parts." program concluded with of the slimy pusillanimous worm s o c i e t y a n s s t e r e o r y t e Meintoshi had alienated a algre "It si tragic," she said. who ThouSufer." of white students and two contemporary choral works, dared to even pets withi n a a brutal murderer. Let the wethi some students and teacherscan- "Ave Maria" by K e nneth G a bu mile's distance andi race face reality and start ot weiv A recorded portion o f D.r King's faculty. Many more seemed sutn- not accept the truth and build and"Motet" ybJamesDrew. ro gr ea t a s e l l as it realy 1 8 . . surprised at hte depth constructively upon it." instead of afmous "I hvae a dream" speech go from here was a l s o p r e s e n t e d of Msi MeIntosh's resentment fo Commenting on S.O. Adviser Mr. Kenneth Alen whentheMinute- us do Ito r thom -p x the controver. at the re men think it is not enouchot keill American soc iety sy, Dr. Taffel said that he thought recital quest of the Madrigal Singers who o n e man, but paln the death of nation ensue." S c i e n c e D e b a t e s Msi Mcintosh said in an in S c i e n c e i t e s eb terview that many teachers and made aware of hte anxiety of were enthusiastically received by other leaders Miss received students nad severely criticized Diack studens n a c i e n c e Scienceites at a similar perform- " W h e r e od w e go from here". sanan ovarion rea hor suech Clinton on Special ance two years ago, she continued, "when weface t h e in two ofthe t h r e e assemblies. f a c t that behind every one sen- Speaking after Miss Mncoits" Schools at horum tence eulogy nig 1s Student Organization three paragraph lecture het Marthe Gd,ol 4-26,| aegedr w i t h onthe value of specialized schols, 16 Answer Westinghouse Criticism [ n e e d for] McIntoshs' citrisim lence, and behind yever corner w h i t e society. S h e said that thei Michael Nee, 4-6, and Jerry Sixteen students defended the M.r Kopelman said that he "re- Westinghouse Talent Search por- g r e t t e d t h e c o n t r o v e r s y caused could hardly be called belittling church in Harelm are five pociel- "white moyctminu tmsu act the Westinghouse winners. It gave men; when we face the fact that quickly" ot pass civil rights leg- ized schooaltsthemuroF met- by biology department chairman against the Westing- more attention to these students cedures against criticism leveled by hsi statement. "My primary the nation has made readyfohetr islation, ot completely ervsei het ing, whileHarold Kta and Alan M.r Milton Kopelman. They also house Talent Search procedures," than other issues have ni recent summer 'pacification' ofthe black educational a n d to Buterworth, Clinton m a n with mace, tanks, guns. night prejudice. "I wouldlike to be urked their aboltion charged that Surveys' article on n e asserted, "know that sort sticks, and the National Guard?" able to get up here and tell uoy "Specialization is the fulfill- w e s t i n g h o u s e contest was people do very limited work and Bernstein Says "'W edonotas kforvour love" that King was killed by eno n.i ment of the American education still reach s e m i n a l i s t s t a t u s . "Surveydidnotexpressedito sysetm", Nee said. "It is the in- In a letter ot Survey, David object ot the test as a primary rial opinions in the Westinghouse tensificationofeducationonevery Reiss. 4.15. and 15 other Science. screening. There is not necessarilv seti wrote, "It sems ironic that a correlation between good test- article," Bernstein said. "We felt 1 2 0 0 S t u d e n t s A t t e n d level rof yever On the other student." a c h a i r m a n i n t h i s s c h o o l , i n w h i c h t a k i n g a b i l i t y a n d a c h i e v e m e n t i n that the Westinghouse awards car- sido. Katy charted admissions proce- entrance is based almost entirely science." riedagreatdealofprestige. To Hamlet' Productions htat Sceinces' report on people saying they re arningt black testlaking ability, should cri In the Reiss letter the students Twelve hundred Scienceites at- act very favorably to the produc children from ghetto areas. ticize [hte Westinghouse quality. also criticized Survey for insert- celved an important honor was not tion. Many felt that yb modern. Butterworth said htat the grad- ing e x a m as invalid." ing "not only misplaced editoria However," he continued, opinions, but also fallacious state- faculty tended free performances of Jo- izing the characters, the play be- uate of a specialized high school "It si unfortunate that the ef- members spontaneously criticized Derson. forts of students ni acontest like ments" in t h e a r t i c l e o n W e s t i n g Westinghouse procedures in select seph Papp's Hamlet during Easter came more relevant to the present week. time. In this production Hamlet who wakls around with a polite this w e r e D o n e d Mrs. e n t house winners. "It is very sur- ing winners, that news. lookon his face. He just mem- rietta Mazen, acting chairman of prising to find no interview with Survey si here to report the news Described "happening," si black and King Claudius is cast the Math department commented a member ofthe Mathematics de- and inform the students." Papp's Hamlet is a modern ver- as a Latin American dictator. orizes facts; eh doesn't have ot "That i s hte kindest thing I can partment, although nine of the sion of Shakespeare's play, Ham- know t h a t ten semifinalists did projects in let, presented at the New York 1 S c i e n c e i t e s Kieinman, Saltman, wokred very hard on their pros- math." Shakespeare Festival JOE'S ects, and they are understandably Keiss r o i c e t s 's Public Theatre, was produced for the W i n C o n t e s t Feigenbaum Head chagrined." "Almost everyone I know who FORDHAM INC. Replying ot Mr. Kopelman's at- did a project worked for many Board of Education. Ted Cornell HeldbyNASA MAA Honor Roll the Westinghouse quali. hours." Reiss said in a n interview Army &Navy Store directed and Cleavon Little starred fying exam, Mrs. Mazen said that "I don't think that article David Feigenbaum, 45., Joel "some sort or s e e n e GIRLS — BOYS Four Scienceites have w o n about the winners should down. asHamlet. snonred oy the Nationn The Board had originally ob- Aeronautics Space Kleinman, 4-4, and David Salt- necessary ni a national contest CPOSHIRTS — LEES grade them." jected to the presentation of the stration ( N A S A ) , t h e y a r e a m o n k man, 0:20 WORC Science's top with so many Charles Bernstein, 4-13, Editor- PEA COATS play, saying that a standard pro- scorers in the MAA exam, given student in this city can pass a in-Chief of Survey, said that "a SCIENCE JACKETS 20 winners in seven states. test," she added, "our students duction of Hamlet would be more Al the winnors M a r c h 12. can." ing one-quarter of the front page, CONVERSE educational. However, it consented NASA Electronics Center in Mas- Feigenbaum received 111.75 out S.O. DISCOUNT to s u p p o r t t h e production. sachusetts and the Talcott Moun- of a possible 150 points. Kleinman Science Center for Student scored 109.75 points while Salt- Investigate H I - J I N X The Scienceites seemed to r e Connecticut. SPORTING CO. man got 105.75. Summer Volunteer Service There, their 3509 Jerome Avenue scores of 85.00 or FREE TRIAL Arista-Sponsored projects to NASA scientists. UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BASEBALL The winners are: more, seventeen Scienceites made or 9.3200, × 3383 Gloves - Bats - Balls - Unforms SESSION! Outing to Stratford 3-10, "Polyploidy's Effect on Re- • TENNIS Draws 98 Students s i s t a n c e Ultra-violet Light in the most successful showings of Rackets -Balls •Sneakers Polycephalum"; Ted "A Study of the any one school and the largest WE 3-3905 • GOLF COLLEGE Ninety-eight students w e n t o n Goodman, Actinomycin-D on Honor Rol group ni Science his- FORDHAM BOYS and Clubs - Bals - Bags the Arista trip to Stratford, Con- necticut, April 19 to see Shake- Learning and Memory in Mice": tory. MEN'S SHOP "SPEDO! Swim Suits ENT RANCE speare's As You Like It. Linda Opetosky, 3-11, "The Effect Sixty-four students achieved C OMPLE NUSKYBE AES ENT SPALDING - RAWLINGS The arrived at of Simulated Martian Conditions scores of 50.00 or over, placing inester? and on Paramecium i (Corner401SL) them on the Science honor roll. BOARDS before the Woulff, 3-5, "Generating CYpress 5-4320 Student Discount s h o w . i n e t w o b u sloads of stu- Similar, Interior Figures." Courses Throughoutthe Year dents returned to the Bronx IN THE for Juniors and Seniors approximately seven p m DRIVER EDUCATION BRONX AL JAMPOL Jodoe's Art Shop Arista adviser Mr. Herbert Ro- Approved by: REGENTS COACHING senfeld, his wife, trnest HARDWARE • N.Y.S. Department of Education 684 M o r r i s Ave., Bx. OIL PAINTINGS COURSES Strom, and student teacher Miss ТА 9.0866 • N.Y.S. Motor Vehicle Bureau PAINTINGS RESTORED Nancy chaperoned • Leading Insurance Companies ART SUPPLIES Licensed Teachers Only EVERYTHING YOUR STLPROJECT NEEDS OUR SAVIOUR LUTHERAN H.S. PICTURE FRAMING QUEENSLOCATION 1734 WILLIAMSBRIDGE RD. (corner Morris Pi. Ave.) Bronx, N. Y. 10461 UN 3-0671 Telephone 792-5661 54A W. Kingsbridge Rd. HELANE STUDIO APPLICATIONS BEING ACCEPTED FOR THE FALL TERM NOW Bronx, N. Y. Flushing PENROD'S 1913 Mkai "salah Classes meet Weekdays, Saturdays CARDS - TOYS - PARTY FAVORS BRONX LOCATION STATIONERY - REVIEW BOOKS HUNTER SECRETARIAL SCHOOL MD 706 Lydig Avenue, Bronx, N. Y. D R I V E R 215 E. Road E D U C A T I O N ( N o r G r a n d Concourse) RKO Buil Laboratories FALL 1968 AMALGAMATED I N C . Phoenix P H A R M A C Y Convenient School TUTORING IN 3887 SEDGWICK AVENUE, BRONX 68, N. Y. P.O. Box 2123 Astoria, L.I.C. 11102 Located ni Each Boro ALLSUBJECTS (212) 726-5468 • Students Picked Up The Following Booklets Will Be LUdlow 4.7245 Since 1897 "Serving the Scientific Community" of Education "GOOD STUDY HABITS" Credit "COLLEGEE N T R A N C E : u renceReductions CALENDAR* Jathn a • LABORATORY APPARATUS For Further Information Write FORFULLDETAILSCONTACT OLD FASHIONED ICE CREAM PARLOR •LIVE ANIMALS DRIVER EDUCATION DEPT. AND COFFEE SHOP • BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 701FT. WASHINGTONAVE. MOTHER BOROTUTORINGINC. Private Room Available for Parties NEW YORK, EUGENE WEXLER, Director Catalogs Mailed on Request 891-069 7648-3 648-3921 Phone549-4110 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE RO AD BRONX, N. Y. Page Four SCIENCE SURVEY Friday, May 3, 1968 IntoHallofFame Science Takes BasO Brawer and Pruzan WithShutout eball Opener Ira Brawer, captain of the swimming team. Win verCompers goalie for the soccer team, have been named ot the Bronx Science nI a tense pitchers' duel the non eLe came Hal of Fame, honoring athletic excellence. Science basebal t e a m e d g e d Gom ner for Lou i n as a pinch-run- victory ni the first game of the to three, the batmen walked, hit, Brawer is the new dork ciy champion in the 200-yard frocstyle Mazel, who had just pers2-0at.StMary'sParkinthe reachefidrstonabasenobals, exhibitionseasonagainstnain- andrantheirwaytosuccessni He won the title earlier this year whti a 20:28. clocking at het City Finals held in the Queens College pool. seaisono'psener April 23. dna wsa forced out at second by and Maritime an 85 win against Haaren March in sharp tsarocnt ot last year's Hoffman advanced squad March 26. 20, T h e g a m e w a s m a r r e d b y thi Pruzan is New York's "All-City Goalie." sHi brilliant goaltending ypols 141-0 lossto Gompers, sparked the soccer team ot a 5-4 season ni het fall. Thsi wasthe first gnmhitear o f ceairt on Roy Urrico's Bob Friedman untimely injuryofshortstop Lou pitacndhing thrown out Paul Hoffman teamed up to strike Mazel ni acollision with a run- time in the 2y year history or the school that the booters won more this out seven while giving up only ner at second base games than they lost. starting pitBchomdenabirFr and take home when the two singles ni four bobled the ball. Indicating the strength of this inning The Hall of Fame was founded by former Suvrey sportsedotir r e l i e v e r J e r r y Solomon elder Ward Clutch plays yb tion when both year's pitching staff, Eddie Trost Alan Kronhaus ni November, 1965 "inanaetmpt to propeyrl recog- bountehitapiecetotheir opo- t h e S c i e n c e in- coaches agreed ot call nize athletic excellence and underscore ahcteilt nentsandstruckoutten wneteb several potential order to save the Food and t h e o p p o s i t i o n s hitters. He game also did a fine job in controlling Sciences' h i s t o r y t a e m The first bater inthe became its first member, He was inducted noit het Hal ni February. boftotothem fourth inning Maritime players any further em- relleved by Paul Hoffman, whe Dunrig t h e first ngsni doubled 3220s had just returned from accompa. thwereasonlyoneScience base. rightfield antodok third sa hte nying Mazel to Montefiore Hos- head ni Stung by last season's 12.0 d e Articles about the wto new Hlal ofFamers appearinthisissue butthesamebrokeoper went astray. but the hands of Smith and pital. of Survey. For the story about Ira Bawrer see immediately belowinthe and for the one on billot Fruzan see the Lower went hand batters all mindful of the continuing basket. Science won its fourth and final comer. out, Fri cdman li ned bal Derween t oright field out t o retheitre sdie. Whti two schools, the diamond victory of the exhibition season men redeem- nI a 60 contest with Dodge April waytothirdbase, downintheobmtotfohtesixthedthemselveswithan8-3exhi Solomononhet mound, Gom- bitio victo y k. AnepreningteamofPaulH o t t Ira Brawer loaded thebeas onlyot have n r over Smith March 27. manandBobFriedmanoncemore i nt h e inningend no a sharp hopper proved decisive, fanning eleven Although managin outhrer during the one-hit shutout, When t oSoiomon, orcundb-aseman Brody. Ira Brawer tried out s t o c k singled d o w n t i who wrapped u p the hits during the game, Science bat- nI the last game of the exhibi- for the swimming team as a line, ters took advantage of the oppos- tion season, science lost a close s e c o n d handily by striking out the Dichers numerous walks. %.01 freshman he shocked a olt of decision Clinton. Eddie Although Binstol t h e mottob fo het seventh, They were also given ample sup- Trost and Bob Friedman chalked people includingArthur calledinattheendoffive portbythe againstthe strong Derormance e v e n strikeouts Backman, Science's swim base,andscoredthe Friedman devel- of Jery Solomon on the mound, strong Clinton lineup, e blood blister on his right who allowed one hit and struck but walks and errors compounded coach. Usually when a fine Sciencethrestenedal ngziCaltapi no the opposition's out ten in tive innings of work. by lack of hitting cost them the athlete comes to aschool his topo fthesixth, weakpitching staff, the Science Ron Sabow set down the side ni victory. coach knows about him. But failedt oincreasei t s lead.Ver- ninewalked their ywa ot a 50- the final frame. Ira Brawer arrived unherald- Girls Endure Gy Extending their wining streak Lou Mazel ed, jumped ni the pool with the other frosh, and swam 50 m's Rigor Suffers Injury yards in an extremely fast time of 26.0. By MARILYN CAMPBELL atitude eadls to recrimina- of a song. They interpret, ni In Ball Game For the next four years he Wehavecomea olng way tions ni the locker r o o m . movement, the emotional mes- By BOB FRIEDMAN s i n c e t h e syad whelnadies sophomore hysteria, and ni- sage of the verse. For exam- Lou Mazel, starting shortstop swam regularly for Science, campaigned f o r woman -ufs juries. Many girls suffer ple, flailing of arms, leg on the Science baseball team, was establishing three individual agref. But a n everyday re- broken nails, torn gymsuits, kicking, kneeling, putting severely injured in a collision school records and participat- minder fo one of hte most mussed hair, and other minor arms over nead, Talling 11at duringanexhibitiongameMarch ing on relay squads that est active campaigners, Miss discomforts. on the floor. That is the first verse of Joni Mitchell's Confined to Monteflore Hospi- two other school marks. Amelia Bloomer. lingers Besides team sports, with "Michael From Mountains." tal for seven days. Mazel sufferee In the past two years, as the girls' gym. There, aPep- their physical a fractured nose, a broken orbital captain, he won every regular ing Tom might psy on a sight strength, the girls' health It helpsif youarea contor- bone, a bleeding right eye. a n d division event which he en- that would have cheered Miss program e m p h a - tionist. Personally, I like mod- several euts around the eye. Be- tered. Bloomer's h e a r t young sizes one large activity with ern dance, not for its terp- cause of the damage done to his Brawer first learned women, dressed ni her inven- accent on grace. Dance, sichorean value but as a kind eye, h e m a y b e forced t o w e a r swim when tion, bloomers, toughening both folk and modern, is stud- of group therapy. dark glasses i n bright sunlight old. His father, who their bodies for the war be- ied for about three months. AsMayapproaches,sodoes for theresto fhislife tween the sexes. While boys get al their The swam competitively ni Euro- t h e u n i t , w h i c h treak pay during the second n pe during his youth, coached Ira Brawer with Arthur B-kca Competitivesports nbgir training h a r m o n y and throws the gym class into a nin g of the game against Haaren. him in racing and he entered man, Science's swim coach. tuo the beast even i n the most rhythm from doing jumping panic. Boys will invade our Mazel, covering second base on the AAU's when eleven. H e feminine. Leaders, in partic- routines to the Irish jig, girls territory, and legally, too, as went down didn't race again until his portant. But you've got to be ular, are noted for a certain learn some more intricate "spotters." Not only will they on one knee to blockalow throw freshman year at Science. up for the race or you don't ruthlessness. These girls be- folk dances. Most of them, in see those abominable bloom- Swimming is a very per- have a chance." long to the Leaders' Club fact, are impossible to pro- ers, but also us in them, wig- in the head by the Incoming base where they are trained in ad- nounce. There has been a su- gling u p struggling had sonal sport. "You're up To try to win races, all tripped while trying to slide. against a man, and you've swimmers attempt to "psych- vanced techniques of mayhem. spicion of infiltration by the over bars, and leaping over After the heavy bleeding had got to beat him," said Bra- out" their competition. "When They have a privileged posi- Israeli Dance Group, since a the horse. stopped, Mazel w a s assisted of The boys (who seem to wer. you're younger and you see tion, serving as demonstra- disproportionate h u m i d e the field by teammates Bob Fried. these really good swimmers, t o r s Woe dances are from that country. volunteer) enjoy watching To keep his body in shape man and Paul you make up excuses for los- to the leader whose t e a m After being introduced to someone knock her head on d racing, Brawer usually the bar. They smother their riven to Montefiore Hospital by Anoush swims two anda half miles ing before you're even in the comes in last ni the gym! She dance, the girls move on to giggles as another misses the obviously stunned bythe blow, aday. "Butthehardestthing water. The thing is, you've must bear the scorns and aless structured and more horseonawolfvault. Ap- heremainedconsciousthroukmout is getting your mind up for got to think positively.That's jibes of her colleagues and creative form modern the race," he said. "The the only way to win." And loses face amongst her peers. dance. Here, individual parently, this confirms their the afternoon. swimming, of course, is im- Brawer knows how to win. Unfortunately, this intense groups choreograph a section belief in male superiority.As Extent Undetermined if anyone could keep her mind For the first night the extent nUty could not on sports when she knows her determined, and doctors feared he Lower Left Hand Corner hairis a mess! might lose his eye. Fortunately, All this agony is worth it. however, the wound was not di- According to the gym teach- rectly on the eye and Mazel re- it helps preserve our tained his vision. Despitehis doe- health. "Sit up straight," said tor'sadvicetosit out the1968 one,"Stickoutyourbosom! season. he had recoveredrapidis 'Courage and Stupidity' Do you want to look like enough for limited action in the Twiggy?" They urge us league onener c a i n s t Gompers eat good breakfasts, and ex- April 23. the vacation. While in the hospital, Mazel re- ceived strong moral support from CharlesSilkowitz (And, of course, wash and his T r i e n d s and teammates."Y'a iron our gymsuits.) "And, re- like to thank all those whocame membergirls."ngymteachertocheermeup."hesaid,"espe "To play goalie you've got to have a certain amount of hisdoctor'swisheshecameback,turninginabrilliantgame said, " a healthier you is a cially for that huge get-well card," mpionship Clinton squad. courage and stupidity. I guess I've got both," said Elliot against a cha ing soccer seriously only three years happier you!" whichboredozens of signatures Pruzan. Pruzan started play ago. Before that he j u s t "used to fool around with some of I don't know about the stupidity, but if anyone has ever the guys around the block and a ball." alfback. "But I was Belay Take T ers hird seen Elliot Pruzan play s occer, he would say he is br ave. For At first he played in the fie had fast reflexes, ld as ah it is his job as goalie to stand in front of an area eight feet good with my hands, could kick well, and At Outdoor Op ener high by 24 feet wide and to stop a comparatively tiny ball so I began to play goalie," he said. The Science track team opened in 55.6.ThenSebagfo llowed with from passing through that rectangle, I prefer pl aying goalie. Even though you get smashed a 56.3. Lenny Adelson, running a ch more exciting. You're always in its 1968 outdoor season b y parti- "My object is to keep the ball fr om geting past me. Ido up, it's more fun. It's m u cipating in the B ran deis Relays, fast 54.0, spurted into third place whatever I have todo," he said. on the action. April 6. Inthat meet,t h e m u l e just before the finish line, assur- "Whatever he has to do" is to stick some part of his body 'And let's face it," he added, "goalie is the gl amour posi- relay team finished third in their ing a Turk medal. a n arm or a leg or his chest or stomach—in the path of a tion. Who ever hears of the right halfback?" heat with a 3:40.2 elocking. powerful Monroe squad de- Xented The Science team ballthatmightbe traveling at 45 miles per hour and keep Now that th e PSAL soccer season is over, Pru zan tries Sebag, a junior , broke 72%-35% in the son's first dual sea the slippery thing out of the net. to practicefivehoursaweekandplaysgoal for Schwaben noviceastheTurkmilerelayers meet. March B u t t h e b a l l d o e s n o t h u r t n e a r l y so m u c h a s a n o p p o n - of the German-American League every Sunday morning. Com- won a bronze medal by finishing eexperiencedplayers,hemaintainsa.57 in 3:41.7 a t the Queens-lonaR e Eagles' depth was overwhelmin g, ent's kick t o your head. Soccer is by nature a rough sport petin g against mor lays April 20. Rosause the Turks did come through with withplentyofcont act inthe field. The legs o f soccer pla yers goals-against average, one o f the best i n the League. n a me dal, Sebag now advances a f e wtriumpha 1540).i nthe arealwaysheavilytapedand after a gamethe athletere- Pruza n regrets that soccer is a minorsportintheUnited wo to the "open class" o f r u n n e r s , LennyAdelson States. In Science too ,he said, it's "pretty low dow n on the admission t o which enables him run. Harold Schwenn t u r n shome bruisedand sore. Though stationed in a single place, Pruzan i s not exempt list." We've never had a soccer coach who specialized i n the to compete against the best ath- (24.6), In the 220-yard run, and st Taft," he ruefully re- sport, Pruzan said. letes in the city. frominjury."Itwasina gameagain the 880-yard relay squad of Adel- Whydoeshelikesoccersomuch Harold .8.Ronny son,Loney,Fred and ?"Whydoesa baseball Schwennranthefirst Coleman, calls,"andthisbigforwardcameincloseanddeliberately kicked m e i n the face." playerlikebaseball,"heanswered."Ijustlikeit.Soccer'sa legoftherelayin54 Schwenncamei nfi r s ti ntheir Lone y took the baton from him Pruzansufferedtemporaryamnesinfromtheinjuryand runningsport,a jumpingsport,a beautifulandgraceful andracedaroundthe440-yardlap events. missed several days of school while i Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. Vol. 62, No. 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 3 Subject The topic of the resource Science Survey The Bronx High School of Science Description An account of the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 3. Containing the following articles: School Mourns Dr. King's Death, R.W. Apple Views Vietnam Situation For Joint Meting, 8 Earn Merit Scholarships: 3 Receive 'National' Prizes, 5 Gain Sponsored Awards, Diplomat O. Edmund Clubb Sees End of 'Rule by Idealists' In China, Student from Hunter Scored White Society, Music Lovers Form New Club, Student Strike... And Racism, Modern Artists Evaluate World, Senior Drama Class Prepares Arthur Miller's Play 'The Crucible' , 2 S.S. Courses Expand Scope, Assembly Honors Dr. King, Several Students, Teachers Protest Speech by McIntosh, Madrigal Singers Perform Varies Chorale Selections, Science Debates Clinton on Special Schools at Forum, 16 Answer Westinghouse Criticism, 1200 Students Attend 'Hamlet' Productions, 4 Scienceites Win Contest Held by Nasa, Kleinman, Saltman, Feigenbaum Head MAA Honor Roll, Arista-Sponsored Outing to Stratford Draws 98 Students, Brawer and Pruzan, Science Takes Baseball Opener With Shutout Win Over Gompers, Girls Endure Gym's Rigor, Lou Mazel Suffers Injury In Ball Game, Courage and Stupidity, Relayers Take Third At Outdoor Opener. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Survey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx High School of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 3, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS.001.003.006 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/b0123da5987cfba115dc08e563b85262.pdf 0ffb95773a9e311f613a5ec624a70d43 PDF Text Text ������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx Schools Newspaper Collection, 1933–1969 Subject The topic of the resource Newspapers (The Bronx, New York) The New Deal (Walton High School) Science Survey (Bronx High School of Science) The Walton Log (Walton High School) Description An account of the resource The collection comprises various student newspapers from Bronx schools, including Bronx High School of Science and Walton High School. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The provenance of this collection is varied. Lewis Stone donated the publications from Walton High School in 2020. Dr. Steven Payne found the publications from Bronx High School of Science on a shelf in the library in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933–1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspaper collection Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS Type The nature or genre of the resource Archival collection Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document SGIENCE THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL OF SCIENCE SURVEY Vol, LXII - No. 2 April 1, 1968 Leikowitz Replac es Donovan Denounces Dr. Taffel, on Leave 'R adical' Science ites By HOOPSTER BELL BS CHAUNCEY K. BARNESWORTHY D.r Alexander Taffel, Science's principal, has taken a temporary Dr. BernardDonovans,u,perin- t e n d e n t ofschools, charged t h a t Answering hsi charges, M.r Nor- leave of absence from the school. Sciencei s" ahotbed of radical- man Lefkowitz, who wil shortly Mr. Norman of the ism,"ina speecbheforehet Future become Acting Principal fo Science, Health Education department will Teachers club,March 18, said that he agreed hwti Donovan be Acting Principal during Taf- "From m y observatioands staf "In content, but not emphasis." sers absence. reports" Donovan emsitaetd that He declined to elaborate. "35 per cent of the stbaodye"nt Commenting no het spring se- termed"radical." Caleulated Statement mester, M.r Expiainingt h e causes for eht M.r Herbert Rosenfeld, of hte thought the school was "shaping militancy Romance Philology department, up vyer wlel this season". eH h ubeer.Yeownfora long miet presented a detailed rebutal to added, however, that Science "may thotW ebronxi sthe conte. the Donovan chartes. great be hurt in the English depart- wing notivity n t h i s country. ot teach in a schol where al hte Evidently, d e continued, stucien ts students men next because o r e ' meislti concerns are so werestronglyinfluenced by their wel integrated. uoY don't find hte graduation or some all-star usual differentiation otherest dents. But with our current squad " I tperturbsnie." Donovan de- here. I derive g reat pleasure from of teachers and olst ofdepth in c l a r e s , " t h a t h e r d l y a n y k n o w i n g that S U r d a n i s S c i e n c e i t e s m a t t e r n ? o 1 U S T a b o u t t h e w, ar t h e b l a c k r e v o l u students, I think we can look for simply apathetic." tion, hte drug csene, theater, -mu a real god year on the Regents sic, art, etc.' Scholarship Exams even though Library Changes Rules "Theres' not a student ni the we won't haveany experienced school," he continued, "that doesn't competitors returning." know a heck ofalot about science, u n e a r t s , a n d p o l i t i c s - orfm black Mr. Lefkowitz, who si coach of the goll team, explained that he To Thwart "Subversion' Kierkegaard to Anaxi- did not plan any "big" changes ni mander. You can't even walk down school policy, although he said he The Science library, recently "Communciaoitns Code Which the hal without hearing several t h e gi t e o f o vt o n gi v e l subversive will restrict lal interpersonal moc. kids arguing about Rauschenberg fel administration's rulings which was considering reversing hte Taf- activity, wli institute new secuytri municationtonesits. or Polanski. fI the school is radi- "improve decorum forbid athletic recruiting. thue s e o f aswef fingers as pos. cal, perhaps ti si only because it John Morihisa, Son of the Eternal Forest, urges junta acceptance. and prevent subversion." eb.lis sI so alive and cultured." Jobs for the Needy A major objective of the new Faulire t o Mr. Alan Schlussel of the Art Tues e x o u l s i o n department commented that. al- J u n t a to Replace Principal, Discussing the student junta fo "extraneous material" noit het the Study Hal. though he did not completely which will employ him as its fac- Ibrary. In addition to the currenti understand Mr. Rosenfeld's speech Will Control School Policy; ulty adviser, Mr. L e f k o w i t z said suer"s, continued het spokesman he thought ti was"visually beau the "revolutionary" group "could ruling prohibiting textbooks and for the llbrary, "we hope to keep tiful.?" other items not conducive ot quiet Unit's Head Outlines Aims only succeed fi it were a team ef. study, the regulations will the infiltration down ot normal Several students, nweh asked A student junta will take over the primary functions of fort." He also commented that permit sutdenst to b r i n g intot h e rules weh con- t h e i r reaction the Donovan the office of the principal ni the near future. "judging orfm the way these sut- cluded, do purchased dents put together a winning squad ibrary clut odnothevatse athis "What's it The change was accepted by Dr. Alexander Taffel, March Asked to comment, a staff mem- 20, when 70 seniors threatened ot refuse ot atend colege sure,theyshouldcertainlyhavea ber said. "The presence of foreign o r d e ro S eience; good season." academic rating iftheirde articles ni the library si danger- Mr. Letkowitz recommended. Teac er ' Aids Threaten to Str mands for student power were however, that Greg Tillman, 4-4, teet against infiltra. ike, not met. replace Lionel Phillips, 4-2, on the [In a study of the effects of the junta, since the current threesome ingly harmless possessions." Seek Improved Salaries, Conditions student junta, Taffel said "lacks height." Other new regulations include a the change would be to Science. See page 5.1 Warmth Chairman Deplores The new Junta, appointed by Sodescribed "audent sender" Dr. Woodrow Wilson Tracey 'Hothead' Aids' Harassment wil be headed by John Morihisa, Scores 'Powers of Science' Warmth has issued an informal policy statement lips, 4 2，and Danny Fischel, 43. calling for a student-dominated teacher-aid review whichWalcon At Meeting of Biology Club Warmth spokesman Naney Nymph charged that trol school policy and make all administrative decisions, will e m " h o t h e a d s " claimed they ploy Science's principal-designate, "Bunk." That's how macrobiol March 28, "but in your hearts have "created a cold, unfriendly, and heartless at- Mr. Norman Lefkowitz, as its fac- ogist Dr. Woodrow Wilson Tracey you know Im' right." ulty adviser. Mr. Lefkowitz, who described the theory that Ascomy- cetes and many Punzi Impertecti Tracey, a professor of Renais. ot say that a smal cabal of teachers' aids led by will handle certain administrative sance Biology at the Rockefeller had continually details, was given a vote on the bearconidiaatthetipoftheir Universy. scener harassed friendly Scienceites. conidionhores. T u r n i n g t o s n e c i fi e a b u s e s . M i s s N y m o h p o i n t e d committee to be used only in case of a tie. "You can believe me or not," a x a l n s t t h e D u b l e out that Mrs. Vulture had employed stop-and-frisk What's That, Son? Dr. Tracey told the Biology Club methods against a student who was suspected of "Kids," he said, "would you be- In a statement not having a pass. "In another incident," Miss Nymph Morihisa, who prefers to be called lieve that for years the public has reported, "she attacked a student for lonerino, wach by his real name, IDe Behavioral Science in reality he had been waiting on line to buy a bus the Eternal Forest, outlined the produced ni a Phycomycete? This group's aims, exolaining that hi Club Hears Leeture kind of delusion must stop.' planned the "abolition of the Urging scienceites to join him Bonnie Is from Parker denartment. aboli- On Aggressiveness ni a crusade against the "powers Mrs. Vulture, who came to Science last year from science," Tracey, obviously Parker High School in Phoenix, Arizona, maintained tion of restrictions against eating abolition David Fenton. discussed moved by the rapt attention paid that a school must be run with an iron hand. "I of dress regulations, virtual aboli- "Is Aggression Instinetive?" at the him by the students, said that, don't go for this Warmth stuft, she barked, "you tan office principal, "myonyhoperestsonyou,the go ot school ot get educated." abolition of service credit, aboli- ber 15, youth." In defense of aggressive enforcement of the rules, restrictions cutting Tising as his source O n Aaares. Teachers' aids leaders confer ab out strike plans at top Mrs. Vultur e emphasized the danger of excessive sion, Konrad Lorenz, Fenton level meeting of their union at its Bimini retreat. restrictions on her rights. "It I have to think about classes, and Dr. Uri Bachrach, a macrobio- political said that the Jogist. revealed that in his experi- whether some kid from Warmth will like what Im' properly," she school grounds. He added that his in man is evidently an evolution- anti-viral Aids Demand Greater Power doing. I won't be able to function primary purpose ni taking power ary lailure because it allows for the cost of the drugs was growled. "While Im' sitting and thinking, some wise guy si walking the halls free with an unauthorized was to bring "constructive leader. fighting among members of the very high. Over Students and Teachers ship" to theschool. same species. pass." Speaking at the Biology Club M o s t teachers, the other he said, kill their own kind with The teachers' aids have threatened to go on strike, "The trouble with Scienceites," she continued, "is February 9, Bachrach, a profes. W h a t d o they hand seemedapathetic.Mr.Jack no purpose. sor at the Hebrew University at thereby paralyzing the school, if they are not given that they think instead of obeying. Kligman,ofthePhysical Science "We will ultimately unning here?" Jerusalem, indi cated, h ow "better salaries and working conditions." think we're r tech- department, echoed the feelingof ourselves." Fenton quoted Lorenz, ever, Mrs. Vulture also defended the stop-and-frisk cost of the drugs has Announcing the walkout plans, Mrs. Bonnie Vul- had "nabbed plenty of characters a good part of the faculty b y com- "If man with only reason as a wea- ture, Science chapter chairman of the Teachers' Aid nique, saying she alls it it weren't for menting, "What's it t o me?" non doesn't subdue his instinets somewhat charged that an "apathetic Board of who would still be roaming the h Relating the tople to Science, they have been synthesized. Eduention" had failed to meet any of the aids' de- me." In an appeal for support from students and the Coming Events arit need look into Science's hallways "Over two billion people are liv- "We don't want ot strike," she commented, "but administration, Mrs. Vulture snarled that "it is time APRIL toseetheanimalike ine with some kindof parasitic to stop mollycoddling lazy seniors and worrying about i t is f o r t h e good of the community." the rights of people who have no business being in 3-Find Out Where Your Kid ness of the student body. Gym, worm inside them," Although Mrs. Vulture refused to give any details the halls. Parents should feel safe to have their Is Really At Day. the continued froup , gist Dr. Svetozar Theodorovie told of the teachers' aids' demands, reliable sources have dehumanized barbarism. the Bio Club. February 16. learned that they are asking for a substantial ni- daughters walk to the school bathrooms alone, but 4-Bernstein's Birthday: Half- day. "We must free These parasites, the doctor said, crease in their power over s t u d o n ' t a n d t e a c h e r s they won't unless the teachers' aids are given a 12-21-Easter Recess. degenerate aggressive are taking food from their hosts, This might include the right of an aid to suspend free h a n d . " rviser of the hall patrol, stressed 15-Tax Return Day. one Scienceite a s w e . a s c a u s i n a c r e a t d a m a k e . or expel a student. In addition, the aids would like Mr.PaulZee,supe You know, he said. n o t h to be in charge of teacher discipline thnt unless meddling with the teacher' aids is ciety thatcreatesthisanimalism, nar chy in the 1 - T h e Rosenfeld-Szklanka must be burned down, death of Alexander the Great and Aschool spokesman, who declined to be identified, "reduced to naught," there would be a Follies. buil a d new society on the t h e v e r y l o n g t i m e i t t o o k t o o indicated that it that halls, "Ma ke hay while the sun shines," h e warned. 3-Victoria Charlton Day. m i n s o f o l d . " T h e m e m b e r s s e e m e d the Panama Canal were results of Science could conduct classes it t heteachers' aids A sked to react to the charges against the teachers' e?" 15_"Music" Assembly. toagreeon thie parasitic diseases. struck, aids, most students commented "What'si ttom PageTwo SCIENCESURVEY Monday, April 1 , 1964 The Resistance Increasingly more people are becoming disillusioned with Political Scene Shows Gro g Dissent win the United States. The reasons for this are manifest: babies (Editor's Noet: The following ar are being burned in Vietnam ni the name of freedom; white ticle is by Henry Dunow, assisted Ist's worst enemy because it is Americans, who have used violence against black Americans yb Rolfe Abuacher incompatible with the democratie f o r h u n d r e d s o f v e a r s , a r e r e a c t i n g w i t h f u r t h e r v i o l e n c e w h e n and David Kusnet. It mankeos atempt ot process. YPSL favors a negotiated some of these blacks tall: about meeting violence with violence; cover al settlement in Vietnam, but not an gorups and America is seemingly not to be offered any political alter- Sceince. addition, unconditional withdrawal. native t o present policies. The right wing Surely, in such a climate, it is not surprising that there is nection withScience. resent at scence Acordingot a large amount of political action, much of it radical. It is I n members ot the newly formed marckeodntrastt othe silent comforting to note that some Scienceites have become a Bronx Science chapter of the partstudengteneration National S t u d e n t C o m m i t t e e 10r of this action. Victory ni Vietnam (SCVV), op- For as evidenced by two articles inhtsi siue, one o n the ponents Vietnam political scene, the other on the Black Cultural Society, some h i g h l y informt heda n a n y o t h e r in represent only a "vocal and irra- Scienceites are protesting against what heyt consider t h e ofScienceites wrongs of American society. These students ought t o be youngpeople,dis W"e hope ot win the support of couraged and supported, both by their felow students a n d b y the silent center, and that includes the faculty. Furthermore, more students who agreewiththese anti-Communist liberals," declared political and social activists should join t h e m , giving voice Robert Menschel, 3-11, who edits to the changes they would like to see made. t h e Science SCVV's newsletter, On the other hand it si not necessary to aeger weitvhery- Novanglus IT. (Novanglus thing or anything — t h e s e pontical multants espouse vo of John Adams' anti- admit that they are sincere ni their fight fora bettwerorld. Revolutionary War Here are students truly showing that "American spirit"taiked Selencestudents protest war at Harris Field rally, behind school. newspaper.) group." SCVV si circulating peti- about in SS 5, but forgotten when applied t ot h esixties. Mostof usignorethesegroups,toss away theirliterature, necessarily Perhaps the best known exam- tions U r g i n g the Administration ofmost BSCAPmembers. and turn adeaf ear to their talk. We would prefertoignore ple of leftistactivity atScienceis andtheCongressotstandfirmon -theiminediatefuture, BSCPA thetwo year dol independent pub- the war in Vietnam," and plans to the riots or the war. But we must be made waera fo this:Not i concerted effotrt organ- lication w h i c h support candidates of any party protesting America's wrongs makes su guilty of comngimtti zethe particoifpatiSoceincetsni de- who are opposed by "doves." t h e m . schobolycott scribes itspurpose sa giving "any high school student who wishes ot opposition to the express a view a place to express A large number or Scienceites i sscheduledf o r April 26. it." Editor Paul Steiner, 3-15, ni- are also involved ni the "student "Where's Your Pass?" dicated that the main concern fo Dump Johnson in 6'8 pow er" movement, Closely allied Sans isnot national politics, but oroad poliucal aims o Although Scienceites are considered capabolfehandling Scienceitesontheleftsueintofall student rights. intricate and very expensive computers, producing publications inthatcatel-atmovement the groups, students this year also w h od o share hte scorn for that two-thirds of the student body costing thousands of dollars and involving many students,and NewLeft,Unsureo fe x electoral politics which reads Sans. Board of Education rules forbid. working with laboratory equipment foa v e r ydelicateand some NewLeft htniknig are a-t Al the Way with LBJ ding o f costly nature - a l l w i t h m i n i m a l s u p e r v i s i o n - hety h a v en o t dentearenonetheless tempingto prePvresnidtent John- Though the word "socialist" clubs, leafletting in schools, and yet earned the privilege of setting foot ni yna schoolcorridor opposedt owhatthey s o n ' sr e n o m i n a t i o n . t h e u r n s probably frightens away some po- distributing or selling of litera. tire without a pass. o ft h eBronxYoungIndependent tential members, the Young Peo- and buttons "Typical' Used in areasonable manner, passes canbeavaluableaid BSCiPsA Democrat(sBYID),a morfer D-e pels' Socialist League (YPSL) the school. to school organization. However, asemployed a tScience, they Mosttypicalo ft i Left mocratichighschool group. 250 center It s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t & students s i g n e d na open leter to the are absurd devices which tend to make a trip tothebathroom Science Coramittee political spectrum than most great majority of Science students Pocitilal Congressman Jonahtan Bingham, groups. any or the telephone more trouble than it i sworth. Action(BSCPA).Although urgingarih to supotr Senator -Eu smal Sciencebranch of the YPSL form of political action.However, Presently, it is not enough that a student's subject teacher o n l y a f e w m o n t h s o l d , BSCAP McCshyta'r presidential can- si directly affiliated with the City is satisfied that the student has good reason to leave the room; has a sizableactive membesrhpi. didacy. Studentnsi BYID also as- College branch. Oriented to a pro- their ranks wil grow as students often the case must also be proved to three teachers' aides and and haseven putouta newspaper, "pecacndeidacy" YPSL made aware of what is poine four monitors as wel. We concede that a subject teacher has Common Sense II. Primarily Mnvile Dubin woh was defeated in following organized labor's lead on. "You can't remain apathetic," every right to require a pass, signed by another teacher, from anti-war, anti-draft group, BSCPA election for Congress, by supporting President Johnson student commented, "when a pupil who wishes to leave class, in cases for which the verbal intends to join the student rights canvassed districts no because of his firm stand against you understand that this country ac- Manhattan's West Side for anti- the spread communist is napalming children in Asia and request is not sufficient. However, once the subject teacher's cording to Ken Appelbaum, 4-7, a Johnson delegates ot the Demo- Southeast Asia. Communism, said brutalizing black people in Har- permission is secured, it should be totally unnecessary to wran- of the organization. cratic:National Convention o n e YPSL member, is the social te m " gle with the g u a r d i a n s of the corridor in order to simply ap- Apeblaum, whodescribes hmi proach one's locker or a drinking fountain. self a s a pacifiat, commented t h a t If passes are intended to prevent students from ngictut h e dcoul suppoortnlya "htniknig classes or wandering - unauthorized - in the halls, then in man kiel D.r Spock," for political Black Cultural Society Develops addition to being insulting they are also ineffective. For it is office. He asserted, however, that evident that through squad affiliation, forgeries, and the changing of dates on old passes, almost any student can easily Afro-American Self-Understanding producea false permit to walk the halls. Audio sual -Vi something for ourselves, because the white man Another unpleasant factor in the present situation is the Science's newest club, the Black Cultural Society, isn't going to do anything for us," another girl said. matter of enforcement. Students who think of themselves as Effects Form reflects the growing desire p a r t o r b l a c k the Negro should do si stop the rioting." "What reasonably respectable human beings are understandably an- Americans to learn about their heritage, their eul- said one boy. "The marches aren't getting anywhere. noyed at the frequent confrontations, often rude, in which New Art Style ture, and their special contribution to world —and If you get an education, you're going to get a job." they are challenged by a hall patrolman, "Where are you United States - history. going?" or, "Let me see your pass!" Eliminating passes could "This is a new era for Science," the group's presi Membership Predominately Black add some grace to a decent student's day here. By DEBORAH HWANG Melntosh, commented. "We (blacks) At another meeting, three leaders of the Afro- Teachers are also affected by rigid pass requirements. A nuclear engineer,B a r l Rei- m ust un ite." American Students Association (AsA spoke ab out In order for a student to leave official class regularly for ex- back, has developed a totally new Like similar groups throughout the city, the Black the aims of that larger group. The three were Umba tra-curricular duties, he must obtain a special pass to be signed concept in modern art Cultural Society seems to be meeting the needs of Sataba, ASA Chairman and a student at Boys' High; daily by his official teacher—a bit of routine not appreciated many black students, such as the member who said, Andele Dende, of the political committee and also of by either student or teacher. Reiback created lumias in 1960 "A lot of us are ignorant of the glorious things that Boys' High; and Limura Embu, of the cultural and as an application of his work in It seems obvious to us that passes are less a deterrent to black people have done." nI addition, she continued, economic committee and a former student at Indiana They are formed when "We have ot educate the white people. Let's hear Tech and Howard University. unauthorized wandering in the school than, at best, an irritat- about W.E.B. DuBois and George Washington Carver. Although Its membership si predominately black, ing inconvenience, and, at worst, a farcical mockery of the chemically dyed, invisible, polarized liht leprojected avisible, Let's find out why we have a right ot be as proud the club welcomes everyone. administration and students of Science. The only reasonable crystals, revealing sensuous colors as a white man." and practical check on student roaming is attendance-taking a n d designs. T h e crystals c a n b e want black people to be proud of being on the part of teachers. distorted by a laser beam to form black, and not to think of the word black as a unusual patterns. white man would have him SGIEN G E SURVEY Reiback's lumia compositions think." Gwen New said, Student Power classified by Black People Must Unite published 8 times a year by the students of nudes on siens or the bodiac, Another member, Ma ther rilyn MeLaughlin, commented THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL The school is run by administrators. The v arious depart- that "The 'Negroes' of Science should get to ge ments are directed by chairmen. The curriculum is taught by Luminors, Reiback's other (with the 'black people") and be made aware of the ir OF SCIENCE teachers. At the bottom of the heap is the student. A ovation ndsom n ni e- art, are ymphonies s blackness, because i t th e w hite man decided to kill 75 West 205 Street Bronx, N. Y. 10468 times it isn't very comfortable there. color. ColoreaRints. placed all the black people he is not going to spa re them Mr. NORMAN LEFKOWITZ, Acting principal For example, especially in the humanities subjects, the behind a black screen, move ni because they conformed to his system. He is going teacher takes a curriculum and molds it into the course ne infinitely varied patterns control- to kill us both." Vol.LXII-No.2 April1,1968 feels it should be. It is the teacher who shapes the direction led by any sound. Thus the light Mr. Donald Sc hwartz, faculty adviser, reflected on of discussion in the classroom. It is the teacher who either effects change from flashing (in his initial impressions of the club. "During the first response sporadic nic electro the group, "I had an uncomfortable makes or breaks a course for his recitation class. meeting." he told Charles K. B ernstein Ricky music) to rhyth mic w aving (in re- feeling which came from being the only white per- Editor-in-Chief Other Editor Occasionally he "breaks" the cours e. And his students are sponse ot the gentler y mind I reversed the situ a- left doodling on their notes, yawning. Simon and Garfunkel). son in the room: In m it must feel to be the only tion, and I realized how Michael S. Kairless These students are stranded in a boring classroom, with black person in a class." Editor-at-Times no hope of rescue, not even from the program committee, Absolutely Freece Discussing the set-up o f the club, Mr. which does not list drowsiness as an acceptable reason for According to Reiback, his work stressed the need to clarity the club's goals and sug- Unfazed Editor SilkyCharlowitz transfer. is meant to create "a quiet, drift- gested a study group within the school and a "mili- tant group" on the outside. "It your purpose is to Razzle-Dazzle Editor Aimless H oopster Bell In the past this has been a hopeless situation for many. ting, free atmosphere." First exhibited a t t h e H o w a r d be a militant group, why do you w ant acharter from Phantom Editor Jolly In the future, it need not be. MarilynCampbell Teachers should be responsive to the wills of their stu- Wise Gallery ni New York in 1966, theS.O.?" The Feature Editor Reiback's works were again shown Goals Are Tentative T u n c h r o o m E d i t o r Bombastic Genius Gantt dents. When students are dissatisfied with the way things are there this February. O ne of his The planning committee has developed som e ten- M i nister of the Exchequer Capitalist Pig Boxer going intheclassroom, they should be able to make their works is in the permanent collec- t ative goals for the club. Information on college and Icky-bopper Editor .Adler grievances known to a receptive instructor. Though to say this much may be interpreted as a demand tion of the Whitney Museum sch ents will Sweet-16-and-Nev olar er- ship opportunities for black students will be Been Manager M e lChernet American Art. sophomores and juniors and stud BubblesWaltzer for more student power, the proposition is simple and reason- given to ns are give reports on African c ulture, Swahili les so Spelling Editor able,andshould not beconsidered an infringementupon the Reiback attended. Lehigh Uni- a l s o p l a n n e d Night Editors DanetteRiso,KayYee rights versity and later received a M.S. of teachers. No teacher is compelled to accept changes from At a rec e nt meeting, the club members discussed Smut Ed itor .Martin Gringer he feels are unwarranted.But he should be willing to listen M.I.T.His career suggests that different views of blac k power. Andrea Geffner toandconsiderrecommendationsfromhisstudents. o v en t h ouich m ost Scienceites w il their (whites) scared," said one girl, "that w e "They're NiceLady Mrs.LindaFeingold The process of education, from the Board down to the probably major in a science, n o t may actually get the great potential power w e pos. - COCA PRES teacher,isaimedatthestudent.Astudentshouldbeableto a l lo fthem will necessarily "Black power to me is getting together and doing say whether the aim i s off. Monday, April1,1968 SCIENCE SURVEY PageThree Experienc ribes His StudentSpotlight Frustrated Writer Desc e s o n 'Survey' Staff Andrea Geffner have come to realize that this ex Tor t h e next thre months. How- Quite unexpectedly, piece Gettner, 44, proves that onecan A. true cosmopolitan, n o t e s dent editors and on our own. 1 yb assigning em hte Yiddish Club no the SO. . Store," was published. Green-eyed, vivacious Andrea plains a great deal about Survey. ever, foresoht t a r hree months the oused in prefers attending City C My first assignment was ot cover Yiddish Culb didnot exist. Even terest, even excitement. live in the Bronx and still have leavingNew York ni the fall.She ole ge ot e v e n c o n t r o v e r s y and I was in the Astronomy Club. Liking -nei wosre, when yhet stopped asgin- na exciting personality. trouble. Trouble! At last I felt like uses Fun City's facilities to capac- hter astronomy nor clubs made nig em hte Yiddish buCl nda gave the Journalist I had hoped I would Metropoli- Ity, having been to t he this task particularly distasterul, else. the Yiddish bel Controversy! M,e tanMuseum of Art twice nevertheless, I put my nose to hte Club promptly sprang back into Al het wens thats' fit ot fit! H(ow Grant's L o m b o n seventh awful Zenger must have felt.) grade school trip. work) and went to work. I found "Science What?' But I was defendedl dna for Every day si an adventure in out after much difticulty that t h e Andrea's Alter club would not meet before Sur- Later thatycar,by htsi I wtisohdefend the editors of Suvrey i nreturn fortheir del watches"DarkShadows"ontele- veyd'esadline and I askeodneof slightlybowed,Iwastold toget vision home-baked hte wens editors twah Ishoulddo. a na df o rSurvey. Evweralk niot many unfair acuosaints that the eTrhe havebeen cookies and milk. Later she re- She said hat 1 should write a storaendasicthe manifahgeereditors of Suarrvesenyobs.This laxes by listening ot music while article d e s c r i b i n g the plans o r t e wantts o p u la n a d 1 sceince i t i s not truTeh.ey aer many things: cutting out paper dols. culb andI, onyl folowing orders. Survey? ("Science ?twahIs they petty, Kun, Rabbit, Run d e n i s . W o d a y s l a t e r received sokminedofinstitution?") People Paustian, pomheproicu,s, yl,lsi School itself si ful of sensa- thecaietlr back htwi a notefrom aren o tcxactlyliningu pi nthe musical; they are good: they are tions. Potential traumas His Holiness. streetst oputadsi n Survey bad. Btuhteya r e not snobs.yTeh the halls of Science for her. "Do saying that I shouldn o t have Timeflies when you'rem-esri you knowhow many rabbits they wentir defendedevenme. aboutthe culbs' plansbut ableandbaforeIknewit(Idid- theyelevated metoa hadot kilot providefurforthis rather shoudl havewrittenthe n'tknowit)Iwasasenior. posfitiontrust.(Snwobousldn't physics lab experiment?" she was Martin Grineer article onlyeratf the clubhad guardhadtakenover and, n a v ed o n eChit As ortis teste heardtowall. "96rabbits!"Phys- BRICE sincetheywerem y classmTates. les lab si onthestrengthof this ceial,tr 1 aggravation (Editor's noet: Thisishte tasl The editors decidtoedreward knewthemquitewell.nI Decemh-avbe e e n named smut editor of Jimmy Howard, 4- 16. in Martin Grin ger's ser ies. «Slin g. me fohetr Astronomy Clubarticle ber,myopiyarticle, "Reflections thisnoblepublication. "doesn't do his part," according to ing the Mu"d. eH has recenylt Andrea. oeen relieved of his Survey staji A friendly girl, Andrea loves most people. One of her teachers, Italian Director Transcribes 'Stranger' however, has caused her ot muse, "I would hate him if I were capa- cepted sa a member ofhte Junoir When I learned I had been ac- Into Film Medium with Superb Results; ble of hate. But since Im' not, I'll Journalism class, I exulted i n the just have ot dislike him intensely." plagued with poor thought that at last I had joined health, Andrea remains cheerful. the ranks of Mencken, Lippman, Movie Captures Novel's Mood and Scope In fact, a teacher once called her Lerner, and the entire staff of By RISA WEINREB La luz del sol because of her ever- The New York Times. However, The Italian director Luchino Vhisacsomntaide AlbCm'asuert -blir furnished roms. Often hsti is a great asset ot the film, but occasionally smiling face b a d l y . A n d r e a h a s liant novel of mans' alienation fromhisuniverse,The Sarntge,r into i tdetracts from hte theme. One magnificently executed image, how- never completely recovered from my joyous anticipation began to a visualy stunning film which captutrhees ultimately devastating mood sun that overbearing, scorching Algerian sun which a broken toe. She also suffers from dwindle from the very first ses. The emivoiscurrently playing tatheParis isso importantot understanding The Stranger, Visconti constantly innumerable allergies; for exam- sion of the class, Mr. Richard h e a t e r reminds us that the sun is present wherever Meursault goes. Certainly ple, orange life savers make her Feingold, alias Richard the Iron. Read i n many senoir English classes a t ScienThece, Stranger i s ti would be impossible ot convey the image as wel as the novel, but A girl of infinite variety, Hearted — among other things - a study of an alienated man, Meursault, ohw recognizes, but ultimately v i s c o n t nas d o n e a n a d m i r a b l e Job. frightened the pants of the class refuses ot paly ni the charades oflife. Life is meaningioetssMeursault: times Andrea imagines herself to be a witch (on Thursdays), an o r c o u r s e loving hsi mother or hsi girlfriend, Marie, isof eltil importance ot Wakeful Camera Makes Toothless Scene C h u n n e s e a s o n . the first day by making it clear him. While to satisfy convention Meursault may m o u r n his mother's the Great Pumpkin (Halloween). death and promise to marry Maeri, he nonetheless fels, "It doesn't alets thneovels' meanig into film. Here, Viscounti's camera luxuriates Plugzed In ride down a river of printer's ink matter." Datedlarthrovide What's It To Him? mother's coffin. Those marvelous faces-toothless, stupefied, wrinkled, Andrea's creative trip on the Volga. Unable to empathize superbly portray het end ot which all men come. instinct, Perhaps slightly bloody but still irrational, passionless murder. His trial si like an unintelligible, bizarre Visconti followsthenovelascloselyaspossible.Howevercertain ThissummerAndreahopesto u n b o w e d , c o m f o r t ni t h e d r e a m i n w h i c h M e u r s a u i t s i e v e n t u a l l y c o n v i c t e d b e c a u s e h e d i d n o t n u a n c e s a n d s u b t l e t i e s c o u l d n o t s u r v i v e t h e s h i f t t o fi l m , F o r i n s t a n c e , p u t h e r m u l t i t u d e o f t a l e n t s t o t h o u c h t t h a t s o o n I w o u l d b e s t u - truly mourn his mother's death. work as salesgirl at uptown dying the fundamentals of journal- This, the trial scene, is representative of the strengths and weak- portrayed ni the film, Similarly, the use of an overvoice for Meur. Alexander's. She often shops there However, nesses of the film. Visconti has created marvelous images of faces, sault's longer thoughts s o l l l o q u i e s a s i n c i s i v e a n d h a s l o n g a d m i r e d i t s c o m Dickinson, Hemingway, Twain, clothing, and words flowing into words, We see the court from Meur- might have been. p e t e n t a n d gracious sales per- Poe, Hawthorne, Fitzgerald, sault's eyes and are shaken by its Kafkaesque surrealism. Yet even Marcello Mastroianni, as Meursault, is excellent. He has admirably s o n n e l . Melville in class, but when it came here it si impossible ot recreate the stark, yet shattering, simplicity of captured the essential estrangement and indifference of the character. Andrea has few plans for her t o l e a r n i n g a b o u t j o u r n a l i s m w e a m u S P® E O S U Anna Karina, who plays Marie, is uniformly good. But special praise future, now were left in the hands of the stu- Visconti is obsessed with pictures — a courtyard, crowded streets, must go to all the bit players whom Visconti has so masterfully directed. add anything else," she says. Recordings: New Albums Suggest Messages for Youth By CHARLES BERNSTEIN Cohen (Columbia, CS-9533). In a baby tonight." Then his harmonica problems of love and life, are mar- and MICHAEL KAIRYS New York Times article, Cohen's fades out with the song. velously melodic and a pleasure. poetry was compared with that Rock music, c o u r s e , m a s to hear again and again. Especially At present, music seems ot be of James Joyce, and indeed some changed even more radically than good are "She Wandered through the major art form of the younger of Cohen's lyrics approach folk. Whereas only two years ago Fence," generation. Just as the novels of even the Beatles were feeding the (which has a care-free jug-band icky-boppers with that loud, grace- "Conquistador," and the Kerouac, Salinger, Fitzgerald, and Joyce's work ni the complexity of thermane andthescopeof less horror. rock n' roll, now even group's biggest hit, Whiter Hemingway were v o i c e o their references. Cohen covers a the Roling Stones are presenting Shade of Pale." generations, it seems that wide s p e et u r n of moods in his sophisticated, complex, and ulti- the LP the most eloquent songs ー from the dark religious Down Yonder in Vietnam spokesman or ours, beow, we fer mystery of "The Stranger Song." mately excellent music. nI Their Majesties Request (Lon- One of the most exotic groups view some of the more important to the light beauty of "Hey, That's don, NPS-2), the Stones have close- around is Country l o e a n d t h e recent releases. No Way To Say Goodby," with its yl followed the lead of Sgt. Pepper Fish. Their second album, I-Feel concise poetic expression of a both in unity and content. A sym- Like.I'm-Fixin-to-Die V a n q u a r d , situation and its emotions. Ac- phonic montage and VSI-9266) is delightful, provoca- Judy Collins' latest album, Wild. himself guitar, moods, the album reflects a rather tive, humorous, and often beauti- flowers (Elektra, Eks-74012), ex- with instrumental and occasional bitter view of life and love ful. The title song is the best on emplifiesthepresenttrendinfolk choral o n e xcrounds. Cohen the lack of it in our society. the record, and perhaps the best ni soft, almost drab tones, little The lyrics do not compare with anti-Vietnam War song yet writ- orchestration a n d ditterentrom voice Country Joe and the Fish (above) technical augmentation (e. g., Tenhandlerlett ten. In this no holds barred, free- double-tracking). There is a mark- On Second Thought Land," which, i n c i d e n t a l "do-wacka-do" the the music,a lthough "In Another wheelingpiece, sung to acarnival- uses ed difference from her previous At first hearing, c o l o r l e s s a harpsichord, is a beautiful song Fish urge kids to "put down your type albums i n voice, the uninspired guitar-work, usual characteristic of his work I" Pity the Poor Immigrant" is of a love perhaps unattainable ex- books and pick up your guns, we're and their arrangements, a n d t h e highly confusing lyrics is the sheer power and clarity of perhaps the best song in Harding. cept in one's dreams. Several cuts gonna have a whole lotta fun," While the songs vary in their ap- might drive one the emotions he expresses. Be it It tells of a n immigrant who, by very effectively begin by musically and parents to "be the first one peal and impact, the arranging by certainly merits a second, anger or hate, joy or love, he pro- doing evil, becomes rich. Because setting a mood - bleak, mysteri- on your block to have your boy Joshua Rifkin Mr. T i t t y third, even fourth hearing; sects it with such force that of this, he "pass ionately hates his ous, foreboding; others, such come home in a box." Pin'e cousin is uniformly soon finds mixed feelings giving cannot be missed or ignored. While And likewise fears his "She's aRainbow," present varia- cellent, Wildflowers way to honest appreciation, Doubt- his melodies are pleasant, his lyrics death." Dylan, singing the part of tions on a clear-cut theme. Cutting Execution album Collins' own especially " S u z a n - clever, even poetic, who did not sell In Their Satanic Majesties Re- In strong contrast to this, most although three ne," sound better when recorded appealing than he is with out, pities the rich man who "Falls quest the of the Stones take one on a trip cuts are tender, beautifully recorded are something of a dis- by Judy Collins, but Cohen's ver- this additional in love with wealthitself/And into 1 into executedsongsoflove- appointment. Th ey are all basical. sions have their own special merit. clear expression turns his back on me." Insisting clouds: "And if we close our eyes lost, or imagined. T h e i m a g e s a r e see ly the same. second album, refreshing in a field that has be p i a n m a n together then w h e r t excellent: "And the Dolphins will L o v i n g People (Columbia, come increasingly commercialized. Dylan ends the song with the two we all from." It's a very come kiss the palm of her hand.... H e n r y f r o m Hills 9 9 3 3 from John Wesley Harding o l u m beautiful lines: "Whose visions in pleasant trip, indeed. her smile will cover the sky,""I The album's however, is fi r s t in the musical backgrounds marks Bob D y la n 's the end must shatter like the glass Brooker Is Asset cried into the echoes o f m y lone- ll's h e ever. the songs and chooses: h o w return from seclusion al lo w i n s / I pity the poor immigrant when k is given "The starsaresobigand very g o od indeed. Joni Mitche "Michael From Moun- the singing follow the styleof his nesretatal motorcycle crash his gla dness comes to pass." A lighter side of roc Harum Des- the earth is so s m a l l : s t a y a s you two songs, by Procol tains" and "Both Sides Now," and album. I n Loving more than a year ago. In the new But Will She? 18008), assetiscom- are,""Intomylife wavesof whose chief electricalsoundandflashinglights, on eof the three L pose eona rd Gary Cohen People Chandler makes accompanied by In "I'll Be Your Baby Tonight," r-sin ger The t h e i s h n rambling, "soul" quality she came." B u t ever "Hey, That's musical and instrumental tricks to bass, drums, and a steel guitar in son gs recorded here, No Way To Say Goodby," are im- underline certain parts of certain asimple, happy,fast-movingsong. the simplicity of of Bro -going, livein,I nthemidstofthesweet- oker's voice endows the al- let us forget the kind of world we bued with wistful beauty and sen- songs, as well as backgrounds that the guitar, and the accent the mood of the songs. moans out his songs in his unique Telling his girl not to worry, bum with a delightful, easy est song we hear the rumble of a with "We're gonna unpretentious mood. There is also s i t i v i t y Cohen. probably the these backgrounds voice. But Dylan is m a r e t h a n ammond "I'm-Fixin- Leonard C h a n d l e r sinner musician. and arranger; in won'tregretit/Kick to-D writer sometimes obscure Fisher. The ie Rag" or "Please Don't Drop most promising new song Harding, as inhis past off. Do not fear / Bring organ. by Matthew om b on Me." around, has recently re leased his that bottle over here / I'll be your songs, m ostlyabouttheage-old thatH-B first Songs Leonard The interesting and t i m e h e is a poet Page Four S C I E N C E S U RV E Y Monday, April 1, 1968 BSCPA Hears Paul Goodman Nobel Prize Winner Speak on 'Reputation of Science' Dr. Haldan Hartline Paul Goodman, the noted author Speaks to Biologists and educator, t old dom," Goodman continued. "But to speak on "The Relationship The 1907 Nobel Pr ize-Winner Scienceites that "the reputation of we bear in mind our scientific and the War and Draft," he explained science in Medicine, Dr, Haldan K, Hart pursuit line, addres must be revived ni order ot offset the diabolic image it has assumed." Goodman urged Scienceites ot topic to his audience. March 1, sed the Biology Clu b S i n 2 u d e n t s P i c d g e s t a t l n s Touching b riefly his orie Spe aking on anima Mr. Goodman ad dressed acrowd Tuture ls surviving or about 200 stud ents at the Feb- scientists. they ginal top ic. h ow ever, Goodman in their environment, Dr. Hartline for told the students that ruary 16 meeting of the Bronx evaluate Kach noloscar and criticize lal the introduction of h a avior - the nim Commee TOrI Political co-related action al be Action (BSCPA), a student organ- curiculum so hat studemnitgsht organs reruse to cooperate with ary know their rarast and option une the main factor in survival, ized a n t e w a r group. applications "humanly der the law. H e lectured mainly q organs, he said, ac The sense dubious." relation to world probi Goodman, a ems. sef-dlescbried "an- uire information in the form "In order to make u p for past archist," Decrying the "domineering out. urged indivicaganistals stimuli from the environment. At neglect scientists must engage hte vnevoIl institutions the same time, the side control of scientific research," W e t tcontested with mit these impulses for interpreta Goodman said that "scientific ex- damage they have coepdaetr i n (i.es,chools, corporations, found- tion and action, ploration must be free from exces- woodman8810 SCHOLARSHIP WINNERS: Alfred Forbes (left), Jean aoitns) ni C atherine Ma cklin , Barl ne l Brown, Linda Pierce and Marllyn MeIntosh. Thelwel l, H a rt direction non-scientific line , whose prize-win- According toGodman, students war ning research concentrated on the purposes espe c ially military back ld"shama ing the pledee w o u effort".This"hesaid,"would power, national riory, a n d p r o t their teachers noit supportingit b emore effeclivtehr, imorganized S i e n nerve responses of the The overwhelming funding a n d n a v e electric effect individuals porneitstg. ceites Win Nationa crab. m i n i t a r y p u r p o s e s i t al scientific technology through- The meethineg l,d atN ew Work The eye of the crab is made up this country si unacceptable and tuo the country." Un i v e r g i t y ' s Chapel 6c enShola s Achievem tc rsh ip of hundreds of facets. Each one eH indicated htat hehopedad- "In the m w a s otended b yseveral Science Six Scienceites have won N a sees light in a different direction, od ern scientific herence ot the peldge would help Kohene Achievement Scholarships towards bachelor's enabli ng technology has had & the animal to determine purity science and prom ote i n t e r patterns. H artline and e f f e c t on the enviro nment, nationalism ni scientific r e s c a r c h . BSCPA h a s n o offic ialt i ew ith XOTI Outstanding Negro Stud e nc ts bec o ome candidate fo lleagues s r Sieroesn quality or hite, a n d h u m a n tree- Seience. the Tshi i shet largest group ni the the scholarship on nation Trot one schoo either basis of recording the electrical activities school The six winnearrse Earl Brown, mendations or coresonh e of a single 'Survey' Changes 4-24; Aerdfl Fbo,ers 4-22; Marilyn Merl varying controls in their expert. Scho larship Quali- ments were Forum Poll Reveals MeIntoan, 4-16, Catherine Macklin, the intensity and color Its Policy Toward 4-19; adnLi Pierce, 4-26; and fying Test, of the light they pinpointed on Financial need is a fa ctor o nly one of these areas. Views of Student Badly Jeanne Theiwell, 4-4. in determining the amount of the Dr. Hartline feels that an animal A'lpir Fool' Articies The progrmi , which is adminis. scholarship, not in the choice of successfully copes with i t s en- Science students, ni a Forum poor, 84 per cent oftheS t u d e n t tered by het National Merit Schol- the winners. poll, indicated that asI said that hte maojryti ofthepeo- ScienceSurveyhas degnahc its arship Corporation and financed year bend tor The average first- vironment because the specialized 1967 was 1,266 cells ni its sense organs record they were politically ple receiving welfare do policy rogerd ingt h principally the Ford Founda- dollars. thought many were und e s e r v e d l y serve it.Nonetheless, when asked A prilF o o l s tion, awards fouyrear scholarships year,the April Zooarlsticies llwi ranging orfm 052 dollars to 1,500 winners ni 35 states and the Dis- the Rockefeller University, Hart Science's winners are among 280 Ablophysicist and professor at welfare, and viewed black whether sufficient money power unfavo rably. located to welfare, 62 cent comotism C o n t e n t and dollars yearly. The awards may trict or Columbia chosen. Although the poll involves only agreed that the curren t bu dge ti s m o r e p ertin e n tt o be used at yna accr edited U,S, from a line shared the Nobel Prize with c ompetition involving 35,000 stu- Forum members o n e . adequate, 1 per cent thought that b o d y long as the student Drs. Granit and Wald, who wo rked on eye research. third of the school — it is thought too much si spent on welfare, a n d Asked mocmtne the t o r e fl e c t t h e v i e w s o f a l a r g e 6 3 p e r c e n t t h o u g h t t h a t ht e w e l change, Charles K. Bernstein, 4-13, segment of the student body. The fare budget was inadequate. editor-in-chief, said that the main Drama Club Uses Scenes from '12th Night,' polls are taken in connection with Seventy-six per cent or the stur Tor the modification the topics of zorum mecunss dents polled had an unfavorable is that he want it that Classifying themselves in terms impression of black power. Asked "We also believe that the 'Children's Hour' to Illustrate 'Facets of Man' of their political leaning, w h i n T h e y t h o u g h t the g o als of Chante gives the paper Thott The Club illustrated icipants and - on her kn Viola, The other part in ear n ees - sw sa cent of the students polled said black power were, the Scienceites professional look," he added in his some of the "Facets of Man" at the scenes were Catherine Mack- oath of loyalty to Mary. that they were far right, answered: an attempt to rise above best professional manner. t h eEnglish department assembly lin, 4-19 (Olivia);MaryMulry, Mr.Cotterwrotetheprogram's cent —right, 54 per cent white America "In the past, noted M.r Bern: 4-23 (Minstrel); Linda Pierce, 4-23 narration, which w a s spoken by crate, 23 per cent left. 9 per striving for equal co-existence The thespians, under the direc- (Jester); and AnthonyRostain, DannyChilowiez, - far left. 28 percent; achievement of a mi s by been based no toples such sa imag M.r Joseph Cotter, Questioned the American violence - 27 per cent; the estab- inary faculty changes, the presen- sented several scenes from WiL- Lillian Hellman, a self-described Twelfth Night. lishment s e p a r a t e black tation of silly awards to silly peo- liam Shakespeare's Twelfth Night "moral writer," s t a t e a 14 p e r c e n t . ple, the Parents' Association, the and an excerpt from Lillian Hell- dren's Hour a study of "good and two plays from several proposed. library, t h e S.O.. t h e S . O Store man's The Children's Hour, evil." In Act II, Scene 2, which Miller Book Store and other trivial matters." Twelfth N ight, a Shakespearean the club presented, Mary Tilford students decided that "Facets of 31 E. 204 St., Bronx, N, Y. APRIL BO Later he added, "I YS w 'L ant IF n E o slap. m ixture o f h a hig nd low comedy, (played appropriate theme by Joa nne Jacobson, 3-28) Man" was the st ick in this i Is tongue-in-check Wells (Ina C ssue," while hitting a look at the intimidates her classmate, Rosalie for the program. REVIEW BOOKS ajunior in the face with acustard C o r m n i z e d Elizabethan conven• Mr. Cotter sai ho lst, 3-19). d that the Mary assem AllLevels piesmuggledoutoftheMetropol- tionsoflove.Inthescenepre- knowe that Rosalie stole another blyprovidedaveryvaluableex• 1ลอtra Nyrvice itan Opera House byMark Gantt, sented, count Olivia, a countess, falls in girl's bracelet, and she threatens perience for the students. XEROX copies while you wait Americon love with Viola, who si disguised to reveal the secret it Rosalie lows them to organize themselves, does (Our18th years Fce$30 Trans 4.1. who is also in his spare time — Notary Public feature editor of Survey. a s a t h a n not corroborate her slanderous lies speak, and get up on a stage. Also, Charles Bernstein H o r u m Gale Justin, 4-26, headed the about two of her teachers. Rosalie, you find out so much more about Critical Essays Coordinator. Twelfth Vi g h t cast, p o r t r a y i n g hysterical with fear, acquiesces the play." - Art Material 10% DISCOUNT TO STUDENTS FREE TRIAL SESSION! James Farmer Defends Black Power at Forum AL JAMPOL James Farmer, the civil rights typed image o f t h e "under- t h e - Afro-American before he can be- ties affected by poverty programs not b e e n given HARDWARE COLLEGE leader, advised an enthusiastic magnolia tree Negro" as a prime c o m e j u s t a n A m e r i c a n have voice in their administration. 684 Morris Pk. TA 9.0866 March 5 Forum that "th e black example of this "conditioning." "When a are pushed ACatholic priest who has lived Only the poor, h e said, ca n deal EVERYTHING YOUS American must wield levers of around ENTRANCE and told they are dirt, it worked among the poor effectively with poverty, since the STLPROJECT NEEDS power in this country which can is necessary for to assert structure cannot lead a charged that efforts to eliminate "power effect social change for his own T h e m s e l V e widespre ad poverty i n t h e revolution against itself." american cancer society BOARDS interests." "The black man does not want United States have been "largely D i s c u s s i n g black said, "but rather Schary, national director power, Far- to be loved," he Dore respected as an equal." Father Henry Browne, the Fo- of the Anti-Defamation League of Courses Thro ughout the Year mer decried racist society Farmer listed econo mic upgrad - uary 15 speaker, main- B'nal B'rith and a pla ywright a nd a r e y o gu for Juniors and Seniors which has put blac k Americans ing, political power self. rum's Febr despite all the tech- a nti into an "outrageous" position. "The d e t e r m i n a t i o n f o r t h e b l a c k c o m hidin nological advances of the decades Semitism at the Forum, February REGENTS COACHING culture munity as the other goals of the since the Depression, one-fifth of ¥ from COURSES spired to deprive the black people black power movement our nation is still poor. Mr. Schary said that anti-Semi- of dignity and the whitepeopleof I n o r d e r t o achieve equality in He compared the war on Doy tism is a widespread manifestation thefacts Licensed Teachers Only t h e necessity of respecting black Namer said, black m e n m u s t fi r s t consolidate them. erty to "app dix," lying a band-aid to a of the "moral and intellectual in- people," he said. sanity" of hatred directed against about Q U EENSLOCATIO N *The b lack man has been con- selv es int o a position of strength. ruptured appen about In order to achieve this, he added, that care more politicians " HELANE STUDIO ditioned and programmed so that ublicity than res ults." Further- Eco nomic discrimination, h econ- 40-42 Main Flushing he himself believ es that his bla ck- the he continued, th tinued, y eis must first develop self-pride. p mmuni- e most serious result co th A T LIIR.R. Station) ness is an affliction," Farmer con- To herefore, he continued, the black more, f anti-Jewishsentiment tinued He mentioned the stereo. man must become a hyphenated Likening the plight oftheJew BRONX LOCATION Hi-Jinx Sporting Co. to that of the black, Mr. HUNTER SECRETARIAL SCHOOL said that although all immigrants 215 E. Fordham Road to Ameri ca have faced prejudice, RKO Building Bate - Bale theJews andtheblacksarethe (Near Grand Concourse) Phoenix Laboratories A TI LETIC EQUIPMENT victimso fcenturieso f a n d historical misunderstandings. TUTORING IN P.O. Box 2123 ALL SUBJECTS (212) 726-5468 Since 1897 LUdlow 4-7245 The Following Booklets Will Be Sent Free on Request "Serving the Scientific Community" "GOOD STUDY HABITS" "COLLEGE ENTRANCE CALENDAR' • LAB ORATORY APPARATUS OLD FASHIONED IC CR AM PARLO E E R FOR FULL DETAILS CONTACT • LIVE A IMALS N A N D COFFEE SHOP CIGARETTE • BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Private Room Available f o r Parties BORO TUTORING INC. EUGENE WEXLER, Director BRONX, N. Y. Phone 549-4110 Catalogs Mailed o n Request 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD SMOKING? &jo Ave., Bk. this society, Astoria, L.I.C. 11102 and charged Jahn's Monday, April1, 1968 SCIENCE SURVEY Page Five Achievement Awards Taffel Sees Harm in Junta's Ideas Ach first annual Outstanding The following are the winners of S A study by D.r Alexander Taffel city w o u l d ievem urvey's ent Awards, "finally understand giv of the po ssible effects of ad minis wh at tru ly h appens at Science?" tions against cutting, students wil ing a teams without the service credit ccom pli ,h en by the editors on the basis of outstand shments during the school yea e warned, would be r: - Th t r a t i o n c h a n g e s p r o p o s e d by the is The Herbert "the only go to classes when they hope r ule, that About the only thing Ho over Fiscal Res sch ot learn." p on sibility Award. Student Organ- student junta c oncludes that these death kn ell of the oo l ." will retain it s usefulness An is officia l n ew regulations wil have a harm- o th er disadvantage of alow- Dr. Taffel reserved his harshest The Richard Nixon Candor Award. School Admini stration Mueleconscience ing students to eat o u ls id e the cri ticism, h owever, The Ly ndon Johnson In hsi report, published March posals to abolish the of Leadership Award. sch ool, the report wen office 5.0. Asks Change The Ha rold Stassen Most Likely to Suc . Marthe Gold ceed sculottes and distributed t on, would Award... 21 in San eb hte added bur den on hte teach- service credit The National Enquirer Frankn requirements, T"o function with. ess ni The Bobb Journalism Award, Sansculottes by the second period hall squad ers, who would have patrol ut criticixed the y Kenned y "I Have Fam D.r Taffel criticized hte Morihisa the schoo l o a P a n c i p a l in absolute com increased partisan ous Relatives" gro unds committee, whieh o r i n u l a t e d t h result in a redeployment of mand," thestudy said, "isnot in "bedlam could break loose "Thsi activity at Selence, charging that Rifkin The W. .J Bryan Progressive Thinking Award. Industrial Arts -De proposasl, for atempting proximately one-half of our Music keeping with the tradition New York s of the the school now s plit into divisive t o"goot far ot fast." partment department to patrol duly, non-political groups are report emphasized that such school system." The factions,"It said, "even hitherts The William .C Westmoreland Peace through Understanding Award. Discussing het commites' spe- study said. a r t n cfiic proposals, D.r T aefl predicted Bad Faith change ni the form of the admin- the virus. For ex catching aktracton amp le, would place Science at Group protesting the Israeli The .HH. Humphery Beter ot Have Won and Lost Award! sI't In hsi analysis of the propos neademie cam stAr departm ent wouldcause "a abolition of clothin ed g a serious disadvantage in regare ru les, Dr. Taf- continued circulat to the efficient organization of as of the Arabian Nights, and even ion ni the library The John Lindsay We Try Harder Award... .BSCPA crinis" tel said h e was sure that the good The George Romney Beauty i s i n het Trying Award. . Award Club Procorfmeeds t h e eals faith of the administration would sembly programs. On the subject of the cancella- the S.O, is calling for change." Elva . . School Orchestra Miler Muscial Achievement Award. projectshave supoetrd sucpor-h be abused. "I know there wil eb g r a m s t h e Cigelman lounge, students who wil come to school Taffel attacks were "depres tion of service credits, D.r Taffel the Morihisa, nI rebuttal, said that The Horatio Alger SocialismAward. S. O. Store said that the move would "par- The E ast Vilage Ohetr Good Taste ni Journalism Awa rd... Science h peointed out. "No S Ton .LMzo clad ni ful length gowns, Clin jackets, police uniforms, ton or towels, alyze" the school, "Even Morihisa," hisa also stated that fi the prin- sing and unsportsmanlike." Mori- Survey. h e nalyzed hte new creating commented, "is only servink The study siso a atmosphere not noc cipal's reports were heeded t he .Dr T a r ducive ot learning." he said. no the junta because it looks good junta would be unable to "per- Sciene hsi colege applications, e to El in inate t e l claiwmoedu i d p r o v e harmful Turning to hte proposed change whole school will become purpose- petrate" any reforms when ti takes office. in hte proruploesewdould makeit charged that u cuting policy, the r e p o r t less," he concluded, "since students "What Dr. Tofel is, ni et T e e doing." Morihisa said, "is HumanitiesCo the m r s es easi er for outsidetrsoget noit the snake nlimited eust wdoul will not go ot classes without a handcuffing me ot a tree." He also the foundations of t h e Humanities courses at Sceince two unaware that there were humani- school, Dr. Tatfel said thahtet s e n o o l s y s t e m cutting rule, and would no longer "Without restric- participate on squad pointed out that the Israeli Dance s, clubs, and Group has been disbanded. wil be phased out ovear year period beginning September, According to the plan anounced 1968, a school official announced, Officers of Arista t n sutdeis would be eliminated this Decide ot Remain S.O. Shows Is Profit in 7 Years; "Itmustbeproven," .MrAex-l ander Breinan, the Administrative would be dropped sa of Sepetm- For Second Term Gold A Assistant, told the faculty, "that Scionee The aAtsir officers wilslerve nnounces C uts in Spe ding a specialized Asked for hsi reaction, M.r Irwin het ereint school y e a r instead fo school. If we cannot show that ti one term. Surveu l e a r n e d r e c e n t The Student Organizatio is devoted strictly to scientific and sadi hat "one must consider the yl. ehT decision, never announced shown a profit for hte first time n has fice to Warmth's pen lending serv- the funds to the student bod y ni mathematical pursuits. then i s to the organization's members, has Anseven voars ice."Sheaddedthatothercon- theformofrebatesproportionalot vulnerable to attack and ultimate Summing pu opposition to the doubled the terms ofthe present Speaking at the March 9 SO. . c e r n s w e r e i n t e r e s t e d i n leasing a student's service credits. abolition." atsAir officers. Councilmeeting,MartheGold,-4 spaceintheorganization'soffice, a nouer acuon,a suggestior notably the S.O. which The decision-which would elim- English department, whose cousin Arista M.r Herbert 26, the organization's Dresdent ot use the surplus funds for a six inate english, social studies, for- si Gabe Pressman, said, "To elimi- Rosenfeld, of the Apolied Mathe. hoping to open a new branch de- enter News c i g n l a n g u a g e , a n d a r t f r o m the nate study ofthe arts, of litera- matics department, when asked to explained that the elimination of voted exclusively to selling Parker was unanimously rejected. Apro- curriculum commentor the exonsion. inen 13.0001 SO. . adviser M.r Kenneth Alen's jotters at fantastic savings. posal ot buy uniforms for the math was reached after ture, and fo history, is to eliminate two months of heated debate. "It the only trace ofhumanity lef wsa unaware any dollar a year salary had Mis Gold also thanked Dr. Ben- team r e c e i v e d been decisive in balancing b u d g e t . ing port, but decision jamin Silver for his help in solv- enthusiastic sup- was a hard decision," Breinan in this school. This si the kind of changes had been m ar p " w o n orKantations reactionary mensure which moves dered why that Israeli yug kept Another important cutback, hse D r o b l e m s . she rejected disagreement over whether until a future meeting due to a decision possible." Science even further away from nankin% a r o u n d the ornice, t h o u x t , said, was hte elimination fo shirts his proposal of a tax on leaving needed w a r m - u p jackets Many students and teachers the bulk of humanity. The purpost he added. p a r t of the basketball team the cafeteria, terming it "a regres- After the were visibly shaken by the of education is to turn out think- u n ifo r ros. However, since referees Council decided to appropriate the nouncement. M.r Max Nadel, En- tried to keeptheir doubled etrms objected to the team's unusual at- teas wel sa a represive mea- extra money to commission a bust l i s h department chairman. devoid of life". tire, Gold Reliable sources indicated that of Marthe Gold, honoring herfor openly. I" just can't believe it," the Arista statt felt it was cided to eliminate the referees as the candy store heir, Mr. Stuart D a l a n c i n g t h e budget. The bust he said softly. "It's like some kind become accustomed to hear from cumbent" on him to "tell it like Elenko, of the Social Studies de- wil be donated ot the school and of nightmare." it is." Fearing his personal safety, too." partment. had contributed part of will be placed in the main lobby Others were more vehement in Rudich of the Physics department, The the president i n d i his personal fortune to ease the above the mural. their protest. "We must destroy When asked to comment. " Wo r d s name be withheld. cated, has discovered several new words, words." Arista is the Science chapter of methods of raising funds. "A big Asked to comment on the S.O. a decision to be made," Mr. Donald Arista Tours, Inc., a student travel revenue boost has been our income soondin money. surplus, the typical student reac- schwartz. principal, agency. Its first trip of the season from renting space ni the S.O. of- narrowly defeated a plan to return tion was, "What's it to me?" department, commented. Several for comment. will be to Stratford, Connecticut, students indicated they would boy- Mr. Norman Le fkowitz, who A pril 19, cott t h e school until the c h a n g e will become Acting Principal soon, El Szklanka, 4-8, is the group's Dr. Paul Comba AMALGAMATED PHARMACY INC. was resunacd, declined to comment since he was president and expert on Middle H o w e v e r .overall school reaction "I Calls Symmetrical 387 SEDGWICK AVENUE, BRONX 68, N. Y. seemed indifferent. "What's it to intend to study the matter closey." Anthony Rostain, 4-16, and Alex- Buildings 'Stately' tion. In fact, some students seemed minor alterations at a later date?" president, secretary, and treasurer. Symmetrical buildings such as J O E ' S SIMICHROME POLISH the White House are sedate and Paul Parent Opinion Comba, a representative of IBM. FORDHAM INC. Speaking to Army & Navy Store February Comba's talk GIRLS BOYS concerned symmetry in nature, art, C P O SHIRTS LEES Education in New York Calling a sphere invariably sym- PEA COATS (Editor's Note: Survey thought Scienceites might the school. Unfortunately their undoubtedly well metrical, he indicated that as the SCIENCE JACKETS 3Tuba 15.0 like to know what their parents are thinkina. There. aimed intentions will probably prove catastrophic. shape of an object verges from CONVERSE •Sni etam d u He y fore, we reproduce below a brief excerpt from an To begin with, let us frankly discuss the impact editoria, which appeared in the parents own news vour child would have o n a wellerun sonool. W o u l d n of symmetry. S.O. DISCOUNT COMPETITION CHEMICALS lowa Falls, lowa letter.) ehjustbotchthingsup?Really,felowparents,even This can he seen in nature. he my child would create just a little havoc. said, for the number of axes of Fellow Parents: Education, as Bernard Donovan says, is a two- symmetry decreases as the com- Greetings from the President. way street, It is sad to think that they are making plexity o f a creature increases. In my last note to you, Idetailed in depth my all the city's thoroughlares one-way streets. Bronx From the outside, all animals are America's Largest Student Travel Organization wholchearted sunport of fuller community particina. Scienceisoneofthelasttwo-waystreets,andifwe bilaterally symmetrical, he con- tion in school affairs and my unalterable opposition let our children «et control. you can be sure it will except the crab, to the Bundy Decentralization Plan. herome only a dead end... crawls backwards Since as concerned parents vitally interested in In order to build up a rapport between the stu- your son's or daughter's education you have, I am dents and the faculty, there clearly must be a safer sure, read my last letter, it would be senseless for solution t h a n letting y o u r child r u n the school. A n d me, in truth, to merely take up space with extraneous it it si unsafe ot let your child run the school, si it opinions. In case you did not read my last message, not more unsafe to grant the same responsibility to however, I did feel there are certain basic points it other children? BGLE ARISTA brings out which are Another objectionable feature of the student take- aconcretediscussionoftheNewYorkCityschool over is its suddenness. As you and T know. Rome SUMMERTOURS wasn't built in a day and one-shot radical solutions First. school is essentially a studentteacher rela never v e . nor ever win. WorX. I f the Board tionship in which the of Education is to effectively adopt such a plan, YOU CAN GO TO icing on the cake.... Secondly, and even more im- wouldn't it be better. we parents ask. to let someone COLLEGE! COEDUCATOINAL -ALG-RILS portant is the f act that the else's children be tossed around ni the bureaueratic confidence, trust, and, yes, love of the community. volleynal same? Even With these two concepts in their minds, the distin- Fellow parents, the onus is on you, and you down college of your tree $79500 Milnchasive quished gentlemen of the Board of Education should a l o n e . The Roard of Bducation has embarked be able to mold a secure, desirable educational sys upon acourse literally fraught with dangers, and only Y o u C a n resnonsible moderate pressure can build an cauitable n D e e d electronic CAL (212) MU 8-230 a via: Since my last discussion, however, several alarm• path out of the morass we find ourselves in today. i n g c h a n g e s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e . T h e c h i l d r e n h a v e R o s m e t u l l y INDIVIDUAL t h a t Y O U R A R I S T A A V E N U E M E WY O R K M E Y Y O R K T I L . decided, and I might add that their point is well QUALIFICATIONS YOUNG ADULT TOURS® taken. to exercise a greater voice in the running of President, Parents' Association antrancosoaw.emenyo - FOR YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN (21-30) and providesw a i t with UNderhill 3-3023 of primecollege possibilities. R UNESERTOERSPE・MESITERAMEN ACADEMIC TOURING SERVICE * $79500 AHinchain The fee is $10. There are no CAl 212 UM 62227 OR W RITE: Raymond Steinfeld Summer Tours of Leading Colleges and Universities ni the U.S. other charges. 5th AVENUE, N.Y., NY. . 10017 MAKE COLLEGE AMATTER OF CHOICE NOT CHANCE 189 YOUNG ADULT TOURS • 589 Dr. Gerson Hall PeterStuyvesantbutton For Information Wite: A N T E N N O N 28, N. X. 10710 40MughGrarAco,andI t s ) Page Six SCIENCESURVEY Monday, April 1 , 1968 Game Corner Baseball Teams Have Woes 3-Coin Hockey The 1968 baseball season does not officially begin until April 23 when Science takes so f ar. Skill is another factor." Three-Coin Hockey si an intriguing game of skill and determination, requiring an un- However, Gompers in an away game. So is luck. It was not enthusiasm, skill, or luck, but d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e b a s i c laws of N e w t o n i a n team, which faces an extremely rough sched- rather the strong physics, well sa muscular co-ordination ule, has already been beset by financial and that prompted nucleus of returning seniors, itisan other woes. "excellent" Abendtocomeupwithhis andaboveaverage intelligence.Hence ideal pastime for the average Scienceite. prediction. This nueleus consists needed new equipment. Also, the junio Bob Friedman and Phil Clen- There are not enough funds available for of a battery of Though best played on alunchroom table, r varsity dennin, and short stop Lou Mazel. any level, smooth surface is suitable. Tmhaete- squad, anew addition ot the Science sports rials consist of three coins ofe q u a l denomi- scene, sah been shut out of the locker room Friedman, who last year pitched in nine of It mes that the tennis te . the team's 10 games will probably be the nations, preferably pennies or nickels. itsdressing area. am has taken over workhorse of the staff. In The wto opponents sit 1967 he was ered- facnig each ot her, seated be- But this problem, in all probability, will be ited with the victory ni three of Science's four with substitutes, judges, a n d yenats cleared up before the JV's first game. triumphs. side them. Glendennin, a fine backstop and strong hit- t h e p o s i t i o n k n o w n "goaling": h e places progressing in an orderly manner. ter, is expected to supply the offensive power p l a y e r assumes Otherwise, things are going quite wel, with his right hand aganist theedgeof thetable fortheScienceattack,Mazel,itishoped,can Herbert Abend, coach of the varsity squad, hold together an inexperienced infield. along hte with the index and fi f t h fi n g e r s extended and VJ coach James Hodrinsky wil probably surface o second f thetable and t h e Tough competition is h a v e the teams ready by opening day. block to a succes ing the biggest stumbl and third fingers curled utghaeinst ml.ap He Abend, the optimist, feels his team has it ful 1968 finish for the bat- s isforbiddento droptheposition,or "degoal" inthemot come through with an "excellent men.Abendbelieves thatotherschoolsni the until theendof playS.hould hmeovehis hand division, such as Monroe (he called it a "base- more hant canb erecountedforb y delirium 1968 shownig". According ot Abend, the team ball factory") Columbus, last tremens, a "degoniagl foul"i scailed, dna he showsgreat enthusiasm and cooperation,im- leaguechampion,wlietroubleme.Nevers is penalized a point. po:tant factors ni a squad's overall perfor- theless, mauce. coach seems to believe that The oefnvsie player. meanwhile, "It's true," said an unidentified member of Science's squad "wil be ni every game." hte htre coinsi nhisrighto riefthand, holds the mae.t "But enthusiasm can only carry su Despite our natural tendencies, Abend said it betwen threae n dseveninchesabove the we "won't embarrass ourselves." surface, midway betweent h eplayers. anred- lensosthecoins,Shoulda coinrol!offt he sur- GymTeamOpens'68Campaign Fischel Given face, orl a n d cltohsearn one q u a r t e r hnci to any other coni, orlandonwige, h e offensive With Two Victories in Nice Guy Prize player may "redrop." Upon successfuly "dropping,"theplaycom- Five Meets Danny Fischel was waiting for his chance mences. The ofensive playleorcates the coin The 1968 Gymnastics sea- theotherdaywhenitcamealong. closest to himand,usingthe firstfingerof songotunderwayFebruary sweepofhtetumbling. handonthesidehorseforthe T h e E m p a t h y A s s o c i a t i o n a s u b s i d i a r y e i t h e r h a n d , fl i c k s i t t o w a r d t h e g o a l f o r m e d w h e n S c i e n c e s t a g g e r e d S c i e n c e l o s t a c r u c i a l m a t c h fi r s t t i m e ni a m e e t , g a i n e d of Warmth - named him the Marv Throne- between hte defensvie s'ayerpl outstretched Gompser 83-29 home to Alfred E. Smith February applause from the few spec- berry Basketball Player of the Year. Thecita- fingers. If thecoin slidesoffthe surface or 28. Bob Costabile, on the high tators for his fine routine. At- tion, andits trophy bearing a remarkable strikes either o ft h e stationary coins, play is m.te The campaign started fast bar, and Leroy Mowatt, ni the tempting a new and difficult likeness of Marvelous Marv Eugene Throne- terminated and thecoinspassto het defensive for the Turks as captain Le- free exercise. were the only stunt, a full twisting layout, berry, the former NY. Mets clown and first player. fI the first host i s acceptable, the o-f the Green and captain Leroy Mowatt took baseman, signifies dedication to the human fensive player again locates the coinclosest roy Nowat and Marty Lapi- Gold. first place on the tumbling elements of sport, i.e. to those qualities that ot him and shoots i t between the other two. dus finished first and second Against Morris. the mat- m a t s . make nice guys finish last. This process continues until (1) acoin slides ni the tree exercise routine. men rolled to an impressive Obviously outclassed by a Fischel has been a scrub for the Science off the surface or strikes a stationary coin, Pablo Riviera, competing for 821⁄22-271⁄2 victory March tremendously strong Clinton cagers since his junior year. But even though or (2) a goal is scored. In either case play is the first time on the long The weak Morris squad of- squad, theScience matmen received 71⁄2 out of fered no real competition to lost 78-34 at Clinton. The only a scrub he was a regular memberof the t e r m i n a t e d , the coins pass to the defensive horse, perfect ten point score Ton the Turks. Turks could not manage to team, enabling him to play in practice the player, who immediately becomes the offensive his vaults. Peter Angelo, trying his win any events in that match. game he loves so much. player, the preliminaries of goaling and drop- Horse Swept Clean Acclaimed At Last ping are concluded, and a new play com- The Turk contingent swept ScienceBiflemen It is believed by astute observers that het mences. Should acoin aimed at a goal catch the Tirstthree places onthe Throneberry Award will finally bring under t h e tip ofeithero ft h efingers forming side hoser event. Taking two Fischel the schoolwide acclaim all scholastic the goal, a "finger" i s caled, and play termi- first places in a row, Bob athletes desire. Fischel has complained in the nated. The game ends a t the end-game signal, Costabile's shaky but beauti- past that because he did not see much action called the "line-up whistle." ful performance on the high Lay Down Arms during the 1967-1968 basketball season he had While difficult to comprehend and more bar and a graceful exhibition The Bronx Science riflery team dropped the activity. As become obscure. difficult to master, Three-Coin Hockey is sure on the parallel bars clinched team, plagued by a realign- a result this year's team fin- "Even dedication can sometimes run out," to provide much enlightening entertainment the triumph. he moaned during one of his most depressed to both the novice and experienced player. The matmen beat Monroe ment of leagues and the deser- ished poorly compared t o 1967's team which had com- 641⁄2-47% February 14. Good tion of senior members, end- piled a 4-2 record and entered But the Throneberry Award and its accom- "Survey-'Observatory depth ni all events enabled ed the 1968 season with a dis- the championships at the City panying newspaper space will undoubtedly Science to gain the vietory. appointing record of two wins College of New York. prompt nationally ranked bask etball powers Ballgame Called Off Again, Pablo Riviera won and ten losses. Mr. Martin Greene, the rifle to offer him scholarships and convertibles. The traditional Survey-Observatory base the long horse vaulting, and The Public Schools Athle- coach, has expressed hope for Then Fischel will be able to sit on a college ball game, scheduled for March 18, was can- Bob repeated his tie League altered the Man- his team for next year. Most Costabile bench, enjoying a greater obscurity, waiting celed because - as at their galleys - the Ob- high b a r win. Captain Leroy hattan and Bronx riflery divi- of the younger members of for another chance. servatory staff failed to show up. Mowatt led a one-two-three sions, resulting in a doubling the squad have been practic- of the previous six meet sched- ing on their own initiative at ule. the Knickerbocker Rifle and Occupied with other inter- Pistol Club in the Bronx. Also, Left Wing Corner ests and unable to put in the the formation of a riflery club time required ot practice for here offers team members a and participate in these meets, further opportunity for im- many of the seniors on the provement. Anti-Athleticism at Science Inexperienced Track Team Charles Silkowitz Searches for Improvement The 25 members of the ites who can participate in Science track team are pres- the shotput event, the broad In the past few years it has become quite apparent that ently between their recently jump, the hop-skip-jump, there is wide-spread grass roots anti-athleticism at Science. stop selling Ring Dings in the cafeteria. It is felt that the school is moving toward two societies, re-charter the Israeli Dance Club. concluded indoor season and thehigh jump are urged to Turk the outdoor campaign which contact Mr. Heitner. we aren't gonna take this sitting down," one one with well developed thinking faculties, one with well de- "Man, One of the few bright spots said to me the other day. "Man, if they're gonna do this to us, begins this Saturday. Never- veloped - biceps separate and hostile. make t h e l e s s , Louis Heitner, coach on the track scene is Fred The hatred between the athletes and the intellectual we're gonna do something to that flaccid bunch that'll of the team, has the athletes Coleman. Though only a soph- them know who got the muscle here! We'l make their long majority has been lying dormant for a long time. But it has every omore, he is big and fast. In hair stand on end!" vigorously practicing always been there. One just has to listen to the clamor for the school day. an indoor relay last month, he "That's the truth!" ran his 220-yards in 24.7. The abolition of this sports page and the highly vocal demands of So, obviously violence will soon come onto the Science scene. Young and Inexperienced vigilante intellectuals for more articles in Survey such as Mark manager o f t h e t e a m ,M a r k ody knows that with the coming of the w armer weather Heitner hopes his team can Gantt's "Wagner: Bombastic Genius," and this insidious strife in spring, it will be more d Everyb ficult for the intellectuals and Rubin, feels this pace will en- if improve on their unimpres- able Coleman t o break novice becomes obvious. their lackey aides to keep the athletes in line and preve nt them sive indoor performance. But However,towardstheendofthe1967-1968basketballsea- fromtearingtheschooldowntoitsfoundations. thesquadisyoungandinex- intheoutdoors. O n l son the high tension between the two groups erupted into The so lution to this crucial proble m which threatens to perienced. Thereare unusual positively negative in action by the intellectually con- destroy the S cience c om munity is repugn ant for many. Ad- thre e sen ior runn e rs-H ar old Q UEE NS C ARPOOLS trolled S. O. Council. ministration changes, like the app , and ointment of golf coach Nor- wenn and Lenny Adelson With Mr. Kenneth Allen, S.O. adviser and leader of the man Lefkowitz to the principalship, any S.O. legislation in the short dista Sch nces a n d Bill individual good fellowship of teaching fellows will help. Becker in the longer distan ces. intellectual faction putting a price tag on everything remotely the connected with sports, the bullying majority threatened to cut So will a little co-operation from the athletes. The team is especially weak B O 8-1477 offtransportationto andfromtheFebruary 20basketball But what is n eeded most is a radical change in the at- in the field events. Science- playoff against Tilden. In addition, the S.O. refused to ap- he rank and file intellectuals. They must come to propriate additional funds for t h e cheerleaders to buy thread the realization titudes of t that the athletes of the school, though i n the UN 3-0671 The S.S.T.F. Urges All inordertostitchtogether theiruniforms,and theCouncil udents a t Science, a n d therefore minority,areneverthelessstmeprivilegestolife,liberty,and PENROD'S STAR TREK FANS refused t o purchase shorts for next year 's basketball team. have the rig ht to enjoy the sa to show their support by writing te Other anti-athletic action taken by the deeply prejudiced happiness that now only the intellectuals enjoy, CARDS -TOYS -PARTY FAVORS Unless this change o f attitudes comes ab nd, out, there will ST ATION ERY - REVIEW BOOKS 30 Rockefe ller PI. Y., N.Y. 10020 intellectualsi nrecentweeksh a sbeento: e a continuing polarization of the Science community, a 706 Lydig Avenue, Bross, N. Y. • attempt t o destroy the boys' locker room. b • plan aconversion of the gymnasium into an art gallery. Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. Vol. 62, No. 2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 2 Subject The topic of the resource Science Survey The Bronx High School of Science Description An account of the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 2. Containing the following articles: Lefkowitz Replaces Dr. Taffel, on Leave, Donovan Denounces 'Radical' Scienceites, Library Changes Rules To Thwart 'Subversion', Junta to Replace Principal Will Control School Policy; Unit's Head Outlines Aims, Dr. Woodrow Wilson Tracey Scores 'Powers of Science' At Meeting of Biology Club, Behavioral Science Club Hears Lecture On Aggressiveness, Teachers' Aid Threaten to Strike, Seek Improved Salaries, Conditions, Warmth Chairman Deplores 'Hothead' Aids' Harassment, Aids Demand Greater Power Over Students and Teachers, The Resistance, Political Scene Shows Growing Dissent, "Where's Your Pass?", Audio-Visual Effects Form New Art Style, Black Cultural Society Develops Afro-American Self-Understanding, Student Power, Frustrated Writer Describes His Experiences on 'Survey Staff', Student Spotlight - Andrea Geffner, Italian Director Transcribes 'Stranger' Into Film Medium with Superb Results: Movie Captures Novel's Mood and Scope, Recordings: New Albums Suggest Messages for Youth, BSCPA Hears Paul Goodman Speaks on 'Reputation of Science', 6 Scienceites Win National Achievement Scholarships, Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Haldan Hartline Speaks to Biologists, Forum Poll Reveals Views of Student Body, 'Survey' Changes Its Policy Toward 'April Fool' Articles, Drama Club Uses Scenes from '12th Night', 'Children's Hour' to Illustrate 'Facets of Man', James Farmer Defends Black Power at Forum, Achievement Awards, Taffel Sees Harm In Junta's Ideas, Science to Eliminate Humanities Courses, Officers of Arista Decide to Remain For Second Term, S.O. Shows 1st Profit in 7 Years; Gold Announces Cuts in Spending, Education in New York, 3-Coin Hockey, Fischel Given Nice Guy Prize, Baseball Teams Have Woes, Gym Team Opens '68 Campaign With Two Victories in Five Meets, Science Riflemen Lay Down Arms, 'Survey'-'Observatory' Ballgame Called Off, Anti-Athleticism at Science, Inexperienced Track Team Searches for Improvement. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Survey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx High School of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS.001.003.005 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/4e49bf41bafa6f1fd374a402e3a8f8da.pdf c8ccd66a70703099c22b36d544d79a03 PDF Text Text ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx Schools Newspaper Collection, 1933–1969 Subject The topic of the resource Newspapers (The Bronx, New York) The New Deal (Walton High School) Science Survey (Bronx High School of Science) The Walton Log (Walton High School) Description An account of the resource The collection comprises various student newspapers from Bronx schools, including Bronx High School of Science and Walton High School. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The provenance of this collection is varied. Lewis Stone donated the publications from Walton High School in 2020. Dr. Steven Payne found the publications from Bronx High School of Science on a shelf in the library in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933–1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspaper collection Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS Type The nature or genre of the resource Archival collection Periodical Text Any textual data included in the document SCIENCE SURVEY THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL OF SCIENCE Vol. LXII, No. 1 February 26, 1968 New Term Brings Chang ng s Radio Free Europe In Faculty of 5Departments; Illustrates U.S. Life es 10 Scienceite Reach Semifinalist Moves Involve 2 Chairmen With Forum Tapes In Westi house Science Contest yB RICHARD INFANTE A number major Ten Scienceites — the largest changes have taken niace as the faculty replaces Chairman RadioFreeEurope beamed tape- group from any one schol inthe new term begins. of Science's were named semifinal- regular teaching duties. M.rHermanGewirtz isthewen M.r Abraham Bmuale h a s left Forum menitgs to Rumania, Feb- ists ni hte Westinghouse Sceince Talent Search chairman of hte Physical Science Science to become t h e aln- dents, . Noneofthe stu- however, w e n t on department. ot be- He had left Science of hte Physical Sciencedepart- chairma» Played o n eht naRmiuna become de- g u a g e program "Panoarma U.S.A." c o m e fi n a l i s t s The ten Hono ta Abraham Aosl from the Physical ecneiSc de wereusedto illustrate rs Gorup winners Lincoln High School. Mr. Gewirtz n a t t m e n t b e r t lensinte schocllifei nAmerien aer among 300 ni thenat ion cited for excelent researchprojects and and M.sr Augusta lebSo are taking 'Better Understanding' Westinghouse o n e - t e r m s a b b a t i c a l l e a v e s , Walle Tael nt S e a r c h t e s t Mr.Baumel Msi Carol Grenwald joinsthe ThankingForumadviser .Mr Of htese, 04 students be- finalists andcompete for A s s u m e s P o s t department sa a chemyrsti teach- Edwin Karpf, Burope senioerditor, $67,000 in .pshisSrahcol Semilinists AlStugeesant D.r Isabel Gordon, wrote:"Yourcooperationhascon- di math projects, whileone did Nnie fo Sceinces' teacher "science o r i n g b y t h e people and htuoy of research ni biology. Lastyea,r out tributedt o abetter understand- has taken a terminal leave. Gordon the K u m a n i no r then educational sys-ni matanhd 5 ni biology. There fo the 61 semifinalists, 1 worked in 1953. In fact. she had hepied t h et w o atnos s e n t Radio were no wsnrei ni the physical English sascl snice its inception t e r i n t h e United States." sciences develop the egelClo Ehsnigl F r e e E u r o p e were recofrdings s y l l a b u s for hte State Educoaitn RoTbheertobald's lecture, lory Bhot M.r Montli Kopelman, Boi- and department. Reflecnitg on her CyberEnartae:dPresent Danger M.r department chairman, Abra many years atScience, Dr.Godron andeurFut Promise?" a n d J o h n ham Baumel, who e-r commented that the cshol sah n o t yHrne Fautlakl'sk, "The Troubled cently Airwaves.D" r. d,Tohlbea fo Co- sical left Science to become Phy- Sceince d e p a r t m e n t chair- changed, but that "when the sglri came in, ti became more chmar- lumbia 21, University, appeared ta the Stuyvesant, criticized the nig". April 691 Forum. M.r Faulk, talent search procedures. pelman pointed out that unless a a notedradio humostir who was student scores outstandingly no the balcksiletd during the1950s' be- Westinghouse THE WESTINGHOU spend mots of cause ofhis politics, came to the test his project si SE WINNERS: Seated from lef not even read. Students and Sacks. Koenig, Fishman, t to right - Rubin. ' projects, her time copy-editing rof Simon Forum November 17, 196. often taking months ot complete, Miss Schwartz is not pictured. Buchman, Hass, Reiss, and - Arnold, Standing from left to right Hackman. Truth Revealed a r e n o t even considered, Kopel- edited most of hteri puzzle boks. m a n said. On the other hand, he istry are dimost impossible for Radoi eFr Europe isa private, continued, good test takers the average student, "You can" bers of the Fibonnacci Series: English, D.r Gordon wsa a gdu-i organization, which "put together project no the smash Kenneth our Haas, 4-8: Concept of ance a t m s e n t Her guidance seeks t o inform citizens of the back- Identity: Walter Hakman, 4-16: group is being taken by M.sr C o t m m u n i s t bloc nations the computer in a couple of hours" yard," he commented. and become semifinalists. He also The Mathematical Standardization D o r o t h y e n s . W h i l e e n c i n d e r truth about the West. Thirty-eight Scienceites entered and Evaluation of Warfare: An- suggested the possibility that the the t a l e n t competition. partment Chairman Max Nadel is The group's well-known slogan drew Koenig, 4-24: On the Repe- Makine the collere cities. si "The fron curtain isn't sound- test does not accurately measure Twenty-six did projects ni math, titive Nature of the scientific ability. eleven ni biology, Series; David Reiss, 4-15: Pendular Mrs. Sandra Edlitz, owh returns proof." M.r Baumel said the physical c h e m i s t r y , The ten semifinalists M.r Abraham Baumel English department, Most Forum meetingares taped Path - A Swinging Modular Sys- and subsequently transcribed by sciences were handicapped inthe em; Joel Rubin, 4-16: An Ellip- places Charlotte Levy, owh Talent Search Mr. Abraham Baumel has been George Arnold, 4-24: of Computer Protram. An Ap- C o o r d i n a t e appointed Chairman of Stuyvesant Mr. Meyer Gottlieb is replacing Darlene DeSantis, they ate seolorako phys." Robert Sacks, H i c h S c h o o l ' s P h y s i c a l S c i e n c e d e - Ms s i B a r b a r a H e r m a n , i n t h e B oi - t a p e s s e n t have an opportunity become Timothy Buchman, 4-25: A Com- partment. He had been at Science logy department. Meanwhlle, m-u Raodi Fre Europe, is the commit- proficient while in high puter Investigationof Properties AntibioticActivityofAnExtract for 10 years. sie teacher Mrs. Alice Lawner, tee's chairman, Charles Bernstein, school. nI addition, eh pointed out, of Finite Number Systems; David of a Sponge of the Genus Agelas. At Science, Mr. Baumel taught w h o is o n sabbatical leave. 4-13, si Forum Coordinator. Fishman, 4-18: Factoring of Mem- the college physics being replaced by M.r A. Roland. mentary physics, electronics, and Social Studies d e p a r t m e n t Dr. Taffel Warns advanced physics. In addition, he C h a i r m a n . Arthur Merovick was a guidance counselor. has taken a sabbatical leave. Mr. Dr. Byron Burlingham, ResearchB BiologiCst, Bundy Plan Might Mr. Baumel. came from T a k e n e n . assisted by Create Problems Morris High School in September, Mrs. Maritza Tsaggos, will serve Describes Action of Viruses at iology lub 1957, expressed his regret at leav- t h e By HENRY DUNOW extremely elementary forms of life. Dr. Alexander Taffel he looked "mishandling which could easily forward to his new duties as a to the department, and Mr. Wil- Dr. Byron Burlingham, a r e Simply, the viron consists of the viron enters the cell, plunge the d e t e r m e n c h a r m a n liam Stark takes the classes of search fellow at Rockefeller Uni- genetic material bounded by a Once inside the cell, the viron should the proposed Bundy plan Mr. Bernard Rudich will teach Mr. R e n a z e n . described the flu as a protein capsule and a lipid mem- the college physics on a sick leave. Biology brane. o r d e r t o processes, Dr. Burlingham told the stituted. term, while M.r Sydney Dushman There are no faculty changes in club, January .5 spikes o n viron's membrane repro- Dr. Bundy will take Baumel's guidance posi- the Mathematics, Foreign Lan- Using the blackboard to ilu- catch themembrane or the duces its genetic material, and Plan in th e December issue t o n i and teach his elementary guage, Industrial Arts, and Health strate, Dr. host cel. An enzyme ni the spikes p a t c h e s Toward Their Tomorrow, the Par physics classes. welcavon deourtment. the virus particles - virons — as dissolves the membrane host cell's membrane. The patch, ents Association newsletten "The plan goes too far and too formed genetic material, breaks fast," Dr. Taffel charged. oft and enters a new host cell. The wouldput power into inexperi- Humorist Sam Levenson Views Youth a t Forum process si then repeated. enced hands." The initiation of the Bundy sys tem, etantinie wou'd Humorist Sam Levenson A high school, Dr. Taffel told [Dr. Taffel subsequently an- lieves today's youth suffer from eh nounced that this practice has Apsychologist discussed "Learn- result ni the infiltration of polit t o o m a n y s a v a n t a r t , just as his responsibility" for the welfare and been abolished.] ine and Memory" at the Biology ical influence into admin- develonmentoftisstudents.None club, February 2. generation suffered from too few. istration. Consequently, educa weverson. addressing theless, asserted that scien- The goals and achievements of Discussing his own and related tional programs might be subject exneriments. Dr. E. M. Bisenstein to political patronage and pres packedForumJanuary4,saidto- ceites receive a a r o s d e r r e d T h e New left were assessed d a y ' s p a r e n t s . w h i l e r i v i n g t h e i r freedom, the February 8 meeting of the indicated that two types of con- sures. H o r u m m aitionin d could be used in order Dr. Taffel urged a "less abrupt" children material pleasures, have In questioning Dr. Taffel about change i n the present school sys ther clothing regulations, several stu- Mr. Tom Kahn, the to obtain a desired response: Pav- i n s t r u - tem. "Ultimately." whole moral upbringing. dents charged that Science's dress Director of the League for Indus- rules were not only stricter than good balance of power between deprived," Democracy, criticized the and the said, was a happy child." He those of other schools but "lacking c l e a n P a v l o v i a n conditioning, he ex- the professional schoolboards would make forthe attrouted his RISO Violations of the law. ideolory" and being the substitution best cooperation and the highest with his Referring to the New Left as "not of one stimulus for another. wonderful relate shy house was Compelling Statement a political party, but a phenom- learning, Eisenstein toward improving our schools." poor, but my home was rich," he Quoting a statement by State enon," he said its primary goals said, the subject is "instrumental" in stompine the stimulus. Adog. Plan Asks D ecentralization Nauertion commistoner James are cultural. not economic His parents, he said, instilled Allen, one pupil said that schools may MeGeorge Bundy headed the charged the New Lindsay advisory c ommittee, which w i t h i n h i s m i l y t h e r e d o n a l may not "compel students to wear shock w h i c h continues drew up the plan for decentraliza Jewish respect for education and a uniform or a particular kind of Lefthasnotansweredtwosignit- untilhejumpsoverawire.Event- q u e s t i o n s : "What is wrong he will learn to jump be- tion. The plan calls for increasing with our society?" and "How do ually, com munity involvement in school books." Mr. Levenson feels this burden clearly lies w r i t chan fore the shock begins affairs establishing 30 to 80 g e n e r a t i o n ' s v o u n k o c o o l e 8 0 7 0 4 Taffel" the student said. "to Mr. Sam Levenson failure todeal with these issues Nervous Response localandautonomousschooldis- believe in "postponing pleasure." show that blue jeans are indecent, is a symptom of the New Left's tricts, each of which would be su- d a n d e r o u s . conducive to dis- receive an unfavorable impression naiveteabouttherealitiesofpol- In his tests Dr. Eisenstein found pervised by its own board Dr. Alexander Taffel eited "new of the school, all will be hurt. itical power, according ot Kahn. that a ganglion - a c o l l e c t i o n o f of five officials appointed by the about liberty" and " a Answering Dr. Taffel indicated Dr. Taffel characterized as "ab- Calling on leftists to form an nerve cell bodies — iscapableof Mayorandsixelectedbyth e par. failure of communication between that the major penalty surdly untrue" the belief that one wartedtive movement," learning a response. However, the the sdministration and the student who violate dress regulations face is judged solely a t majority boards pe riod of retention of th e ganglion Each school these body," as the major causes of stu- the u n f a v o r a b l e Like it or not, he said, to a great through our political system, w e is very short, lasting only would, according to Kahn said that w o r k i n s a few t h e Bundy sentcomniaintsnootsolence dis which they, themselves, convey to e x t e n t you are judged by your t h e e t r i c h u m of our m i n i t t e panel's recommendations, have Responding to students' appearance. o V e r A ganglion is easier to work with its When faced with the charge that society widespread powers linne o t t h e Forum's annual "Sci- However, Dr. Taffel noted that a mmintsHohm than contains trict, including the hiri ngandfir enceSoundolf,"February1, improperdressdamagesthe "tone students are asked to contribute Turning to denied that it was a force in the hundredsofcellswhileabrain ing of faculty and supervisory per e q u a t e d unrestricted liberty w i t h atmosphere" the school. m o n o v t o t h e I n d u s t r i a l A r t s d e contains billions. sonnel,allocatingfunds, de- ma n dteach chaos. Freedom, he said, was "lib- Furthermore, partment for used STL equipment, NewLeft. "I rather view it asa Miss Halbridge the termining curriculu by desirable limi- visiting parents, right wing m a c h o n t r erty controlled collere inter- Dr. said that he ment,"hesaid. g roup's adviser. ingprocedures. tations." viowere educators. and scientists rectify the situation. Monday, Yebruary 26, 1968 Page Two SCIENCE SURVEY BOMBASTIC GENIUS S G I E N G E SUBTEY Psychoanalyst Studies Behavior of Scienceites published 8 times a year by the students of (Editors Note: chanent psychoanatyat where he had spent the previous w i nner's ego and the disintegra- Wa g n e r Kairless athe Jeats develonine and acro tion fohte losesr' psyche. THE BRONXHIGHSCHOOL Mikalandopoulous sited ni a cold and alien environ. Ashematures het student en OF SCIENCE Phastate phone tod na ters his most period, Mark M. Gant 75 West 205 Street Bronx, N. Y. 10468 tion of the sciencette. "fils craving ofr socuryti is p.atr yulusal asa junior, when eh finda years Matindo ne ly Toressor sasifited yb the "officail class,"himself hard at work ta eDi Walküre, the secondpartofRichardWazners DR. ALEXANDER TAFFEL, Principal emro thera thing ydleial designed ot four-part epic, Der Ring des Niebelungen, has been ous has submitted het following peutically called, m"omoh"r.e hsi satisty urketo creaet het TSL revived this season yb the Metropolitan Opera Com Vol. LVII - No. 1 ebruary.36x Thehre is introducedot hisoffi- poer.cjt Here nidvidiuytail is en pany'.The work, not always seen in America ba c i a lt e a c h e r , who accumes t h er o l e coeThuraged.stuisdentncoedorft cauosfehigh production costs and casting diffleu Consider o f a pafirgeurne.talThis trans to builda Vna de lies,hasbeengiven oneofthecompany'smostbr Groat genera- Charles Bernstein Richard Schwarz bright lights, frightened byloud ference reacoitn creates a "securi t o ri th edlwuo rather make lian! productions. Staging one opera each sawn, Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief model oaftomiedisintegration.eH theMetwillpresenttheentireRingeyele,introdue andassaulted Knowing, however, t h e Das Rhenigodl next season and tollowing that Michael Kairys mighteven emoark o na repus wit:StegiriedandthenDieGotterdimmerung.Thus A s s o c i a t e c h o r "birth childwill be no hsi ownformost veitensis tight-beami.crophone New Torwkeilrlshave anopportunitytoevaluate Wernchedawayfromviewareho tt h ed a y the official Atanyrate,thecholceis there. and securityofthefamiliarschools whetypros sedimih with Fateful Year oneofthemost stupendous and audacious of art Now's bartors Robert Bel, Jeanne Thelwell 2 a m Physically Istic creations. o fstitt L u c k y i s the Selencewiteh o The Ring o f the Nibelungs occupied Wagner's Feature Editors Marilyn Campbell, Mark Cantt i t becomes endowed reaches h i s w i t h o u imagination orf over a quarter of acentury. It con Sports Editor ... Charles Silkowitz pow,er ungue psychosis,forthe fate oftaich nghiyevter "orfm Karl Marx ot peychoanalysis Set- schoolrestsi nhishands.The anda deCehprilsytian philosophy hidden under the Business Managers . Howard Adler, Jonathan Brexo withouthis araogpr card,h ewill ambitiousstudentwill,a tthis pagan trappings," according toonecritic. Itis sig Circulation Manager Emanuel Cherney ofknowwho ehisorwherehe point,haveentrenchedhimselfin nificant thaWtagner first conceived this epic Barbara Wrezla ≤ g o i n g . eoTrfehre soine position of power from which i n m y opnioin, racism and the lust for political Exchange Editor ex.sti compensateforhis own powerin 1848, het year Europewastornbysocial Photorraphy Editor Richard Albert t h e timeheis.forcedto Inadequaciesb y persheicsutinregvolution.Wagner aswtheneedforarevitalized fellows. I t h e i s a Forum execu society i n hcwih revolution would teach men to seek Faculty Adviser Msr. Linda Feingold tive,he s a t i s f yh i s sadistio beautyand strength ni a free communalart, such Associate Board "nu-elxsietc.re trauma. urgdeirsectly,andifhe wkosr on ash e houghtt ancien dread usch o ne of the m any school p ublica Greek soceiyt. One must bear in mind, however, efanirg tionshecandoso nideriycl.t that Wrenga wans amateur philosopher, and —as words,"Give mepurprogram "Sentoritis," omsnus se a merpus tsiegot—saw intherevolutionameans Comcpoiailnts u r i s e niorum,strikes 99p.5er cent o f ofbringing shi own operas before the public as the • COCCE PRESS i pneder theseniorsat somiemt e or an "art woorkhfet future." refusastogotothebithroomdur byoththero,ughitmay behastened ingluncha n dot ekat booksout an attacokfthe arbitium ma One Work Planned oftoelorary. turus ur,vsi or the "eaylr decision When eh began writing the poem upon which the Report cards are another means This disease causes de- operas are based, Wagner planned only one work, A Tragic Failure wherebya Scienceite mayincre terioration of neural synapses con- Siegfrieds' Death,which was ot deal with thelite m e n t h i sfeelings of security, a l work-center i n the o f the legendary Norse hero as narrated in the Vol Urban education ni the United States is a thougho n l y atthe expenes o f a n frontal olbes to the writing hand. sunga Saga, a colection of Norse fairy tales. tragic failure. Few p eople seem to really care T h e symbo-flraught ritual T h i s disie a s s et e r m i n a l , a s i t t h s at While engaged ni the work, Wagner realized about the pupil. Worse still, the very schools o f"coraparing marks" invariao onsetmeans that the victimlwli further elaboration would. be neces sary it an that should be bringing the black child into Au x the soonb e "gnogi away." dience were ot fully understand the complex plot. the community are alienating him from it. Accordingly, Wagner wrote the text of Young Sieg There can no longer be -there never can fried which stil left a great deal SUOTY have been any excuses for not teaching be explained via the narrative, those tedious Wagner- children, regardless of their background. The Science Graduat es Achieve Success lan tongueurs which hold up the action interminably It was then that Wagner first hit upon Harlem mother who cries, "I don't want to fo four operas —a trilogy with prologue Which ld that my daughter can't learn because would document man's lust for gold power in she comes f be to fatherless home or because rom a In Politics, E tertainm nt, an ne d Sports terms of a cataclysmie upheaval of political condi- she has corn flakes In the 29 years sincSecience wasfounded, over 20,000 sutdenst fo r breakfast instead fo tions that would "purif y society." composer must be heeded. Urban education have been graduated, Many of these alumni have been successful. revamped the texts of the two operas far writ should be radically revised in order to give al both in science and the humanities; a handful have even become ha ten, changing their titles to Siegfried and The Twi children a fair chance to learn. light of the Gods. He also addedthe texts toThe f o u r operas New York City public schools are not pro- A former valedictorian and president 910s for example, children often are not properly se had ben Dercoitr o f Defense Research and Engineer- viding even minimal education to the majority isdestined to give supreme power ins and a consultant to President Kennedy's SpaceAdvisory to the man who forswears love. taught t oread or to do simple arithmetic mitee.Aspacescientit,Brownsihtesecondhisherankingcician The 'Ring' Lives! problems. The community,quite rightly, no Despite the Ring's great moral theme, it survives longer has any confidence in the school sys- Carmichael Adrocates "Black Power' today on account of the magnificence and beauty of tem.Black students, after years of miseduca- Stokely Carmichael, 6'0, became wordl-famous as the psychological por- tion, feel that the white have become of "black power" durnig the Mississippi Fredom March of June, 196. power structure does trayal of human nature. However, the Ring is a gen• not care about them. Thu Having succeeded James Foreman sa chairman of s, they the Student Non- erally flawed w o r k often alienatedandantagonistic toward. whites ni Violent Coordinating Committee ni 196, Carmichael becamealeader flatulent and, in places, absurd. The verse is mainly general. of the new black militancy. Last year, after relinquishing the SNCC Dr. Harold Brown Wagner's own concoction of bombast and alliteration Now, the Negro and Puerto Rican parents chairmanship ot H. Rap Brown, Carmichael went on a world tour. and some of the music si longwinded and diffuse. are demanding that the educational system I n C u b a , h e advocated a violent black revolution for the United Played uncut and in which fails to educate their children be held States. Carmichael, for the record, ranked low academically at Science. Ring runs for 15 hours and calls for singers of almost superhuman stamina. accountable for that failure. They are prep- Dr. Thomas Matthew, 4' 2, si helping ot provide a" goal for black It is impossible today to stage the / as Wagner ared to take on responsibilities for the schools. power" as president of National Economic Growth and Reconstruc- intended it, even at the theater Bayreuth, Ger- (NEGRO). A cooperative, non-profit organization Recognizing this, the Bundy panel has recom- financed by bond sales, NEGRO is already the owner of a small cloth- many which he built especially for productions of his works. Hence it comes about that and tend to public schools into 30 to 60 parent-dom mended the decentralization of New York's ing factory, a chemical plant, and a dress shop. It is also operating ina ted, of the cycle are rare outside Bayreuth largely autonomous school districts. two bus l ines in Jamaica and Harlem, in defiance of a court order. use simple abstract settings which depend for their it is just possible that if the black com- In 1964, D.r Mathew, a neurosurgeon, left alucrative practice to estab- Matthew was effect on lighting and serve as symbols a far lish Interfaith Hospital, staffed entirely by Negroes. munity is in control of its neighborhood cry from the more elaborate, pictorial s e t s W a e n e sch ools, its faith in them will be restored. S.O. president at Science. intended. The precedent for this type of production Politics has been the interest of anoth er well-known Scie nceite. was set in 1951 by Wagner's grandsons who sought Perhaps then the programs directly suited to Robert Price, '50. A lawyer, Price served as Mayor Lindsay's cam- ot free Bayreuth from the contaminating influence the needs of the ghetto can be instituted. paign manager and later as Deputy Often called the power of Nazism. They therefore developed No one can becertain of the best way to behind the mayoralty, Price resigned his city post in 1967 to become of producing Wagner's works, basically derived from improve education. However, as the Bundy a vice-president of Dryfus, Inc. While at Price S.O. Mr. Stokely Carmichael the writings o f t h e b u t enriched by report states, New York's present educational vice-president and editor of the yearbook; he had a 78 per cent scho- twentieth century psychology. This type of produc tion, known as "neo-Bayreuth," concentrates on the methods are failing miserably. In the Bundy to many New Yorkers as the commentator on Newsfront, cational quandary. Hopefully, the city will Channel 13's weeknight news program, i t c h e l T r o u s e . plan we see an alternative to the present edu- Known 52, has also mythic elements of the work as eternal themes of human nature. Consequently, the K i g emeryes avail itself of this chance to make its schools attained success in a n on-science field. as a timeless saga of human greed rather than as viable institutions, at last. An alumnus of one of Science's victorious chess teams went on to a documentary on nineteenth century s o c i a l a n d becomeanationalchampion.ArthurB.Bisguler,a s tied for the leac political problems. in the 1950 International Chess Tournament held at Souths England. As far as the Met's new production is concerned, While national champion in 1954, he played against U.S.S.R. on i t w a s a t r i a l e s s a y in "neo-Bayreuth" stylethat "I'm Free!" the American Chess Team. In 1 957 he lost the current worked, for t he most part, superlatively. (It should U.S. champion, Bobby Fischer. be mentioned that the Met's purpose in beginning During his free periods, a Scienceite has Popular singer Bobby Darin is perhaps Science's best known en- the cycle with Walküre instead of Rheingold was to the choice of going to the auditorium or the tertainer. When he graduated from Science in 1953, he was known as assure the company a financial success, consider library. Clearly, neither placeis completely Walden Cassotto, ing that Walküre is the most popular and the easiest to stage of the four operas.) satisfactory since neither permits talking. nts Arainst the Tide We feelthat it is important that stude Despite the stereotype of the Science athlete, Obseryaton Intimacy Is Anemie be given an opportunity to discuss politics, have excelled in sports, especially swimming. Michael Wolk, '56, rep- Mr. Robert Price Musically and scenically, the recent Walküre was to chat about their classes, or simply to relax resentedAmericain the 1957 Maccabee Wolk attended fairly successful, although at timesKarajan'scon duringtheir free periods. T h e o b v ious solu- former captain of Science's swimming tea m, ducting was so intimateandlyricalastobealm ost tion. creation of a third study hall, was recom- medals. A where he won the Eastern Collegiate Conference Colgate University, Karajan, a brilliant artist. i sa conductor mended b y a special Student Organization who thinks it necessary to perform Wagner with the I t has been said that brilliance runs in families, and this seems T u i c i t y usually r e s e r v e d Mozart. panel l a s t year. However, despite the seeming b e supported by experience o f t h e family. Steonen Howev er, to Mozart s p ' rofound hist icatio nhasno interestonthe part of the administration, sop Strom, '59,was recently given a very large enablehim to suchaplanwasneverinstituted.Apparently, continueresearchatHarvardthathasalreadyledtohisdiscoveryof The singers, including Birgit Nilsson, who sang Science i s so overcrowded that there are no perhaps the universe's oldest star. His orother exploring Brünnhilde, were for the m ost part outstanding, ex- roomsavailablef o rthispurpose. themysteriesofmen'smindsasa Harvard's ceptfor the unfortunatecastingofThomasStewart Ifsucha roomstillcannotbefound,we PsychologyDepartment.Stromhopestocombinehisinterestsinmath asWotan ndGundulaJanowitzforSieglinde,both a proposea nalternativemodification o fthe and psychology by simulating human behavior H e has of whom failed t o convey the depth of their ro les present study h a l l procedure. T h e library already invented a nine-dot Braille system whichis beingfield-tested Anotherconspicuousfailureofthepiecewasthe should be open to all students who desire quie t for futu reu se. A gradu ate of the Class o f '62 , Strom had won both costuming, particularly o who loo f the Valkyries, ked s t u d y , ( i n c l u d i n g t h o s e w i t h t e x t b o o k s ) . N a t i o n a l M e r i t a n d We s t i n g h o u s e A t Scholarships, a prize i ntheschool like pigeons. On the whole, however, the perform thesametime,theauditoriumshouldbeopen sciencefairandwasacontestantonThe$84.000Question, thebig- Mr.WaldenCassatto ancewasvital,interesting,andworthyofthegreat to students who desire t o talk or to relax. money quiz show of the fifties. work i t presented. eggs," zine, of which D.r for a report of an actual Martian at astrono Next, a reporter in New Jersey issued an "eye witness" report of space vehicle broadeast, unaware that the bulle. Mr. Jack Kligman, of the Phy. Shulman, 4-26, is president. EDUCATION Withthe Wind&stheS.D, nos for 438-5424 Folk Guitar Lessons Private - $2.50 per Lesson Basics Through Beginning Call TY 2-0798 ofter 6 p.m. FORDHAM BOYS and MEN'S SHOP COMPLETE BUSK known as the Student Committee for Student Affairs ceived only four complaints, the to educate Summer Tours of Leading Colleges and Universitles in the U.S. MAKE COLLEGE A MATTER OF CHOICE NOT CHANCE CARDS - TOYS - PARTY FAVORS STATIONERY - REVIEW BOOKS 706 Lydig Avenue, Brons, N, Y. PAINTINGS RESTORED QUEENS LOCATION 40-42 Main St.. BRONX LOCATION 215 E. Fordham The Following Booklets Will Be "GOOD STUDY HABITS" "COLLEGE ENTRANCE FOR FULL DETAILS CONTACT BORO TUTORING INC. Phoenix Laboratories Astoria, L.I.C. 11102 (212) 726-5468 "Serving the Scientific Community" • LABORATORYAPPARATUS • LIVE ANIMALS • BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Catalogs Mailed o n Request BOOK STORE • All Review Books we shacll Compiling a total of fifty-three high scorers were Martin Brower, The Senior Math Team is still waiting for the official results of Ruth Ruderman, team faculty ad- viser, said that she is Science will probably finish sec- At college, Mr. Gewirtz received N.Y.S. Driver's License ticipated in five tournaments led after the first three, but was overtaken in the final two con- atmosphere at Science. Acc Insurance Discount tests. Avi Hettena, 4-18, and Joel ording zation procs1ed1 7 Regents examinations." not prepared to pursue the War square their luck again January 19. This of the Physical Science problems ment, the fifty directly to Sugar Bush Mountain, arriving Friday evening. Anxious clubJan and hte Wodrl Todays moved Sunday to the icy slopes ocingreplacedbythenewconcent OLD FASHIONED ICE CREAM PARLOR AND COFFEE SHOP Private Room. Available f o r Parties 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD The January 7 trip was to Hunt. Page Three and Monday, February 26, 1968 SCIENCE SURVEY 'Color l fully Clad' Students Man in t h e News 4 Teachers DisForum c u s s Protest C othing Regulations Mr. H. Gewirtz, New Chairman pants Colorfully clad in dungaree-type 150 student defied U.S. Bole in Vietnam g irls), sh i rts clothing guidelines, December 2. Wmeh ehwsa2l yesar pdi chairman without collars (boys), kilts, culot- Physical , hte tes, and, of course, slacks ( g i r l s ) . Advocating the chimination of department ernitrate all dress regulations, the protest- from Berlin to Brooklyn. That trip At Mee ting of students to violate the was the first part of a journey Four members of the Social cl o Bobrow th ing rule s. H oWever.aspc h which would eventually fi nd hi m Studies department discussed the on Poverty and the War in Viet sk i Retu nam, priority must rns u rg be ing the observance fo hte seulr a successful wr iter and one fo United States' role in V ie t n am a t domestic issues." the school system's most able us- the Forum, December 21. Mr. Allen, who is adviser Wit A h Rare l e x a n d e r Animals limit pervisors. M.r Emanuel Harrison su ppo r t- St u den ed current Vietnam n, t Organizatio to the From scope ofthe protest, ized the Panama Trip D senti is ng wer weks, Gewirtz eral, w hile policy in gen- war as a "fall Mr. Donald S c h ure of the w a r tz diploma tic proc ess," and The l a r g e s t rounded pu by teachers and held anxious ot work with hsi depart- challenged the validity of our war that only bilateral ever snake found in the Ame r i c a s . a hte au ditori um. ment's teachers ot make chang es aims. Both forum adviser Mr. Ed. bring peace, Although ten-foot oushmaster nebe then outlined for hte studehetnts in the curriculum in light of the M.r Kenneth Alen phasized the weaknesses win Karpf and and evils brought back ot wNe York by D rea son s for dres guidelines changing neds of the students. expressed doubts about our prese nt ot f he C o m m i .r Vitaly interested nI education, course of action, nist go vernments Kenneth Bebrowsky ofthe Biolo Thestudents wer not penalized bu t sup po rted a Chin a and North V i g e y TOrI t heir "improper" M.r Gewirtz i s a strong supporter stand against Cor nin u Dis iD tnam , Mr department. ever two measures weretakenby of specialized schools. "Althou Allen called for recognition of gh Southeast Asia. National Liberation the Bobrowsky, w h oi s ond t h e administration... Let t e rs other schools have extremely kood In defense of our current i n senthomet o the 'sereptosrt par- students," eh het only possible road to a peaceful solution. expedition t volvement, Mr. Harrison stressed o thePana- ents antdh e students manian u n r e n a m e sw e r e number in a n y one school is too thattheAmerican commitmentot Bobrowsky's noted. warrant h"te rich num- South Vietnam has been honored sponsored b ytheNew Various reasons offered ber of electivecourwseeshave York Herpetological Soclety. at Science by three Presidents. He opposed a Math Society Gu est forthescent participaitinonthe halt b o m o i n y In addition to the bushmaster, student emarked. sGz'ewtri caerer ineducation i s grounds that this would "sacrifice Explains Functions othecrare M o e tg i r i s either hntik they loch M.ri mnaHre Gewtriz olng and varied.After our doys on the altar of world - a brown two-toed siots, ferriblei npanisor morf Columbia University o p i n i o n . Of Math in Sciences military o fthe Ph(i Bate Kapa) anhted Har- most S cienceites seemed typically Gardueat school of educa- M.r Harrison labelled the guer- rilla war of lib eration, perpetrat- Professor H a r r 750 Students Se y H o ch s tad t, The were detbixehi that tion, he ghoits fitresatching posi- ed by N o r t h V i e t n a m the Chairman of the Mathem atics De wasoccurring. "Whats' i tt orec?" Brooklyn During Vietcong as an example of "the partment of the Brooklyn Poly- w a s t h e f r e q u e n t r e a c t - c h Annual CS. Movie Wd l o r W a r I I , M . r G e w i r t z l e f t technic Institute, spoke on "Optics B o b r o w e l y i s C o m m u n i s t s ' l a t e s t s t r a t e g y " i n t h e nesociate color Protest l ea durs indicated Abouz7 5 0Scienceitess a w Gone a n d a t h e m a t i c s " M a t h thiswos Just beginnine Western Electric Company. Society, January 3. their oinat.gti enO younglady, coredovents, December27, and While there, he designed equ ip" Speaking ni opposition to the Stressing of tnaGr ment for testing electronic devices polley, mathematics in the physical sci- administrat ion M.r School Club Hears wearingrange owlsy-da dun- February10.TheStudent carees,shoutedto cheuringfollow- sucha sradios and bomb sights. Schwartz charged that the Saigon ences, Dr. Hochstadt Dramatic Reading ere: We" shall fight i n New York, dellius morf In 1949, he left hte company ni regime si "corrupt and anti-demo- strated, historically, how mathe- fighot n the w e r e er teach at Science. After cratic." He said that the majority matics has been applied to optics. tickets d oll ar tittyt o the twelve dsciount ord t o of the Viet Cong are "Vietnamese In some cases, he said, mathema- yeasr here, Mr. Gewirtz Of Story by Wels op- onnfidencear.d r e v i v a l . tical equations have predicted kept 25 Physical Science department at and argued that theycan be de- tical phenomena before they were was apointed Chairman of the nationalists seeking a better life," Orson Weles' dramatic reading Science,weshall o neach ticketforits own Abraham Lincoln Hgih School. feated only by genocide. observed. of The Dr. Hochstadt discussed the ele- played at the December 12 meet. be, we shalfilght i n t h e Ingeneral studentseemed ot While ta Lincoln, Gewirtz found I" can see merits and faults in mentary laws of reflection and ing of Science machion club shalltight the enjoy the movie.Manywere seen time t o wreti two very popular both Mr. Schwartz's and Mr. Har- College rison's positions," M.r Karpt told refraction, describing Descartes' When first broadeast in1938, many cafeteria, w e shal fight i n hte cryineglwih some foundthe 1üm the overflow crowd. "On the one discovery that rainbows are re- l i s t e n e r s m i s t o o k the radio show clasrooms. and the gduaince of- amnugis. enGo With Wind, Board test, eh wrote Barron's How hand, I belleve that a defeat for tracted by water droplets. fices, welhsal fight in thgeeneral baesd on MargaretMitchel's to Prepare ofr the Achievement the U.S.A. in Vietnam — which 1. Professor Hochstadt concluded invasion. office; we shall never surrender." historical novel. pleted Essentials of Modern Phy- might represent— Test ni Physics. Recently, eh com- what unilateral withdrawal his talk by describing recent in- At its first broadcast the pro- gram a Hallo: mentary text for the new Regents sies,a review book and supple ous blow anti-Communists both defined the intensity of light weet prank beginning as a and explained, through mathema- J r . M a t h T e a m W i n s sylabus. throughout a n o t h e world bulletin, w h i c h "I believe ni the value of the But I feel that since America is tical equations, the diffraction a music program with feigned er- M.r Ge- around solid objects. ports Citywide Tournament wztri explained. "They serve two mical observatories of explosions on Mars. The Junior Math Team woand Kleinman, 4-4, wer het high usefulfunctions:control fo con- the Senior team's rank is still un- mum standards." Ski Club Faces IcySlopes, Math meets are run simultane- the landing ol a competition. ously al over the city, with dit- avarsity, letter for cross country ferent schools receiving identical running. Freezing Weather on T rips t h e p o i n t s i n t h e i r t h r e e c o n t e s t s , t h e q u e s t i o n s , E a c h fi v e - m a n t e a m a t - I n h i s l e i s u r e t i m e , M. r G e w i r t z F r e e z i n g c o l d w e a t h e r , i c y o f K i l l i n g t o n M o u n t a i n . p r o v i d e d People l i s t e n e d Junior team easily outdistanced tempts to solve six problems with listens classical music and challenging terrain, Local area Brooklyn T e c h ' s o n e point awarded for each cor. reads. Heismarriedandhasthree dancink highlighted square dancnig for hte after hides tin was a hoax, panicked, A m o n g the team's n e e s o t i o n children, one of whom is a Science two recent ski club trips. skiers, who returned home late a l u m n u s Sunday night. The trip had cost sical Science department, is facul- Despite near-zero temperatures points, ry 7 excursion, about 56 dollars per person. t y a d v i s e r of the club. s o n n i e 2-2. Peter Lau, 3-6, with twelve. C ouncil Approves on the Janua Dr. Taffel Relates skiers did not lose heart, trying er Mountain in the Catskills. Pen Loan Service, REGENTS ACCREDITED its final two tournaments. Mrs. Schools to So iety seemed satisfied c with the weather and slopes. "afraid" Complaint Board Dr. Alexander Taffel, Science's Supervised by Mr. Norman FREE TRIAL DRIVER A pen lending service and a principal, told a group of future Klinger, ond this year. S t u y v e s a n t i s e x - student grievance committee were leacher that schools must im- department, and Dr. Kenneth Bo- SESSION! approved by the Student Organi- prove society by preparing stu- of the Biology depart pected to take first place. zation Council, February 2. t h e went The Senior team which par- SPRING 1968 The pen lending service will be future. COLLEGE Tuto Warmth, a group which Addressing the Future Teachers for a change of locale, the students and hopes to promote a "friendlier" club January "Teaching, ENTRAN CE ot the plan outlined at the meet- Taffel stated that the old at 17 ing. a box of nens will be placed nhilosoonies of preparing a stu in the auditorium, the library, and dent for a quickly UN 3-0671 BOARDS Drive in Your PENROD'S Neighborhood row the pens for one day, on the of preparing a student for decent Courses Throughout the Year an examole of one of for Juniors and Seniors ItYouLiveIn honorsystem. The Bronx o r The grievance c o m m i t t e e the expanding intentions of Amer- B EGI N NI NGE AYI CKI NG fean education. h e pointed to the RE GENTS COACHING Upper Manhattan will give current concern in education with COURSES c a l l 3 7 5 . 3 1 8 0 disenchanted Scienceites air their views. Disbanded Education's basic role, he con- CYpress 5-4320 Student Discount Licensed Teachers Only Brooklyn, earlier this year because it had re- students Further- Lower Manhattan or Committee w a s revitalized a t the more, he added, each student's in- Jodoe'sArtShop HELANE STUDIO Queens SDEPARTMENT realest o l a large number dividuality must b e recognized Flushing students. and developed by the teacher. OIL PAINTINGS (ATLI.R.R. eaRl GrandCoBronx, (Corner681S).t EVENINGS ART SUPPLIES ACADEMIC TOURING SERVICE PICTURE FRAMING HUNTER SECRETARIAL SCHOOL P.O.Box 2123 For Informati Write. BEDFORD School Supplies Paperback B o o k s • Studio& GreetingCards • Novelties 4 E. 200th 514.3663 (Bedford Blvd.) ONES, N. 7. 10710 LUdlow 4-7245 54A W. Kingsbridge Rd. Bronx, N. Y. RKO Buil (Noor GrandConcourse) TUTORING IN A L L SUBJECTS SentFreeonRequest CALENDAR' EUGENE WEXLER, Director Phone 549-4110 Jahn's BRONX, N. Y. Page Four SCIENCESURVEY Basketball Team Enters 2nd Division Playoffs Cager Evaluates Cagers End Year With 16-2 Record 1967-1968Season By HOWARD SHAW Before asmal home courtcrowd of 85, the Turks roF the second year ni a row, the Science ba trounced Dodge 70-31 January 9 By BOB BELL s- ketbatelaml has reached hte playofs of the PSALs' In the first half, play was sluggish. But Science, (Editor's Note: Bob Bell, Survey's news editor, D i v i s i o n TI 4 45 0 0 n t h e 0 4 s k e i d a t t e a m Whti a strong starting five moving faster, shooting better, and maintaining a 1s backed by a fine strong defense broke the game open in the t hird quarter when they outscored Dodge 24-4. Ballplayers evaluate their teammates' s o u l d e s The Science cagers differently than do observers ni the stands. In judg- February 20 PLAYOFF SCORE: beat Fashion and Industry Tilden 4, Science 39 January 18 by a 67-40 score. ing fellow players they tend to take into account Maty Zweig paced the Turks with 18 points and whnt they horcover. Grex Tillman scored 16 w hile pulling in 11 re. they understand the amount of talent and hard work bench,the cagser lost onyl twice during the 1967-68 bounds. season, finishing division second to Alfred E. Smith ni hte nI the first period the Turks looked as weak as I have guarded center Greg Tillman ni prectice, they have at any time this season, failing ot effec- a n d I've h a d the opportunity to play with and againsti their home co urt fans avidly organize cheered hemt tively d efense and missing often on everyone on the basketball team. This first hand t h e Science basketbal maet defeated Moris ofense. Near the end of the period, however, knowledge of the team's play has increased my ad- 5 4 - 4 7 D e c e m b e r . 12 NoLet rk mo Coach awnitz, ni attempt to realig n the team's mirati for the individual stars of the squad. on The Turkpustonag reat display fo etam yapl ofense, moved forwardGreg King ot the center Tillman, undoubtedly the team's most valuable o v e r c a m e na extremely rugged, tight de- spot and cenetr Greg Tillman to forward. player, has a tremendous game. fense and odthswtia late Moris raly ot wni the After this move, the Science attack jelled and the moves either to the right or left, hsi drives are Turks w e n t o n to take a 31-14 lead at the half Thefirst period was lal defense. The Turks c Shattering Printing's press the Science cagers cam ups despite defenses keyed ot stopping hmi . Although 35 notwork thebal inside, but neither could doul however Moris. back from a five point first period to beat e Printing Mytat Zwegi Was hot from the outsid 09-93January 22 ing position, Tillman keeps Science ni control of while Morris was cold. At ht e quarter Science del Bruce Lipshutz, playing just a little more than halt the game, pumped for 81 points. defense, it si this timing combined with sih olng I n t h e fi r s t two semnuti Science science fo hte second period Generating their most potent offense of the sea- seetm oebd reak the ba sketball te am crushed Chelsea nents' shots. Morris8-2. T h e Tukrs kep game open, outscoring t pu their torrid atack 904-4 in the Boys' Gym January 26. Because of his great desire. Matt Zweir has be. t h r o u g ht h e rest of the period and most of the Greg Tillman topped the 20-point mark for the come an outstanding guard. With quick reflexes and next, eventually building a 46-27 lead fifth time this year, collect ing a season high of 25 good anticination of where the ball will go. Zweig minutes left in thegame. points. He thi a tremendous 1 for 41 from the floor. frequently intercepts opposition passes ni the back- T h e n Morris came tolife, Maty Zweig and Bruce Lipshutz chipped in court. His aggressiveness enables him to pick up k o rt h e next seven. minutes Science was held with 17 and 15 points. many rebounds and loose bals. Ofensively, Zweig ot three powinhtsile Moris hit for 18. Nothing Strange s t o o d d o o r e r p a s s e r a n d shooter Withtheir partisanseriously worrying about the The first period indicated nothing unusual; Sci- Like the others, George Rodriguez, Zweig's part- game's outSceinoceme, battled fiercely ot regain ence's shooting and defense were average. the osckcour strong all-around controloftheba.lTheyfinallydi,andafter a However,theTurkstookonanewlooknithe game, an outstanding outside shot his greatest aset. aerenses which Science usualls meit out ,gZwie withet help fo George Rodriguez second quarter, quickly passing the bal downcourt anBdruce Lipshutz, efectively froze the play. Greg Tillman takes jumper against Smith. faces, his deadly jump shot keeps the defense from Lastyear het Science basketball squad lost only andputting ti through the hoop on almost every two games en route to winning divisions squad quicknes upfrontwhlie StanleJyamesis championship. Both defeats were ot Alfred E.Smith. Chelsea,onthe other hand,couldnot seem ot get Most fans know the contributions which these expected t oadd scoripnunchg wihthis fine moves Thsi yearthe Turks' first loss came at the hand. started. Science led by 62 at the half. key players have made to the squad this past sea- ot the basket. Anhtony Hill,a good jumpadser, of Smith. In the final period anew battle —this one against son. But the contributions of the other members of depth to the team. The final score of the contest played January hte clock —began. With less than five minutesto t h e t o a m than friends or teammates. Graduation lwli hurt mionsthte backcourt, where 3 on sShm'ti home court where the team has been play, the fans began clamoring for a 100-point game. Zweig and Rodriguez will be missed next season. invincible for two years, Though the cagers tried to oblige, they could not Four Vital Forwards In addition, ball handler Ken Rubenfeld, a key per- Home tocur fans, os much a factor ni Science's produce the necessary offense. However, the fans former inthe Stuyvesant game, and Danny Fischel, victories in the Boys' Gym. proved to be the decid- weresatisfied with90, going wild when the final Among those other players vital to the team's a strong c a r d , will also be lost. Thouch L i o s h u t basket swished with lessthana minute left in nig factor ni this away game. With their partisans the game. s u c c e e s a r e f o u r f o r w a r d s w h o m c o a c h n o r m a n si set as one guard, the other spot si up for grabs. Lefkowitz alternates depending on the game situa- omith overcame a 1 Science's basketball s q u a d defeatedF o o d and tion. Senior Fred Seeman, an excellent passer, is phomore, are the leading contenders for the job point deficit ni the second half and rallied to gain Maritime 51-29 in a January 30 home game. usedmostlyagainstman-to-mandefenses. althoukh terkowitz may try mans,ohw is smal ton Inacontestthatwasmostlydefensive,Science's Art&DesignRegistered Maty Zweig led al scorers with 18 points. Steve Levine, a junior, who showed tremendous im- a fine outside shot, may also see action. F o r rebounding strength. Coach Lefkowitz. uses forward, ni the backcourt. Lewis Fox, a soph with Led by Grex Tillman's 18 points and 10 rebounds. The Science cagers clinched a playo! berth fot provement in the last three games of the season the Science cagersregistereda60-44winoverArt thesecondstraightyearastheytoppedMorris52-32. Levine developed strong moves to the basket and Tillman Pops became a scoring threat w h e n drivink one-on-one ehT Turks started fast and controlled play ni the Greg Tillman popped in 17 points for the Turks Next year, after Tillman's graduation, Levine wil early going. But sloppy passing later in the half at the rebruary 2 same. But it w a s a strone d e probably move to center. Winter Track kept them from building more than a seven point fense and, as Coach Norman Lefkowitz said, a Because of his ball-handling and outside shooting. During the winter, the Science track team has lead. "great team effort," which insured the win junior Bruce Lipshutz has seen much action against engaged ni a series of city-wide indoor meets. At the start of the third period Science began Alfred E. Smith beat the Science basketball team zone defenses. Normally a backcourtman, Lipshutz Against strong squads from schools in all five to pull away, outshooting the visitors three-to-one 53-47 ni the final home game of the season Feb- w i l l b e s h i f t e d b a c k t o g u a r d n e x t f a l l . S p e e d s t e r b o r o u g h s , t h e T u r k s h a v e f a i l e d ot w i n a n y e v e n t s . w h i l e s e c u r i n g t h e v i c t o r y r u a r y 6. Greg King, also a junior, stood out on defense this Though they have run wel consistently, Lenny Inanon-leaguegameJanuary6,Sciencedowned AcapacitycrowdsawSmithtakea24-16half- season, proving especially effective in the Science Adelson and Lonny Loney never advanced be- Stuyvesant 62-55. The game, played ni the Colum- time lead. The cagers battled back e a r l y i n t h e press. yond their heats. Fred Coleman, w h o s run bia University Gym, was marked by generally weak second half, but fell before a strong Smith counter- With four players returning, the forward spots 440-yard race in 54.5, might break novice before play. rally in the last five minutes of play. will probably b e t h e team's strongest positions n e x t the indoor season's conclusion in early spring. Center Greg Tillman was high man for the con- A near brawl in the third period [See Lower season. Mike Sartisky, along with King, gives the test, pouring in 24 points Left Hand Corner) marked the tension filled game. Lower Left Hand Corner An Unfortunate Outburst Brawer. Prusan Gain Recognition Ira Brawer, c a p t a i n o f t h e on Coach Arthur Backman's squad swimming team, and Elliot Pruzan, Racing in the backstroke and in- goalle for the soccer team, h a v dividual medley well a S the w o t city-wide freestyle events. he has Tinished Tstan regular Charles Silkowitz Brawer, swimming ni the New meet during the 1967-1908 seasor York City Finals January 6 at The soccer coaches from New Queens College, t o o k t i r s t p l a c e York City's public high schools Basketballis arough game.There is always plenty of This is all part of the game. Afun part of it. in the 200-yard freestyle event named Flliot Pruzan "All City pushing off under the boards, and fouling while shooting and But in the third period the fun exploded into an ugly and w i t h a t i m e o r 2.02.8. h o w e v e r Goalie" early this month. dribbling. After a game, a basketball player will find many dangerous situation. Brawer feels he can produce a distinction makes Pruzan the City's cuts and scratches on his arms and legs. He will find black A dispute between Smith's coach and Science's turned into lower clocking when he swims in best scholastic goalie. Pruzan's brilliant goaltending and blue marks all over his body and wonder how they got a shoving match between two players. Both squads rushed to the East Coast Finals later has been largely responsible for there. His hips will be sore. His head might hurt. the sidelines, confronting eachother. The refs did their best month. In last year's Easterns he last season's winning soccer re- All this is part of the game. to separate the two teams, but there were too many players set a Science record for covering the distance in 2:02.4. But in the Boys' Gym February 6 the game took on a milling on thecourt. This was bad. However, things grew worse. Brawer also finished third ni Both Brawer a n d Pruzan h a v e new aspect of roughness. an undesirable one. the 400-yard free, establishing a been nominated for admission into ScienceandAlfredE.Smithwerefightingforfirstplace PracticallyalltheSmithsupportersrushedontothecourt, new school recordor 4.37.0 BronxScience'sHallofFame.A in the division and the game that day was crucial for both looking for fights. Several Scienceites tried to make their way For the past two seasons, Braw- decision on their admittance will teams. In the previous meeting this season, Smith rallied to down to the floor in order to square off with the visitors. er has been the leading swimmer h a r e n d e r e d i n A p r i ! gain a come-from-behind victory on their home court. Most of those trying to get onto the floor considered the The Science fans came to the February 6 game expecting whole incident a joke. In the way that mobs do, they shouted, a win. They plastered the Gym walls with signs like "Smith "Yeh! Yeh!" "Let's get 'em!" "Yeh! Yeh!" Ain't Got No Game." Even before the opening tip-off, they However, violence is a serious matter. The confronta- J O E ' S RIVERDALE took u p their chant "It's All Over Now!" tion could have very easily turned into a brawl with many stu- FORDHAM INC. I n basketball the homecourt fans can mean the difference dents on both sides getting hurt. Army & Navy Store ICESKATING between winning and losing. By making a lot of noise they Basketball as a spectator sport has its place in all schools. can unnerve the visiting team, causing its players to make as well as the athletes. It is an important part of school life for the student body GIRLS BOYS RINK The Science fans did their best to make a racket CPO SHIRTS — LEES ALL WEATHER -ALNEW February6. Basketball games at Science have always been fun. It is PEA COATS The Smith fans who traveled to Science to support their hoped that the unfortunate outburst which east the pall over thesecondhalfoftheSmithgamewillnotberepeatedinthe SCIENCE JACKETS 236th St. &Broadway teamalsomadea lotofnoise. CONVERSE Seated across the court from each other, the rival fac- future. 543-6460 tions engaged i n a raucus verbal battle from the first to last Violence is no joke. It's especially out of place on t Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. Vol. 62, No. 1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 1 Subject The topic of the resource Science Survey The Bronx High School of Science Description An account of the resource Science Survey, Vol. 62, No. 1. Containing the following articles: New Term Brings Changes In Faculty of 5 Departments; Moves Involve 2 Chairmen, Radio Free Europe Illustrates U.S. Life With Forum Tapes, 10 Scienceites Reach Semifinalists In Westinghouse Science Contest, Mr. Baumel Assumes Post At Stuyvesant, Dr. Byron Burlingham, Research Biologist, Describes Action of Viruses at at Biology Club, Dr. Taffel Warns Bundy Plan Might Create Problems, Humorist Sam Levenson Views Youth at Forum, A Tragic Failure, Psychoanalyst Studies Behavior of Scienceites, Wagner, Science Graduates achieve Success In Politics, Entertainment, and Sports, "I'm Free!", 'Colorfully Clad' Students Protest Clothing Regulations, Mr. H. Gewirtz, New Chairman, 4 Teachers Discuss U.S. Role in Vietnam At Meeting of Forum, Bobrowski Returns With Rare Animals From Panama Trip, School Club Hears Dramatic Reading Of Story by Wells, 750 Students See Annual S.O. Movie, Math Society Guest Explains Functions Of Math in Sciences, Jr. Math Team Wins Citywide Tournament, Ski Club Faces Icy Sloped Freezing Weather on Trips, Council Approves Pen Loan Service, Complaint Board, Dr. Taffel Relates Schools to Society, Basketball Team Enters 2nd Division Playoffs, Cager Evaluates 1867-1968 Season, Cagers End Year With 16-2 Record, Brawer, Pruzan Gain Recognition, An Unfortunate Outburst. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Survey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx High School of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 26, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS.001.003.004 https://digital.bronxhistoricalsociety.org/files/original/6798c66271ac1ccc9e40a436e1040a9d.pdf b8ee9fb47dc1ce9b21911b68228e258a PDF Text Text ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bronx Schools Newspaper Collection, 1933–1969 Subject The topic of the resource Newspapers (The Bronx, New York) The New Deal (Walton High School) Science Survey (Bronx High School of Science) The Walton Log (Walton High School) Description An account of the resource The collection comprises various student newspapers from Bronx schools, including Bronx High School of Science and Walton High School. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The provenance of this collection is varied. Lewis Stone donated the publications from Walton High School in 2020. Dr. Steven Payne found the publications from Bronx High School of Science on a shelf in the library in 2020. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1933–1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspaper collection Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS Type The nature or genre of the resource Archival collection Periodical Volume/Issue Volume and Issue of a periodical. Vol. 55, No. 4 Text Any textual data included in the document The End See Page 4 scuence THE BRONX HIGH SCHOOL OF SCIENCE Flower Power s urvey at Science See Selence Scene, P. 2 Vol. LV - No. 4 June 28, 1967 Gold Takes Pres idency; SO. Voices Plans o P s athologist Rene J. Dubo Intends to Find Solution To Replace System Of Representation To Student-Faculty Gap The Student Organization has Speaks a t C mmencemen t announced palns ot eliminate rep- By Richard Schwarz Vice-President Marilyn MenI- resentofatiao ln official classes an life. In hsi speech, D.r By Charles Bernstein on hum otsch, i n the S.OC,ouncil; instead there Science's 850 seniors were grad- Dubos said that although many those created by scientific tec Responding to her promise of defeated Linda ,sFsa uated June 25 at the commence. feel that scientific tech ded that science nol nology." He conclu h- increased communication between and How dar Adler, 3-151 will beaboard fo class and school mn ex e t ercises held a t the Loew b e c o m e ogy has "can not, and should n promised to "back uphte presi executives. Paradise 's T independent heater. René .J numar Du bos goals, more are beginning to re- rooted. W e need ot be and faculty, Scienceites only whatever remember elected Marthe Gold, 3-17, sa O..S she may undertake for the benefit of The new governing body wil of het Rockefeller University made a lize tha t "on ly that the fron science can solve tiers must be determined o ft ech n the principal address ol ogy crescen t e m embers of the s.O." She also consist ofthree popularly elected world's problems, tions of man's na by the limita- Jessica Edwards, 3-8, Sharyn Sa- executives from each grade as well Professor Dubos, hte winer of to the science ture. In add expressed a desire for inter-school ition and allen Reiter. dances. a s t h e 5.0, we must d material things of pres ident, the Arches of Science award, is evelop a science of hu- dna Marilyn MeIntosch, den,t se creta ry. microbiologist a n d e x Offi cia l class perimental pathologist. His recent manity that wil l b e th e humanism Susan Baer. 2-2, also won posts in representatives will continue to studies evah dealt with the effects of the future." the schoolwide election, those of s e r v eon the four class c ouncil. That env ironm ental force s exert The 196% g rad uati o n 8:30 am with st arted a Vice-president and secretary re- and wli be kept informed of al the t decisions of the new school coun cessional of raditional pro- hte seniors. After the in ner campaign speech, deliv- salute ot the flag and the National ered at the June 7 S.O. Assem- Details ot be Worked Out Dr Alexander Taffel b l y . M i s s G o l d p r o t e s t e d t h a t t h e assembled students, n g i s u Dc s s i t h e p l a n , a d - a n d S.O. "has divorced itself orfm the f a c u l t y. viserMr. Kenn eth Allen explained duced the and intro- position as spokesman for the stu- guests. In his t h a t severoarlganizational d remarks, etails Taffel cautioned dents, and remains a solely social worked out, uates not it ot permit the organization." She claimed that discourag- a m o n g which a r e the procedures ing and frustrating events of the was her intention ot bridge hte for amending the constitution and world ot make them gap between the students and the htedegere towhichgradeexecu- alienating them pessimistic — m u s e b r e s e n t h e VICWS 01 from the fight for a better He their acsl councils. The S.O. si that "the goo d, kind,cooperative, now studying structures of student well-meaning people of the world ni other schools ni far outnumber those who are evil. order ot lind wavs to deal with They need the leadership and op- the organizational problems timism of a young, dynamic, new sostem creates creative generation to make rea Justifying the elimination of the Martin Flumenbaum, 4-18, si the son and worthy ideals prevail ni council of official class 1967 Salutatorian. human affairs. You, the class Vice-President Marilyn MeIntosch tatives, M.r Alen pointed out that Albert He si Editor-in-Chief of Observ- 1967," Dr. Taffel concluded, "can the current council. because of its Michael Felson, 4-19, delivered alory — the senior year book, a have asignificant role in provid- Susan Baer, new is "grossly inefficient large size, t h e valedctory address at the member of the chess club, a par- ing that leadership." tary, told students that she want- and unwieldy" and that there wa. ed "lunch on the mall, and a con- graduation exercises this year ticipant in the Socia, Studies as Salutatorian Follows Taffel insufficient coordination cert by a popular recording art- g r a G e a c t i v i t i e s " member of the Senior Math sembly andpresidentofaJewish D.rTaffel'scommentswerefol- a smaller as wellas sKeronts Team, Dynamo literary staff, sen- youth group, ist." Her opponents were Barbara council, ne argued, I would be lor year book staff and winner of scholarship recinient lowed yb a brief address by this Villamia, 3-18, and Carol Lipton, 0433 a o thetall. year's salutatorian. M a r t i n will enroll Flu- 3-14. a Regents scholarship and a scho-l for quick action. Tench drama Columbia U n i v e r si t y menbaum, after which the Chorus, yet been gorup, Felson is undecided about under the direction of Mrs. made no when the plan wix og h i s C a r e e r p l a n s . N e x t t e r m , h e plans to major in either chemistry L a w n e r . "Dona Nobis Pa- intoeffect. or political science, hoping event- cem" from the Mas ni C by the wilenterHarvardUniversity. ually to becomo a lawver German composer, Carl Maria von Weber. S.O. President Marthe Gold the Parents' Association, then pre- administration, as well as the even Geshwind Speaks to Bio Club Mr. Oto Rosahn, president of sented awards and honors on be- larger gap between the students half of the parents, and Mr. Ber- and the Board o1 Education. Whe nard Manson presented them for new president also said that sha By Kay Ye fare, a puppy. In this operation, the the faculty. hopes to improve S.O. social fune- he felt that it was immoral, he dog's body temperature was low. tions, to reinstate Field Day. and AformerU.S.Armyresearcher Handel's Concerto Grosso ni C did not lind it moreimmoral than eredto16degreesCelsiusinorder to make entering freshmen and in biological warfare discussed his other types of warfare. Many of to stop its Major,Opus6,$9,wasnextper- s o p h o m o r e s m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e a s w o r k a t t h e M a y 1 9 m e e t i n g o f f o r m e d yb t h e c h a m b e r m u s i c e n - d o w n i t s c i r c u l a t i o n . A f t e r t h e m a - they become adjusted to their new the Biology Club. Mr. Lance Geshwind. a teacher terested only in pure research and Tor blood vessels had hoon sewr n o t h e m o r a l r i s o r e s o t h e r r Chairman, M.r Hy Rensin. together, the heartbeat was str eng- ni t h e P h y s i c a l S c i e n c e D e p a r t - D o l o m a s M i s t r n u t e ? ment here. anp that t h e n e d b y a n n i e c t i o n o f c a l c i u m chloride and brought into regular Throughout t h e m u s i c , excite Students Consider work dealt with preventing in- r e c d o n t o m botulinus. rhythm b v of aNobel Prize for his work on Stressing that the transplants were torium, for alter the Concerto the Math-Science Club tremely poisonous bacterium which the artificial heart, discussed his still the chiplomas— Students with special interests may be denatured by being iarred research on the fiber glass heart Kantrowitz pointed out that the seniors of their three or four in mathematics and the sciences or exposed to sunlight. Mr. Gesh- and heart transplants, as well as although a s s e m b l e d o n J a y 22 t o d i s c u s s Albert wind left the project before con- telling of the auxiliary valve tech. grew normally after receiving the buted to the expectant students Secretary Susan Baer crete results of the work could niques used to strengthen weak transolants. they eventually died by Mr. Emmanuel Bloom, college the establishment of a "Frontiers c o o r d i n a t o r. a n d M a t h o r g a n i z a . M a k i n g n i s f a r e w e l l s p e e c h a s hearts. from either rejection of foreign Turning ot the uses of biologi- r o t e i n s i n t r a n c e d o w t h e t r a n s. After all the seniors had been president of the S.O., Neil Clen- cal warfare, the speaker pointed Speaking at the June 2 meeting planted hearts or from various Dr. 4 - 1 0 c h a r a c t e r i z e d his o u t t h a t b i o l o g i c a l w e a p o n s m a y of the Biology Club, Dr. Kantro- Alexande r Taf fel explain ed that administration as one of Science's oved in mencetime to kill witz explained that an artificial types of infection. It is hoped that livered the Valedictory Address ni be empl the problem of foreign proteins t h e c l u b . w h i c h w i l l b e x i n m e e t - m o s t s u c c e s s f u l . H o w e v e r , d e s p i t e harmful a m m a l s addition h e a r t m a d e o f l i b e r g l a s s w o u l d has been solved, the speaker noted, mates that they should not only i n g i n September, the various innovations and sue. beingused ni war ot kill soldiers be light and strong. and would by the recent development of tis- "preach the idle words of love pioneers in cesses, including the Battle of the or defoliate plants. Mr. Goshwind not interfere with normal func- sue typing, a process similar to and peace but rather should at- lecture on their work and to ad- Bands, three S.O. movie trips. the claimed that biological warfare is tioning of the body tissues. He blood typing, puarantees tempt to make them reality in a students wmat spring trip to Washington, and the more caceive thin other Kimos added. however, that in 150 ex- world which a t times seems to theycandoinschoolor athome. extended termsofS.O. office. ho becauseitsicheapandefficient. perimentswiththedevice,nosub- the acceptance of the new heart bythesubject'sbody. have forgottentheirmeaning." Dr. Taffel pointed out that many recognized disappointment w o n t the Student Committee for During the question period that jeet has lived more than 27 hours Richard Merkler, after its installation, Auxiliary Pump Considered playingthe"Revolutionary"Etude mathematicians and scientists do dent Affairs, followed his talk, M.r Geshwind To demonstrate the transplant by Chopin. e l m n ailure to imblement the pronosed touched briefly on the question technique, the speaker showed a The final method Dr. Kantro- Tha 1967 Graduation came to a would be helpful ni acquainting dual study hall arrangement. of the morality of biological war- film of the method being used on witz discussed was the auxiliary pump, a mechanism designed to close with seatatearendition the relieve the left ventricle of the m a z e n , Acting hairman of the Mathi Depart- Four Triumph in Arista Elections major part of its pumping func- moving part, a collapsible bladder, Teachers Arrange club ought to be "very stimulating, Eli Szkla nka, 3-4. Barbara whieh is timed o r two @lectodd Collection for Israel e Xc ut in g ， 3-13, Anthony Rostain, attached to the heart. When the Mazen cited Professor I. I. Rabi, 3-25, and Alexander To, 3-12, were t o u s e s a r e Science's teachers, w i n n e r a s a elected president, vice-president, sent to an electronic unit outside chairmanship of M.r Joseph Kel- secretary, and treasurer of Arista t h e m o d y w h i c h . contraCon man of the Industrial Arts D e prospective guest speaker, at the honor society's June 6 meet- and expanding quickly, partment, have started an "Israel faculty advisers, one each from ing. makes the bladder pump the blood EmergencyFund"niorderotgive T h e election treasurer at a faster rate. Dr. Kantrowitz monetary and moral support to the Math Departments. addition, marked a break with tradition- chameterized thesystemasT e l previously there had been only s onabl» r eliablo" s ince 8 0 three officers of the organizations, cont orthe dous auxiliary In a notice distributed to all Columbia valves lived for a year o r more teachers, aspecial committee, com- Praduate. guide which honors academic excellence after their operations. posed of a member of each of Sci- In the question period, D.r Kant- d e n h r t m e n t s asked that Although activities, however, Arista found tails will not be worked out until t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n a l help was rowitz expressed the hove that each contribute at Allthefunds wil be next term, needed. someofthestudentsintheau- c o l l a r s dience would continue the work given to the United Jewish Ap- variousclubcommitteeshavebeen Opposing Szklanka were Jack distributed t o h o s e students w h o Staub. 2.8 and Tack Nunberg, Albert that he and his fellow scientists b e a l As ofJune 16 more than eitonded the mectint NewAristaofficersRostain(left),Szklanka,To,andWeschler. havebegun. 1500Anllarehad been collected. Page Two S C I E N C ES U RV E Y Wednesday, June 28,1967 salenge Some Thoughts on the S.O. New Yorkers Await To the editor: Science. published &times a y ear by the students of T h e t h o u g h t t h a t ents, and the mo After having served the stu- order to be a good student leader of the stud st po w - R ichCu ltural Sea dent organization during my three one must have erful organ of the school. fI this son THE BRONX HIG HS CHO OL original idea shas l wil years at Science Ithink that it grown unimportant e ver happen, ti will happen b y M a r k G a n t t OF SCIENCE imperative for the student at Se-i Science, as rext year, for the new S.O. presi- Among the many d e n t h a s a l l of ht e f r e s h i d e a s t o cultur al eve nts occuring ni New 57 West 205 Street Bronx, N.Y. 10468 ence to know why the 5.0, is not bly, where neither secretarial nor make her York this summer, what promises ot be DR. ALEXANDE R TAFFEL, Principal functioning p r o p e r l y. candidates The possibility State Opera to Lincoln From the vice-presidential unhappy girl. fascinating and enjoyable is the fir of a real Hamburg st visit of the m a o r t y or specches Riven m e t h e given student Center,theonly Assembly, I am forced school, reducing the whole organization at Science is almost foreign opera group so far inv ited ot appear ni the newtone Vol. LV - No. 4 June 28, 1967 admit that even the most informedi democratie process of an election non-existent, but that (possib students do not know. ot a popularity contest. almost is ility) Metropolitan Opera Company's worth al of the unhap- Not only piness and frustration that comes will New Yorkers be able ot witness the performances of a company that si supposed to be Dantel Bernstein The main ojb ofhte SO., presi- eTh S.Osh.ould get away orfm with Mark Editor-in-Chief Nissenbaum dent is to co-ordinate the eforts just being fighting for it e n t e r t a i n m e n t or "themostexcitingoperagroupin the world," but of his subordinates nI a maogrpr ganization. It should be the vocie Doree Barton they wil be given hte opportunity ot hear the Amer- Jeffrey Berg own initiation. oT acheive 5.0.Exec. Bd. Member ican premiere of one of the major operatic works this, the council of the century •Alban Berg's Lulu, Faculty Corner The company gatherings, will also present newly commis. Editorial Board where usesi aer discused yb n-i sioned works by Klebe and Schuller and a special concert performance of Weber's Der Freischütz. Per. News Editors formed sutdenst, Joseph Schuldenrein, Irene not haggled over. haps the Hamburg State's first visit will be merely Feature Editors Stern sAthe school grows, increasinhegt Stephen Hyslop, Vita Miccio size of the c o u n c i l .i t becomes i n a prelude ot further delights and fascinating opera- Dr. Brody Sports Editor Robert Weisberger creasingly difficutlto accomplish Business Managers. Daniel Czitrom, Anthony Mauor anything a ta l l . ehT revision of By Charles Bernstein Lincoln Center's Festival 6'7, of which the Ham- Circulation Manager Toshi Taketomo t h e councli systemi n whichthe In 1940 a young journalist and P burg State Opera si just a pa rt, will also be pre- yb h.D, student was ar- senting an extensive Exchange Editor Donna Brent mruneb ofreps wouldbegreatly edetsr the H u n g a r i a n nbgiuirt and German Secret Police for dis- poetry of operas concerts, a sdemo- anti-Nazi leaflets in Budap and dramas. This wiL! cracit as the process we nowhave, est. Because of this "sub- also be the first time that al of the theaters of Associate Board certain.y increase activity he was to butit Lincoln Center participating ni a summer William Neake greatly t h e effiocfieoncuyror- dnepsthe next four years ni het laborcamps of German- City Gets Path onig.zanti bert. Martha Hershman, Michael Kubin, occupied Poland and Russia. d a t e r r e n S o l o m a r On the program will be special performances by More Work t h a tm a n wsa Dr. Erwin C. Bro- the New York Philharmonic and the Metropolitar dy,whocame to Science's Faculty Advisers Another job oftheS.O presi- Moderr Opera Company, as wel sa New 5 . 0 . 1 a c . Language Department last fal. eHown 01 the B a t h e s t i v a l York debuts Literary Adviser dent is ot deal M.r Richard dngFolie w i t h the Orchestra and L/Orchestre de Photography Adviser Mr.Charles Hellman ulty adviser and the administra wasbornin thesmall farming t al Suisse Romande, the latter under the direction Kiralyhelmec and lived there of its lifetime Ernest Ansermet Business Adviser D.r Benjamin Silver until his admission ot hte Univer- Special solo recitals at Philharmonie Hal, wil wsihes. Wneh faced htwi a con- sityof Budapest. While wnkogir s e r v a u v e deviser. a n e com- include violinist Isaac s t e r n superlative and the Apprentices palcent administration, a n y stu- Indian sitarist Ravi Shankar. The festival, Which Schwarz, Mehael Kairys, Deborah dent leader who takes S.Oof,fice and summer-time foreion began June 12 and will run for the tive following coer- weeks, has been characterized by the president ot • Marilyr 555 under the assumption that "the ndict. Kobert Nel. onntha Herbert Frenkel, Rob pasword o f the S.O. pontdes orf Pesti Napoli, the alrg- Lincoln Center, William Schuman, as "our boldest est daily newspaper ni Hungary. venture ni new programming." Rubin, Elen Rubin, Joel dent power" is sadyl mistaken and Makr Sofer, Jeanne 18 1n for a big shock, for the S.O hadl time aiso to play for Also ni New York this summer, the New York Ris Weinreb, yKa Sole, Rehand Hungary i n the has yrev little Philharmonic will begin its annu al outdoor concerts powo errinfluence Davis Cup tennis competition and on July 18, with a performance on the Mal ni Cen- to direct a small private school ni Budapest, Dr. Brody tral Park. Other concerts will be held ni the Bronx. Brookiyn, Queens, and Staten Island I n 1 9 3 8 , w h e n w a r s e e m e d i m • n i m a l o v e r L a t i n A m e r i c a Tr F o r opera buffs who seek more conventional opera Science Scene m inent for Hu ngary , Brody, work- 1954 he again became a full-time than the Hamburg State will pr ovide, the Metropoli- ins o n his dissertation was ex- teacher and entered Columbia Uni- Company willbe playing ni the same P o werless S.O. pelled from his university for "un- versity so that he might complete parks as the New York Philharmonic, giving tree patrone acurites. He continued the doctorate he had started thirty pertormances of the works of Puccini It is becoming more and more apparent that ot work on the newspaper, how- Care accomplish- Such established successes as the Goldman-Guggen- most of Science is disillusioned with the Stu- ever, Civil ment he achieved last February. heim Band Concerts and the Rheingold Festival wil dent Organization because it has so little pow- War, Soon after returning from Brody, who speaks Hungarian also returnto New York this summer, along with the this assignment, he was arrested. English, French, Russian, German, er; this view si supported by the letter on DelacorteTheater's presentations of Shakespeare ni Spanish. Portuguese, and Italian, C e n t r a l P a r k . The group opened on June ? with this month's feature page, which bemoansthat Brody Fights Nazis t e a c h e s R u s s i a n at Science. N e x t very fact. performances of The Comedy of Errors, and per- Wnhe the Eastern Front began term, he will leave Science to teach formances of King John and Titus Andronicus wil Science was warned by Survey's last editor- to collapse in 1943, Dr. Brody was c o m p a r a t i v e l i t e r a t u r e follow. In addition, the Mobile Shakespeare Theater in-chief that "the Student Organization, above sent to a Yugoslavian work camp. sian at Farleigh Dickenson Uni- wil tour the city, and will present some of its neigh- its duties as a recreational and sort of 'eul- Escaping from it the next year, he versity. borhood periormances in Spanish tural organization can only advise or make Tito's anti-Nazi partisan suggestions to the faculty and administration, army, but was soon "volunteered" which have perfect right to ignore those sug- translator for the Russian Senior Show Satirizes School gestions. High school," he concluded, "is still army. a well-ordered, centralized system and will Alter the war, Brody found him- self in t h e Russian sector of Vien. By Ellen Rubin remain so regardless of Survey editorials or na. Wishing to go to the United The Senior Follies of '67, a light- witoscheround orcharleston S.O. Presidents." S t a t e s . h e hearted look at the Science scene. dancers. April Smith captivated the assemoleesentors asche These comments give a very clear account divided city and of the problem S.O. officials o r t e n face. ers. students, and even the bullding. to the tune of "Adelaide's Lament," They suggest something to the administra- the U.S. Army until coming to New wander. orthenestorers Y o r k i n 1 9 4 8 show, and its spirit was that of ori- Mat Alexander's original song. tion, which replies that it can do nothing. In Manhattan, Dr. Brody started What they fail to realize is that it is not al- a small language school, The show, which started eighth per- followed, making an enormous hit. One ways the administration, but the Board of gave this u n in order to become iod, June 2, opened with a burst of funny Education that makes the implementation of Lefler song, written and performed by Harry "Nobody Awards." owed its success Senior wilts as graduation nears. c h i n e c o m p a n s Deromet these ideas impossible. If it is the goal of the S.O., as the newly-elected presidentstated it t h e "Teacher's Hideaway," followed of Steve Radosh as he expressed his was in her campaign speech, to make the Stu- by Ellen Blecher playing her harmoni- Show is Repetitious dent Organization something more than just Despite the enthusiasm of the per- a 'social organization,' then its officials might Department Journals Show very well have to of the audience began ot tire of the Talent, Integrity, and Taste repeated themes of Mr. t h e s w e e d An example of how the Board of Education tion Room, Science's apathy, and our By Marilyn Campbell can restrict the administration might make Early this month one of Sei- Journal editors are chosen by was a major drawback of the situation more understandable. For quite ence's most prestigious items - the faculty adviser on the basis o t h e s e n t o . Pre- some time now the Social Studies Department the departmental journals of biolo- or merit. seniority. and the a d viously the performance had been a has been requesting the use of Thomas A. mathematics, social studies, vice of the out-going editors. With sauries of life at Science, p a r o d y Bailey'sDiplomaticHistory of the American physical science, and Spanish thecuttorchasonsimost allorthe written as one continuous play. This People for its regular senior classes, and the work si then the responsibility of vear. however. "though the committec replacementofthePlattandDrummondtext were published. Yet, few Sei- thestudentsthemselves,whocom- hadbeguntheirpreparationsniNo- by something on a higher level. To our knowl- enceites were aware of the hard monly observe that the experience vember. no worthwhile scrint - per- ason. edge, the Board of Education has still declined possible. w o rk a n d talent that made them tinent and entertaining W ly may be more worthwhile than duced," s a i d Mr. J o s e p h Cotter. togiveSciencethesetexts. Why,thestudent The most sophistiented tand ex. the finished publication itselt. The event'sfacultyadviser.Mr.Cotterde would like to know, aren't more than three pensive) of the journals are the Social Studies Journal, the Jour- cided, just before the Easter vacation college applications permitted? It is precisely Journal of Biology and the Math nal of Biology and the Physica to cancel the show when rallies, meet- because the Board of Education won't supply Bulletin, which are the only pub- Science Journal each have one ings, and sincere efforts on the part Sciencewiththeadditionalpersonneltohandle lications printed rather than mim. Editor-in-Chief B a r b a r a H o c h of all concerned failed to be effective. the extra volume of work this policy would cographed. The S.O. finances most 4-7, Paul Fishman, 4-6, and Alan But because the seniors were deprived entail. o k t h e t o u r n a i s o u m e a n s o r a l o n n Ganz, 4-18. The Math Bulletin ha: of both their Senior Day and Field All of which is certainly not to suggest that which is repaid at the end of the three Housman, 4-18, Day, M.r Cotter "felt sorry for them,' theadministrationcannowsitbackandrefer t r o m the m o n e y callerted Jankowski. a n d and substituted a variety show, which all S.O. complaints to the Board of Education. from the students. exception Mark Seiden, 4-10. La Ensayista, to this is the M a t h K u l l e t i n . w h i c h the Spanish nublication, has two rehearsale. The five minute acts coulc requires less time for preparation and It is only meant to make students aware of is operated completely - Amalia Frieder, 3-9, and Paula consist of dances, imitations, musical the other administrative channel that is caus. Gently or the schnol Lyman, 3-9. were all ing some of the difficulty. Each of these chan- Student-written and edited, the The major problem of the de- separately written and produced, which nels, as we have said before, is obligated to partmental journals Whether very seriously consider responsible student cartoons, diagrams, and sketches, one —limited funds. Since print- or not next year's Senior S h o w fol. suggestions. s o v e r n lovels o r i n . ing costs, standards. and competi- lows this format or the traditional one Though each publication tion for each S.O. dollar have in- is undecided. B u t , t h e s t u d e n t a s k s , w h a t h a p p e n e d t o i n e l u d e d s o v e r n i t h e e r o a s o d t r a m o n d o u s l » i n t h e l a s t S p e c i a l c r e d i t s h o u l d go t o M a r s h a those'responsiblesuggestions'thatwerepre- sophisticated, ifsomewhat unin- fewyears,the excellence of the Storper and Bob Holzman themusic sented by the S.O. and Survey this year? We W o g t i n g h o u s e n r o l o e t s . journals in the future is in doubt. coordinators, and to JoeScotti and don't know. That's the big question facing each made a conscious effort to In order to insure their continued Sandy Derevnul the dirostors, without Marthe Gold when she returns in September, quality, their editors, whom the Senior Follies would never and tries to find out. more money wil have ot be found. AprilSmithentertainsattheSeniorShow. nave matenalized at all Wednesday, June28, 1967 SCIENCESURVEY Page Thre e Letter from the Princi pal S.O. Reports Dear Students, Students Give Graduation Award As the academic year comes to Rise in Dues s a close, we find ourselves again The S.O. has decided to raise i t $142 to Fund The following awards were prese in a world in strife. dues to three dollars for the com- For Children Alumni Award Phi Beta Kappa nted at the 1967 Commencement: nand, brush tires of hatred, Phi Beta Карра Alumnae Award Michael Felsen and rebellion shake our confidence Parents P e r inthea bili ty of human society to Speaking at the S.O. Council Freshmen and Herman Beller June 9, Mr. Kenneth Alen, the c sophomores Mantel Fa create a better world. It is there- ontribut ed atotal of have culty Award 142 dollars Mantel Alumni Awards Herman Erie t o r e n o t h a r d to understand why adviser, t h a t to help children ni underdeveloped Charles Hodes Memorial Award Laurence Koplik 50man) younk people are to das rising printing stosc increasing countries at the r equ es t of a for- Es al Excellence in Scholarship for G e n e r c a p i c o s i s t h e n dissatistaction s t e c o s t o r lo ohcs p u b l i c a t i o n Science st ud e nt William th er G. Dichter Me morial Awa rd s RichardJankowski were the maojr causeof thoene Grimm 6'6. Ronald Wilkinson loudly openly. Some ex- press it in public demonstrations dollar rasie. He aded, howeve,r Gmirm, owh isstudying for hte Generoso Pope Memorial Award Finkelman and slogans, in scorn for authority. that basketball — theonly sport priesthood, wrote Mr. Bronx Kiwanis Certificate -Judith Rado in bizarre appearance and dress wchi yieldsa opfirt —had failed kenstein about hte plight of or RichardWelling GO.. Conference Gideon Ferebee t o y ei dl t h e r e v e n u e s e x p e c t e d t h i s p h a n s i n a p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n S o u t h G r a n d S t r e e t B o v s A w a r d A r t h u r B u d i c k in embracing psychedelics, all things. Others simply resign and ni demanding unfettered fredom in year. Veintamese Ira Sternstein Award Michael Hough from society Dy "copping o u t . " i n eicaantyo r vouonyg proxy valige. He also told M .r Beckenstein that a n Ethiopian Edgar M. C igelm an M emorial Awar DoreeBarton However, protests, on meatrt how valid, are not inhemtvesels solu- o nS.O. tionsbutmerelyreactionstotheproblems. Nornac themeredestruc cussedatthis mecting. Pecae Corpsvolunteerneeded30 -Neil Clendeninn tion of the existing society bring instant remedies forall NeilClendeninn,4-10, arguedfor dollars t o help send a child t o a Walter Vogel Memorial Award AlfredRichter Peac eCorps Sachs' John F. KennedyMemorial Award Sylvia Israel Progress to a better future can come only htrough constructiveideas thelegalityofthe proxies. Celn- and ideals, coupled with the responsibility and t h ew i ln e e d e d to Ruth Kirzon Award Michael Hough sndnen'i fullyeartenurein office carry t h e m out. S p e a r h e a d i n g the vdier t o .oc B n'ai B'rith Municipal Reichenthal wasupheldcarlierinhte raeyby Lodge Service Award lectmoneyrof the agellvi in htuoS National Achievement Scholar -JoséDeJesus Wtah does this mnae ot you, the sutden?t a votei nwhichproxies were used. Vietnam, Peter 5,2- Ronald Wilkinson First, itmeans that uoy mtus continue toeducateyourseslofthat TheCouncilalso consdiered the bernard Kelkin w a r r BIll Le y o u w i l l u n d e r s t a n d fully the n a t u r e o f our problems. nI d e v e l o p i n g o r m a t i o n o n comemtti to k o e r emohporos presdien,t raised 211 dollars from hsi clasmates undre James K. Hackett Medal for Excellence ni Judith Rosenthal your talents and ability you will be able ot make thebest contribution theguidance ofStudent Organiza Public Speaking to their solution. f o r m e d a b o u t school t i o n A d v i s e r M. r K e n n e h t A e l n l Commen cement Committee Award Michael Hough Second, you must remain oven-minded in seeking w o r t h ys o l u - T o l s Somediscussionwas devotedot Thefreshmanclass qucikyl raised Citations •Joseph Markowitz Governor's Committee on not accepting a l lthat is new simply because i ti sn e won t h econcepto fa b"udy Match fo the funds neded ot send Frances Scholastic Achievement: rejecting altlhat isold msipyl b ecause ti i s odl — b u t judgingall nweteb sophomores and seniors. Eohanpiti y outho camp. Martin F Eric Beller, Michael Borowitz, Michael Pelsen Ideas a n d institutions o nt h e i r meritsi lumenbaum, Michael Hough, Judith Housman, Jankowski, Jonathan Katz, Elliot Klein, S Richard kers heila Krilov, Barry Pell, Third, yourself to become yveliact involved Morihisa, Vega, tMi orse Jessica Toby Proschansky, Judith Rado, a s a c i t i z e n i n b r n i g n i g a b o u t t h e o r d e r l y m i o v mp e r n e t o f o u r s o c i e t y . G o r d o n T u c k e r . s t a n t o n . Only through hte active conipaetr fo hte vmasatjority of the people who, Uke yoursell, are m e n and women of g o o d wilcl, a nsuccessbel assured, The road ancad h a smany perils but none forwhichyou Win SeniorElec ons DRIVER EDUCATION wil be unprepared if yohau ve the determination t o hepl i n t h e c r e a - FORDHAM BOYS and Fall 1967 tion of a better future. MEN'S SHOP b e s t wishes for a happy summer. Yours snicereyl, HigtSctoliaYourConmaaty COMPLETE K DEFALTEN Students Picked Up for Driving Corner 184 Se Aelxander Tafe Limited Registration Program approved bv Principal CYpress 5-4320 Student Discount • NYS Dept. of Education • 1⁄2 Unit of Credit • Insurance Reductions Jodoe's Art Shop Science Surveyings applic For further information or OIL PAINTINGS UKIYEK EUUCATION DEPT PAINTINGS RESTORED ART SUPPLIES Trip to Washington MAA Contest Results Mother Cabrini High School Fort Washinaton Aven u e PICTURE FRAMING One-hundred-eighty Scienceites Five Scienceites m a v e New York, N. Y. toured Washinaton. DC.. May 27. of call a t t e r 54A W. Kingsbridge Rd. on the annual S.O. trip. The Sei. 891-0091 or 375-3180 Bronx, N. Y. Kenneth Allen, left N e w ex- York Roma a n d returned amination. at 2:00 am. Kichard Janko Ws ki, 4- 16, placed The sightseers, who payed thir- second in the city w i t h a score teen dollars each for the excursion, M o r s e , M o r i h i s a , V e z a - the newly elected senior class officials. started their tour t h e White of 132.50. The maximum score si M o u s e . and then visited the Su 150. For his achievement, Jankow- John Morihisa, 3-4, was elected Vega called for an end ot stu- preme court bulains, the bincon ski received a 75 dollar bond. S e n o r c a s s president and Jetterson Memoris. Tucker, 4-19, third in the dent apathy, while Miss Morse Gordon Washington Monument. nI Arling- city, received a 50 dollar bond. "recieshewantedtowork National Cemetery. t h o r 3-2, and Ellen Morse, 3 - 1 8 . watched the ceremonious chang- Other winners were Jay miller, vice-president and secretary. with her co-officers in order to plansfor the enable her classmates to "get the ing of the guard at the Tomb of the 9-18,00matanbi z.9 i and1om 4-21, who placed fifth, coming year, Morihisa, who de- mostoutoftheirlastyear." sixth, and seventh, respectively. feated Vickie Charlton, 3-11, and Gary Oppenheimer, 3-23. and one student was Robin Laskey, 3-19, Carl Vinier, 2-23, lost in their bids Each received a 50 dollar bond. "more and better activities" and for the vice-presidency while American, modern, and imperson- Zucker, 3-13. and Sue al."Before leaving, the Scienceites Teen Government privileges, such as the class field Rovet, 3-23, who ran for secretary, dinedniacafeteriainthenew day. Howard Adler, 3-15, is now rep- resenting bronx science at a pro stitute, a cultural center for the gram for the development of cit- Scienceites Total arte and setonces. izenship. sponsored by the A m e r T.A. Protests ican Legion, 34 Contest Prizes French Conference The 1047 high school juniors ni Rowdy Actions Richard Merkler, 4-17, was Sei- the program, Boy's State, form a In FSA Program ence's representative at the Award overnmentstuaro throNes Eleven Scienceites won regional O f Scienceites Ceremony of the French Alliances York ni an effort ot better under- T i n a The Transit Authority has ac- insmeriessumerenchinstrue othe state May 16, which the highost Honorable Mention ni this year's cused a group of Scienceites students are Future Scientists o1 America com- creating hazardous conditions on soniovors in French in the crys onnortunitytorunor petition. the Q-44 bus to Queens, June .1 public private, and elective office, take the Bar Ex- The eleven regional awards were An Authority inspector, respond- schools w e r e honored. amination, practice law, write for the newspaper. o r s e r v e o n the won by Todd Swick, 4-16, Andrew ing to a complaint from a pas. Aleaxnder To, 3-12, and Mag- i e Rocow. 3-15. won second and Boy's State Police force. Chao, 2-9, Carol Latterman, 2-14, senser on the bus, threatened the their bus third prizes respectively for their Supervised by high school teach. gian.2-21 Barbara Rosenbere.2-2 IsabelSimons,2-19,GregoryOuli- pascos and prosecution if the in- articles in the French American ers and law students, the Boy's Auden MissXotow wholeon State program is being held at the Dorothy Wilkenson, 2-3, Eric Bel- cidents were repeated. D.r Taffel ler, Merkler, 4-17, "La Vie à Paris" (Life ni Paris) New York State Agricultural and and To's subiect was «Les Buts Technolocical Collere a t M o r r i s Steven Goldfisher, 2-23, and Janet address to the school on the morn- Mert2. 4-0 ins tollowing the disturornce Politiques d e De Gaulle" v i l l e , J u n e 2 5 —J u l y 1 . Political Aims o1 De Gaulle). The twenty-three honorable According to students on the bus, mention winners were k o b e r French Contest Flushing, College and Sophomore Elections Murciano, 1-3, Roger In a closely contested race, Rob- Richard Merkler, 27,YongYongTam,2-11,George "panic box" made ln o l，ap- Simian, 2-29, Scott Shapiro, parently provoking others to rock ert Macris, 2-20, was elected next first in a contest sponsored by the Mitchell Nesse, 2-9, Ralph Kahn, the bus. Some students who take year'sJuniorclasspresident.Mark UnitedStates.Hisprizewas100 2-24, Ronald Hirschhorn, the 0-44 regularly attributed the Riff, 2-11, was chosen vice-presi- collars Jonathan Grell, 2-13, Martin rowdy behavior in part to the bus dent and Rosemarie La Pila, 2-3, Gdanski, 2-11, Stan Diamond, 2-29, secretary in the June 4 election. Winning eighth prize, Margaret Rosow.. rneivedcollars Frances Collins, 2-29, Mark Brat- sideration" for the students. H a r r i e t from the society, whose members nick, 2-13, Senior Class Prom are French-born teachers in Amer- 2-11, Robert Menschel, 2-6, An- gelo Garcia, 2-1. Albert Shpun- Over one hundred couples dined ican schools. The contest, open to all public toff, 4-17, Lawrence Drooks, 4-1, JOE'S and danced at the annual Senior John Babson, 4-16, William Cohen, Prom, held at the Penn-Top Room high school French students, con- 4-4, Mark Seiden, 4-10, and Jona- FORDHAM Inc. of the Statler-Hilton Hotel, June 3. cictordt writton oxaminatione % ministered at Columbia Univer- than Katz, 4-7. The affair, which began at nine Army and Navy Store o'clock and lasted until one, was sity's Teachers' College a n d 12.14 E. FORDHAM ROAD the first p r o m to consider student given the Lycée UN 3-0671 in seating Française de New-York on May 13. Roskethall Baseball ments. All students were asked to Also winning awards w e r e PENROD'S G o l Tennis request in advance a few people David Behar, 4-5, Anthony Rostain, CARDS - TOYS - PARTY FAVORS 3-25, Rita Goldwasser, 2-7, John STATIONERY -REVIEW BOOKS CAMP SUPPLIERS More than 90 percent of the re with whom they Arcos, 1-2, Arlene Fradkin. 2-27 S. O. D ISCOUNT quests were granted, and Avi Hettena, 3-15. 706 Lydig Avenue, Bronx, N. .Y Study is fun at SUMMER HIGH SCHOOL ... where Scholarship is a Tradition Tork's most popular, privall JULYS' 70 AUGUST 17° 11WeST 54th ST. (nr. 5th Ave.) N.Y. 10019 PL 7-7900 Since 1897 OLD FASHIONED ICE CREAM PARLOR AND COFFEE SHOP Private Room Available for Parties 294 EAST KINGSBRIDGE ROAD BRONX, N. Y. Catch all the action this year with RCAbatteries Don't miss any of the action this year because of dea d bat teries. For transistor radios,moviecameras, photoflas h ser vice, portable tape recorders, slide ers. view be sure to install fresh, dependable RCA BATTERIES. Available at radio dealers, camera, drug, and department stores. RCA Electronio Composents and Devices, H arrison, N. J. THE MOST TRUSTED NAMENI ELECTRONCIS Look for this RCA Battery display PageFour SCIENCE SURVEY Wednesday, June 28, 1967 Tennis Team Bows to Stuyvesant 3-2; THE SIDELINE SURVEY Finishes 2 d in Division with 8-2 Mark By Barry Shapiro The End and Stephen Klaber 1 e s a n t w o l a n e a r t a b r e a k e r In their last match of the sea. 3-2. Held on Stuyvesant's home court son, May 26, the Science tennis t e a m よ し いじ い 5 - 0 , Williamsburg Bridge, ROBERT WEISB ERGER DringIng their final the match was marred yb force winds wire fences, a mere After four years in Science it's ha and only one Joss many things passed with such little rd to say goodbye. So the 10 feet past the endlines, cut down notice and such little ap- who captured the Bronx-Manhat- volleying, definite "antare Tor the "urks their worth under me rushing back with preciation, and now, too late, they al co tan tennis championshin w i t h a bewildering bu of an occasionally stood. There are memories perfect 9-0 record. Silfin Triumphs t carefree fresh Sciences two victories came in man year, the last year when Eric Siltin, the everything still seemed an en matches. There are mem joyable, happy-go-luc 6-0, brought his per- quickly vanquis hed his opponent Eric Silfin ories of shaky finals which always turned ky game. sonal mark for th e season ot 8-1. wel enough, of fifth period out lunch spen t In the second singles André Ber- 6-1, 6-1. In the second singles André of quiet conversations held in the chaotic halls. riend, with atrue f nard made a greatcomeback ot There are so B ernard displayed great courage many things which seemed so small Columbus' stuar but which taugh Mike W Bernard e s te rman. and it would take more than t t so much, his colum n, m o B er re than this issue nard , weakened about after of Survey to put th em all down. match out of the eight he played thisyearore virus, nunk on f o r a 7 5 But as Turks. sports editor, not memoir-manager, I sup 4-6, 6-3 victory. not expecte d to pose I'm Turks Rout Evander cuickand W i t h hsi u s u a l l y p o t e n t l o b s h o t put them all down. I'm expected to limit my- With overwhelming s e l l t o s c o r e s , s t a n d i n g s , a n d s c r e a m i n g b a n n e r h e a d l i n e s . Science's won ineffective no hte smal court, Ju- And yet, even after lim iting myself to that, there would still ever match in straight s e s o lian Fifer succumbed to his Pegleg be so much untouched, so much which is really more impor- rout Evander 5-0 on May 17. Peglegs Sweep Doubles tant than a high school batting average or 100-yard In the first singles match Ericl clocking, but which never manages to receive the same attention. Siltin put Evander's best player Stuyvesant wentno to take both d o u b l e s For the athlete there are mem ories of those fir pocket, 6-1, warnin O-U insuring a win st nervous Andre Bernard, taking advantage in the macth anda first place his choice - awkward, some- days trying out for the team of Kinish ni the division times embarrassing hours when every move seemed so crucial of his opponent's weak backhand, with 6-2. 6-2 sween In het first mhcta of an unusual and every play so decisive. If he was too aw doub.cheader. May 24. the Sciened kward or too em- in the thira singles Julian Fifer. barrassed, i f he did not end up with a uniform, he would s e c o n d set, h e l d on tennis maet encountered little op- fle home, muttering to himself about the coach's slowly shuf to win 6-2, 6-4. WINNING STYLE: Eric Silfin executes the serve that wno this match position while benaitg a weak Mu- obvious ignorance when it came to judging true talent. But Eric Saslow's three service aces sie & Art squad 5-0. and seven others for the Science tennis team this yea.r Eric Siltin, hampered by na in- fi he made the team, fi he found himself with a spot enabled h im and his playing part- Science bench, t h e n on some visions of great, rec ord breaking, t o s w a m p t h e Ira Bras Alan Friedman their winning streak to five by with a 0,6- 6-3 win. André Ber- ly race through jury tohis left leg, limped away cedent-smashing performances would immediate pre- Evan de i r players 6-1, 6-1 n the trouncing Monroe 4-1, M ya 18. nard and Julian Fifer also easily his mind. Usually, thou gh, he wouldn't set a first doubles. In the second doubles ny new Science The Science tennis team ran The nelende r a c k e t m e n m e t won in their singles matches, standards - sometim es he wouldn't even get o In the second half of the double- the bench. And so he lea ff his spot on Stuyvesant Mya 19to determine rned to relish anything which ap- n who would eb t h e winner of the header, the Science a scratch single, a long jump- netmen topped proached his great dream Batmen ConcludeSeaso Bronx-Manhattan division. Stuy- Ta f t 4-1. shot, a good volley, anything. There are memories for the fan also. Victories and defeats soon become jumbled, and scores eventually are forgotten, On the Field In a Meeting but something always remains.Perhaps it is the feeling of By Mel Cherney By Charles Silkowitz Students Triumph Over tru lett ly ing go, of yelling him self into a minor case of laryn- Ed Klein and Phil Clendennin With the 1967 gitis as a swimmer approached the wall or a rope climber stroked home runs them and a brighter 1968 sea- reached for the final touch. Or maybe it is the emptiness any Turk players this season, as Teachers in Volleyball of feeling alone in a milling crowd during them, the members of the Science the half-time of their1967seasonwithan8-6vic- Odseball team met May 2o to name "Good grief, they have knees!" a basketball game, or the happi ness of walking ho me from o v e r Morris, M a y 22 at H a r - Thisremarkmadebyastudentviewinghisteacherni thegamewithsomeonewhomheenjoyedwalkinghomewith. a Most Valuable Player a n d to ris Field. erect & captath for next year. dungaree-type shorts reflected the atmosphere of the June Things such as these are never found in headlines or Klein and Clendennin each con- When Coach Abend walked into boxscores, though they are as significant a s any statistic. For, nected in a 4-run Science first in- R o o m 015 after the ninth peorid. ing Game. Two hundred student Faculty-Senior Volleyball unfortunately, s p o r t f o l l o w s same pattern as al else. the ning. Setting up Clendennin's blast, t o s t a r t t h e m e e t i n g , m o s t of the Wallmen Br spectators alternately cheered Only after the action is ended and nearly forgotten is its GlenBockandLouMazelstarted w e r e n o n o o n meaning fully realized. Only when everything has passed does thin gs with a single and ado l ub e, activity that si usually limite d ot andcatcalledtheteachersas their fellow-students downed And, similarly the actual worth of everyth ing become vey clear. r putting men on second and third Major League athletes Recordto6-4 , thankyousomehowseemsalwaystocome The right fielder then proceeded graphing baseballs. The balls were to clear the bases with a shot over later presented to the Bringing their season record ot onein the best-of-three series. the instructors two games to long after it would have meant most. But nonetheless,as outgoing b e r . t h e Science wallmen white- The students took the first game those people whose help and concern buoyed me through what late as it may be, I'd like to thank those people who mattered, the Morris left fielder's head. With sull buzzing Bu t several seniors were washed 5-0 in sit- Washing ton the by a misleadingly large over the previous homer, Klein reflecting o n their campaign's final match, May 19. Drawing away to a 10-1 lead, the often appeared desperate times both on this column and droveaslowcurveballdeepintoyearsonthelield.Bachwasre- Displaying winning L o t t students were forced to fight hard off it. I hope those people know who they are and how im- left-center for his four-bagger. n i s that spectacular caten he match21-3.Bernstein'sTor theremainingpointsastheirportanttheywere.AndwiththatsaidIsupposetheresi Mazel Also Stars h a d m a d e o r t h a t c l u t c h h i t h e 2 1 - 2 t r i u m p h a n d G o l o v i n ' s defense relaxed. But their early win continued the romp. Round- lead was nothing left to say, except ...goodbye. toomuchtobeover Collecting 3hits in three trips nad come through with or that and the Seniors to the plate. Mazel made a sieni- Abend returned t h e m all slippery ball that had gotten away. lias-Price doubles team won 21-8 game 21-11. ficant contribution to the Turk reality by signing vellow extra- while avorists-kosenberg Determined to avenge their de- Runners Top Morris, Smith offense, c r u s h e d Morris curricular d i s c u s s i n g bined for a 21-14 victory, feat, the faculty briskly opened a In its last two meets the Science track team beat Morris with a10-hit attack. Ed Lubert report card marks which he will a l s o h a d a p e r t e c t d a y . b a t t i n g 2 give to each player. Taft by a 3-2 score for the second contest was a see-saw battle from and Smith to even the team's season record at 2-2. The Science wallmen lost ot for.2 Getting back to baseball Ahendi timethisyear,May.9 Placingfirstniallong-distanceraces,theHarrierseasily After the Turks picked up a reminisced about the year, recall- Delivering their usual fine per- topped Morris 70-30. Carl Blomgren handily won the mile run run in the second inning, Morris ing amusing incidents of the re- f o r m a n c e s . singlesmen Lott and in 4:49.5 while Barry Mariash third, However in the courth in tightened the score with a 2-run cently concluded season, The ball- Bernstein gained 21-5 and 21-3 players laughed as they remem. victories. However, Zvorists, sub- just managed to edge his Mor- ning Science put bered some of the wild things that stituting for the absent Golovin. ris opponent at the tape ni the s i n g l e s . a n d a s a c r i t i c e b u n t a n t L inksmen Top capitalized on a Morris error to had taken place and which they dropped his game 21-6. 2-mile run. Three Teams, tally 3 times, insuring the victory. had forgotten. W i t h t h e a t m o s p h e r e b e c o m i n g The Presidents went on ot sweep The Science baseball team won t h e t w o d o u b l e s g a m e s 2 1 - 1 6 a n d Long Distances Decisive its third game of the season May m o r e thoughtful, the meeting 21-19 ot clinch the victory. In the final dual meet of the Fall to Clinton 18, downing Roosevelt 7-5 turned to the of Barely pulling out the win, the choosing last outdoor season, Trackmen The Science solf team lost their Science Tenth edged scored 52 points ot Smith's 36 ot final match ot 31⁄2-1% Mediocre pitching and year's captain, Ed Lubert, given thehonorofoncingthetiretname capture the victory. Again the Moshuln Golf specaculan ninomination,namedjuniorPhil fielding errors than Dodge Fights Back Turks racked up points in the Course. Lance Gordon wn s? even the Turks are familiar with, Cendennin The other players With little difficulty, Lott long-distance races, but this time only victor for the Turks as the highlighted the However, agreed on his choice, voting for (21-3), Bernstein (21-6), and Go. the Science nitters eame to thedepthdisplayedagainstMorris Governors dominated the play. rescue for a change, knocking out Clendennin in a swift election pro. Winnine tour of the tive same lovin (21-5), made short work of nine hits cess. their opponents, However, Dodge in the shorter races was lacking. played, the Science linksmenbeat r u n s , Next came the selection of Fo With the regular season behind Evander 4.1 on the Van Cortland up a fierce fight with the Lubert as the team's Most Valu- T a l e n them, the track team went to the course May 18. The Roughriders n o n e l o s s y beyond reach, a l e blood, scoring two unearned runs with Player. Lubert, presented doubles teams Bronx Championships held at Van On May 19 at Moshulu Park, autographed base. Stadium, K u n m i n t the Green and Gold shut out Taft in t h e tirst opening balls, SPIKE! spikes his captainey, the Price 21-15 and 21-13. volleyball as Dotty Cuff looks on the best in the Bronx 5-0 inning. But Turks broke the other for the M.V.P. their Washington op- three Turks managed to finish in Each Science starter C h e n o # W a r d T a v e m h o w i n t t h e fi r s t fi v e p l a c e s i n v a r i o u the third, fifth, and sixth innings. one of the balls pitcher Bob ponents championship form, T h e there on, but finally the teachers Comerford, Jeff Sarfati, Ed Ro- Friedman, runner-up ni the M.V.P. d i s h e d o u t n 4 - 1 s h e l . p r e v a i l e d . breaking a 20-all tie John Latella, Science Crushed balloting. Friedman lacking May 17. to Win 22-20 Lance Gordon - defeated his Taft A very Monroe squad voted the team's Rookie of the Turks Run in Finals opponent. Rosenwasser succeeded strony Clinton team handed Senior Rally crushed Science's Year, Hitting a time of 54.3 captain in downing his playing partner in wallmen a 4-1 drub- The third game began as the Steve Strauss took fourth in the 9-0 at Monroe Field, May 9. Concluding t h e D o s t e r c i s o n 19 in an unusually ex- reverse of the first. After having the minimal 5 holes, Turks picked up 440-yard da sh. Afterqualifying for Capturing 4% of a possible total meeting, Coach Abend presented while fanning ten times. the players w i t h c e r t i fi c a t e s i n - watched in amazement as the Sen- the 220-yard dash of o points, t h e Science linksmen schwenn Tinished M a nag fifth with in g hit the varsi ty letters which Lott Battles Yee lors r allied to tie the score at 14. topped Theodore Roosevelt on the Van Cortlandt course May 24. By singles, the Science batmen lost to will pick to some A ba ttle between S clockingof23.7.Placingsecondot cience's Steve Ami dst t he cheers of their com. t h e Tastest m i l e r i n Columbus May 1 5 Allerton Tantants seems that Lott and oosevelt competitor, Clinton's Yee, lasting rades, the Seniors went on to cap- New York, tying h i s R t i t t h Field by a 10-0 score. the big green and gold Ss' were into the late afternoon, provided ture the game by a21-14 score. CarlBlomgren crossed the finish point, spoiling the shutout. Scoring all that was needed, the delayed in arriving at the school. When the long Fighting for the honor of the line for the mile run in 4:48.0, Explorers tallied once in the sec- The meeting then broke g a m e w a s linally concluded. Lott w e r e Mr. players w e n t home, look- emerged with a 21-18 victory. Bell, Miss Engel, Not one Turk could advance be- ing forward to a better season The r e m a i n i n e v a m o s o f t h e Miss Feurstein, Mrs. Gelfand, Mr. bullding, their varsity careers, be. match, however, Clinton's Goldman, Mr. Horowitz, Mr. Klin- F. E. S. fered its second straight shutout. allthewav ger, Mr. Radoff, and Mr, Strom Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Survey, Vol. 55, No. 4 Subject The topic of the resource Science Survey The Bronx High School of Science Description An account of the resource Science Survey, Vol. 55, No. 4. Containing the following articles: Gold Takes Presidency; Intends to Find Solution To Student-Faculty Gap, S.O. Voices Plans To Replace System Of Representation, Pathologist Rene J. Dubos Speaks at Commencement, Geshwind Speaks to Bio Club, Students Consider Math-Science Club, Four Triumph in Arista Elections, Teachers Arrange Collection for Israel, Some Thoughts on the S.O., New Yorkers Await Rich Cultural Season, Powerless S.O., Senior Show Satirizes School, Department Journals Show Talent, Integrity, and Taste, Letter from the Principal, S.O. Reports Rise in Dues, Students Give $142 to Fund For Children, Graduation Awards, Morihisa, Vega, Morse Win Senior Elections, Science Surveyings, Scienceites Total 34 Contest Prizes In FSA Program, T.A. Protests Rowdy Actions of Scienceites, Tennis Team Bows to Stuyvesant 3-2; Finishes 2d in Division with 8-2 Mark, Batmen Conclude Season On the Field In a Meeting, Students Triumph Over Teachers in Volleyball, Wallmen Bring Record to 6-4, Runners Top Morris, Smith, Linksmen Top Three Teams, Fall to Clinton. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Science Survey Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Bronx High School of Science Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 28, 1967 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The organization that has made the Item available reasonably believes that the Item is not restricted by copyright or related rights, but a conclusive determination could not be made. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context NW-BXSCHOOLS.001.002.007